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Abstract Only 60-75% of conventional kidney stone surgeries achieve complete stone-free status. Up to 30% of patients with residual fragments

The removal of fruit is a consequence of plant–animal interactions, and is a vital step in the natural regeneration cycle of plant populations. This research aimed to determine the effect of fruit color and local landscape on plant–bird interactions in an agroecosystem in Southcentral Mindanao, Philippines. We set out 1500 artificial fruit models in ten sampling locations within an agroecosystem. We measured the difference in the proportion of predated/removed (%) fruit models and the risk between sites, fruit color, and predators. Approximately a quarter (24.53%) of the artificial fruit models deployed were predated, and the proportion of predation was significantly higher in the red fruit models (mean = 18.74 ± 9.84) compared to the green fruit models (mean = 11.67 ± 6.17). Birds were the most dominant predators compared to mammals and arthropods, and contributed to at least 60% of the predation of red fruits. Our findings are consistent with previous evidence showing birds’ preferences for darker fruit colors. Although landscape variables did not significantly affect fruit predation, tree cover may help increase these interactions. Overall, our study showed that agroecosystems can still support species of frugivorous birds, as indicated by high fruit predation rates, particularly by birds that can permeate different layers of the agroecosystem. Our findings demonstrate an important implication for habitat quality management within agroecosystems. Enriching agroecosystems with pioneer trees with dark-colored fleshy fruits is a sustainable greening strategy that would benefit frugivores and producers in this system.

Abstract Some patients with COVID-19 pneumonia develop an associated cytokine storm syndrome that aggravates the pulmonary disease. These patients may benefit of anti-inflammatory treatment. The role of colchicine in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and established hyperinflammation remains unexplored. In a prospective, randomized controlled, observer-blinded endpoint, investigator-initiated trial, 240 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and established hyperinflammation were randomly allocated to receive oral colchicine or not. The primary efficacy outcome measure was a composite of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (CPAP or BiPAP), admission to the intensive care unit, invasive mechanical ventilation requirement or death. The composite primary outcome occurred in 19.3% of the total study population. The composite primary outcome was similar in the two arms (17% in colchicine group vs. 20.8% in the control group; p = 0.533) and the same applied to each of its individual components. Most patients received steroids (98%) and heparin (99%), with similar doses in both groups. In this trial, including adult patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and associated hyperinflammation, no clinical benefit was observed with short-course colchicine treatment beyond standard care regarding the combined outcome measurement of CPAP/BiPAP use, ICU admission, invasive mechanical ventilation or death (Funded by the Community of Madrid, EudraCT Number: 2020-001841-38; 26/04/2020).

Abstract Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting 800 million women and children globally. Anaemia is associated with perinatal mortality, child morbidity and mortality, mental development, immune competence, susceptibility to lead poisoning and performance at work. The objective of this article is to identify whether antenatal care‐seeking was associated with the uptake of iron supplementation among pregnant women, adjusting for a range of covariates. This article used data from the cross‐sectional recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 12 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America & the Caribbean regions. The individual‐level data from 273,144 women of reproductive age (15−49 years) were analysed from multi‐country DHS. Multiple Logistic regression analyses were conducted using Predictive Analytics Software for Windows (PASW), Release 18.0. Receiving at least four antenatal care visits was significantly associated with the consumption of 90 or more iron‐containing supplements in 12 low and middle income countries across three regions after adjusting for different household and respondent characteristics, while mass media exposure was found to be a significant predictor in India and Indonesia. Antenatal care seems to be the most important predictor of adherence to iron intake in the selected countries across Africa, Asia, Latin America and Caribbean regions.

In addressing the demand for biocompatible wearable, implantable and injectable biomedical devices, alginate hydrogels stand out as promising candidates. Alginate hydrogels have been used as matrix for immobilization of proteins, responsive polymers and nanomaterials that lead to a wide range of stimuli-responsive “smart” (bio)(nano)composite hydrogels. In this perspective, we analyzed the most recent applications of “smart” alginate composite hydrogels in biomedical applications, such as biosensing, drug delivery, wound healing and biocomputing. The design and key-responsive element of the composites were discussed as well as their practical application in biologically relevant conditions and in vivo. Finally, we provide our insights into the limitations, challenges and future directions of this exciting research field.

Se valoran evidencias nuevas o insuficientemente consideradas para los análisis históri- cos referidos a la presencia del marabú en Cuba. Se analizan críticamente estimaciones realizadas sobre el tema por autores precedentes. Se da a conocer un registro de herbario correspondiente a la planta en el territorio nacional, que antecede en 27 años la fecha an- teriormente estimada y se confirma un foco de expansión temprana en la parte occidental del país. Se demuestra que la ciencia no estuvo ajena a la presencia de la planta en Cuba desde los primeros momentos, pero ello no se tradujo en una alerta temprana. Las prime- ras referencias explícitas al comportamiento invasor se produjeron durante el tercer lustro del siglo XX, pero para entonces se había expandido considerablemente y la extirpación total ya no era posible.

The Sencelles Fault constitutes the main extensional structure of Mallorca Island (Spain), holds a NE-SE orientation, and has been identified as the possible seismic source of the 1851 CE Palma earthquake (VII EMS.) The SE termination of the fault (Sta. Eugenia Segment) features a linear bedrock fault scarp of a maximum of 3.15 m height. The last 840 m of this rocky scarp display a significant horizontal banding, with up to five differentially weathered ribbons colonized by lichens. The lichenometric analysis is based on the measurement of 155 specimens of Aspicilia calcarea (Ac) and Aspicilia radiosa (Ar) in tombstones and funerary monuments (with inscribed dates) from the nearby cemeteries of Sta. María del Camí, Sta. Eugenia and Sencelles, to obtain the local lichen growth rates (LGR), with the two last graveyards being directly located in the fault zone. Lichens were measured on variously oriented (N, S, NE, SW, etc…) horizontal and vertical surfaces, generating differentially oriented lichen populations (DOLPs) to be compared with the Ac and Ar specimens colonizing the studied fault scarp (38 measured individual specimens). After successive trial and error regression tests, vertical DOLPs resulted in the best appropriate groups for the analysis, with LGR of 0.23–0.31 mm/yr. Horizontal ones reached widths of up to 20 cm, with LGR up to 0.84 mm/yr, which were clearly oversized. The application of the selected LGR points to a human-induced origin for the thin basal lichen ribbon of the scarp (10–13 cm), which should have developed during the middle 20th century (c. 1950–1966) because of documented ground leveling works. However, the second ribbon of the scarp (23–47 cm) shows exposure dates of 1852 ± 40 (Ar) and 1841 ± 59 (Ac), overlapping the date of the 1851 CE earthquake. The study is complemented with data from a fault trench excavated in the year 2002 at the toe of the scarp. The combined data of lichenometry, fault trenching, and the length of the analyzed fault scarp (c. 840 m) indicate that the studied segment of the fault cannot be considered a co-seismic surface faulting related to the 1851 CE event as a whole, but a relevant secondary earthquake effect on a pre-existing fault scarp (e.g., sympathetic ground ruptures).

Pediatric congenital heart disease (CHD) patients are at higher risk of postoperative complications and clinical deterioration either due to their underlying pathology or due to the cardiac surgery, contributing significantly to mortality, morbidity, hospital and family costs, and poor quality of life. In current clinical practice, clinical deterioration is detected, in most of the cases, when it has already occurred. Several early warning scores (EWS) have been proposed to assess children at risk of clinical deterioration using vital signs and risk indicators, in order to intervene in a timely manner to reduce the impact of deterioration and risk of death among children. However, EWS are based on measurements performed at a single time point without incorporating trends nor providing information about patient's risk trajectory. Moreover, some of these measurements rely on subjective assessment making them susceptible to different interpretations. All these limitations could explain why the implementation of EWS in high-resource settings failed to show a significant decrease in hospital mortality. By means of machine learning (ML) based algorithms we could integrate heterogeneous and complex data to predict patient's risk of deterioration. In this perspective article, we provide a brief overview of the potential of ML technologies to improve the identification of pediatric CHD patients at high-risk for clinical deterioration after cardiac surgery, and present the CORTEX traffic light, a ML-based predictive system that Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona Children's Hospital is implementing, as an illustration of the application of an ML-based risk stratification system in a relevant hospital setting.

As networks grow larger in size and complexity, their monitoring is becoming an increasing challenge because of the required polling performance and also due to heterogeneity of devices. As it turns out, SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is by far the most popular monitoring protocol. However, due to the increase in the number of network devices, it becomes necessary to employ multiple SNMP managers, which is not cost-effective due to the hardware requirements. Additionally, the different proprietary SNMP implementations require custom configuration very often, as new devices are being incorporated into the network. Therefore, current SNMP managers not only require capabilities for large-scale monitoring but also a high degree of flexibility and programmability. In response, we propose an SNMP manager architecture with a flexible multi-threaded architecture, which effectively reduces the hardware resources necessary to poll the increasing number of SNMP agents. In addition, it features a scripting component to deal with the different data representations caused by proprietary implementations. Our experience has shown that SNMP agents can have high variability in their response times. Actually, our findings show a strong correlation between high response times and CPU load. As a solution, we propose and analyze novel adaptive polling algorithms that decrease the load on agents' CPUs while keeping the desired polling rate for fast agents. Finally, we present several real-world use cases where we show the benefits of the polling algorithms and the scripting component, by means of extensive measurement campaigns.

The “Caliphal City of Medina Azahara” was built in 936–937 CE or 940–941 CE (depending on the source) by the first Caliph of al-Andalus Abd al-Rahman III, being recently inscribed (2018) on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The abandonment and destruction of the city have been traditionally related to the civil war (“fitna”) that started between 1009 and 1010 CE. However, we cannot rule out other causes for the rapid depopulation and plundering of the city just a few decades after its foundation. The archaeoseismological study provides the first clues on the possible role played by an earthquake in the sudden abandonment and ruin of the city. Eleven different types of Earthquake Archaeological Effects (EAEs) have been identified, such as dropped key stones in arches, tilted walls, conjugated fractures in brick-made walls, conjugated fractures and folds in regular pavements and dipping broken corners in columns, among others. Besides that, 163 structural measures on EAEs were surveyed resulting in a mean ground movement direction of N140°–160° E. This geological structural analysis clearly indicates a building-oriented damage, which can be reasonably attributed to an earthquake that devastated Medina Azahara during the 11st or 12th centuries CE. If this were the case, two strong earthquakes (≥VIII MSK/EMS) occurred in 1024–1025 CE and 1169–1170 CE could be the suspected causative events of the damage and destruction of the city.

This work presents the chronology of the Holocene filling of the Guadalentín Tectonic Depression (Murcia, SE Spain) combining 14C and OSL age data. This work studies the sediments and paleosols interbedded in the sedimentary sequence between Totana and Librilla, using as reference the Espuña Karting section (Alhama de Murcia), which has been fully sampled for its geochronological analysis. The entire dated sequences record the last c. 20–19 ka BP, although local basal travertine beds extend back to the Late Pleistocene (30–33 ka). Soil morphology and properties from dated paleosols record different environmental crises in SE Spain, but also a progressive aridification throughout the Holocene. The Chalcolithic Paleosol develops soon after c. 4.6–4.0 BP, nearly coinciding with the start of the Meghalayan stage, evidencing a drastic change from relatively humid to arid conditions, coincident with the crisis of the Copper Age civilizations in Spain. The Bronze Age paleosol also developed under arid but relatively more humid conditions, indicating a more important and longer gap in the sedimentary sequence soon after c. 2.5–2.7 ka BP. This stop in the sedimentation are correlative to the first stages of fluvial incision at basin center locations and the desiccation and fragmentation of the ancient wetlands coinciding with the collapse of the Bronze Age civilizations in SE Spain (Argaric Culture). During the Ibero-Roman Humid Period (IRHP), c. 2.6–1.6 ka BP, the last pedogenic cycle occurred under relatively humid conditions. This preluded the progressive establishment of exorheic fluvial environments as well as a period of paleoseismic activity in the area around 2.0–1.8 ka BP.

The investigated polymeric matrixes consisted of epoxidized linseed oil (ELO), acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (RD1), vanillin dimethacrylate (VDM), triarylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate salts (PI), and 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA). Linseed oil-based (ELO/PI, ELO/10RD1/PI) and soybean oil-based (AESO/VDM, AESO/VDM/DMPA) polymers were obtained by cationic and radical photopolymerization reactions, respectively. In order to improve the cross-linking density of the resulting polymers, 10 mol.% of RD1 was used as a reactive diluent in the cationic photopolymerization of ELO. In parallel, VDM was used as a plasticizer in AESO radical photopolymerization reactions. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) was used to characterize vegetable oil-based UV-cured polymers regarding their structural stability in a wide range of temperatures (120–320 K) and humidity. The polymers were used as laccase immobilization matrixes for the construction of amperometric biosensors. A direct dependence of the main operational parameters of the biosensors and microscopical characteristics of polymer matrixes (mostly on the size of free volumes and water content) was established. The biosensors are intended for the detection of trace water pollution with xenobiotics, carcinogenic substances with a very negative impact on human health. These findings will allow better predictions for novel polymers as immobilization matrixes for biosensing or biotechnology applications.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and Chagas disease (CD) are caused by kinetoplastid parasites that affect millions of people worldwide and impart a heavy burden against human health. Due to the partial efficacy and toxicity-related limitations of the existing treatments, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapies with superior efficacy and safety profiles to successfully treat these diseases. Herein we report the application of whole-cell phenotypic assays to screen a set of 150,000 compounds against Leishmania donovani, a causative agent of VL, and Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of CD, with the objective of finding new starting points to develop novel drugs to effectively treat and control these diseases. The screening campaign, conducted with the purpose of global open access, identified twelve novel chemotypes with low to sub-micromolar activity against T. cruzi and/or L. donovani. We disclose these hit structures and associated activity with the goal to contribute to the drug discovery community by providing unique chemical tools to probe kinetoplastid biology and as hit-to-lead candidates for drug discovery. Keywords: Visceral leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, Drug discovery, HTS, Open innovation

We investigated the association of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with athlete status and power/speed performance in elite male youth soccer players (ESP) and control participants (CON) at different stages of maturity. ESP (n = 535; aged 8-23 years) and CON (n = 151; aged 9-26 years) were genotyped for 10 SNPs and grouped according to years from predicted peak-height-velocity (PHV), i.e. pre- or post-PHV, to determine maturity status. Participants performed bilateral vertical countermovement jumps, bilateral horizontal-forward countermovement jumps, 20m sprints and modified 505-agility tests. Compared to CON, pre-PHV ESP demonstrated a higher ACTN3 (rs1815739) XX ('endurance') genotype frequency distribution, while post-PHV ESP revealed a higher frequency distribution of the PPARA (rs4253778) C-allele, AGT (rs699) GG genotype and NOS3 (rs2070744) T-allele ('power' genotypes/alleles). BDNF (rs6265) CC, COL5A1 (rs12722) CC and NOS3 TT homozygotes sprinted quicker than A-allele carriers, CT heterozygotes and CC homozygotes, respectively. COL2A1 (rs2070739) CC and AMPD1 (rs17602729) GG homozygotes sprinted faster than their respective minor allele carrier counterparts in CON and pre-PHV ESP, respectively. BDNF CC homozygotes jumped further than T-allele carriers, while ESP COL5A1 CC homozygotes jumped higher than TT homozygotes. To conclude, we have shown for the first time that pre- and post-PHV ESP have distinct genetic profiles, with pre-PHV ESP more suited for endurance, and post-PHV ESP for power and speed (the latter phenotypes being crucial attributes for post-PHV ESP). We have also demonstrated that power, acceleration and sprint performance were associated with five SNPs, both individually and in combination, possibly by influencing muscle size and neuromuscular activation.

Dentro del Plan Nacional de Investigación en Conservación coordinado por el Instituto de Patrimonio Cultural de España (IPCE) y en colaboración con el Instituto Valencia de Don Juan de Madrid, se ha desarrollado un proyecto interdisciplinar aplicado a un conjunto de tejidos medievales, basado en técnicas de análisis que permiten un conocimiento más preciso de la tecnología textil y caracterización de los materiales constituyentes. Los análisis efectuados en este corpus nos han permitido establecer diferentes centros de producción, elaborar una relación detallada de las técnicas textiles empleadas en los diferentes periodos, así como identificar variaciones en la composición de los hilos metálicos y colorantes, en función de la zona geográfica en la que han sido producidos.

This work reviews the 1863 Huércal-Overa earthquake (VI-VII EMS) based on the environmental seismic intensity scale (ESI-07) and oriented archaeoseismological building damage. The performed analysis identifies 23 environmental effects (EEEs) and 11 archaeoseismological effects (EAEs), completing a total of 34 intensity data-points within the intensity zone ≥ VI EMS. The new ESI intensity data quintuplicate the previous intensity data-points ≥ VI EMS (five localities) for this event. Sixteen of the identified EEEs indicate the occurrence of intensity VII-VIII within the Almanzora valley, south of Huércal-Overa, over an area of ca. 12–15 km2. Anomalies in water bodies, slope movements, hydrogeological anomalies, ground cracking, and other effects (gas emissions, tree shaking) are the more diagnostic EEEs—with one of them indicating a local maximum intensity of VIII-IX ESI-07 (Alboraija lake). Environmental earthquake damage of intensity ≥ VI covers an area of c. 100 km2, compatible with a VIII ESI intensity event. The spatial distribution of EEEs and EAEs indicates that the zone of Almanzora River Gorge, which was depopulated during the earthquake epoch, was the epicentral area, and compatible with seismotectonic data from active shallow blind thrusting beneath the Almagro Range. The use of ESI data in nearly unpopulated areas help to fill gaps between damaged localities (EMS data) multiplying intensity data-points, providing a better definition of the intensity zones and offering a geological basis to look for suspect seismic sources.

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El presente trabajo ilustra el estado del conocimiento sobre arqueosismología en la antigua ciudad romana de Baelo Claudia (Tarifa, Cádiz) tras casi quince años de investigaciones. Esta antigua ciudad romana se vio afectada por dos importantes terremotos en los años 40–60 AD y 260–290 AD. El primero de ellos afectó en mayor grado a la parte baja (costera) de la ciudad provocando importantes cambios urbanísticos y arquitectónicos (monumentalización) en respuesta a las labores de reconstrucción. El segundo de ellos provocó una mayor destrucción, cuya ruina progresiva desembocó en el abandono definitivo de la ciudad en el 365–390 AD. Se catalogan, cartografían y describen la mayor parte de los Efectos Arqueológicos de los Terremotos (EAEs) del sector monumental de la ciudad, que testifican los efectos producidos por el terremoto ocurrido en el 260–90 AD. La cartografía de daños (EAEs) muestra la distribución y orientación de los daños en la zona baja de la ciudad, así como la ocurrencia de otros procesos cosísmicos, como deslizamientos y pequeños tsunamis. El análisis estructural del conjunto de daños orientados indica que la dirección de movimiento del terreno se produjo en una dirección dominante del SO al NE. Los análisis geoarqueológicos, así como importantes anomalías constructivas y funerarias, sugieren la intervención de tsunamis de escaso poder de penetración durante los dos terremotos, apuntando a la existencia de una fuente sísmica submarina común al SSO de la ciudad. Se han identificado diferentes fallas normales de dirección N-S en la zona de la Bahía de Bolonia, algunas de las cuales se prolongan hacia el interior del mar en la zona SSO de Baelo Claudia. Estas fallas presentan claras evidencias de actividad Cuaternaria y podrían considerarse como las fuentes sísmicas más probables para los dos antiguos terremotos que afectaron a la ciudad en época romana.

Las intervenciones arqueológicas llevadas a cabo durante los años 1996 en Tafesa, 2005 en el yacimiento Hospital 12 de Octubre y 2006 en la desembocadura del arroyo Butarque (Villaverde-Barrio de Butarque) situados al sur de la ciudad de Madrid (España), han aportado nuevos conjuntos líticos contextualizados estratigráficamente en los depósitos fluviales pleistocenos correspondientes al tramo inferior del valle del río Manzanares. Los yacimientos arqueológicos analizados se sitúan geomorfológicamente en la denominada “Terraza Compleja del Manzanares” (TCMZ), la cual constituye un nivel fluvial engrosado (20-15 m de potencia) situado entre +22-16 m sobre el cauce actual del río, a lo largo de su margen derecha. Este nivel fluvial ha sido tradicionalmente considerado de edad Pleistoceno medio en base a la industria achelense y complejos faunísticos encontrados en sus niveles inferiores. Ciertamente, Tafesa es un yacimiento situado en la parte inferior-media de la terraza de +22 m con industria achelense y fauna de Pleistoceno medio. Por el contrario, los niveles superiores de esta misma terraza en los sectores del 12 de Octubre y Villaverde-Butarque se encuentran asociados a industrias del Paleolítico inferior y medio ya pertenecientes al Pleistoceno superior, como sugieren el conjunto de dataciones OSL y TL existentes para la zona. Los datos analizados en este trabajo indican que el desarrollo de este nivel de terraza engrosado comienza durante la parte final de Pleistoceno medio y abarca todo el Estadio Isotópico OIS 5, ya dentro del Pleistoceno superior.

Global amount of remittances from migrants to their original countries has increased in the last few years. Drawing on the international literature on remittances from migrants, we review the most relevant theoretical approaches and empirical researches applied on this subject in some parts of the world. According to the few studies carry out in Spain, this essay highlights some relevant questions and issues focusing on the phenomenon of market of remittances.Las transferencias monetarias de los inmigrantes en el mundo hacia sus países de origen se han incrementado considerablemente en los últimos años. La literatura especializada sugiere revisar los enfoques teóricos dominantes, así como estudiar las investigaciones realizadas en otras partes del mundo. En tanto las remesas es un tema escasamente abordado en nuestro país, en este trabajo se realiza una aproximación al caso español a fin de contrastar algunos de los enfoques explicativos más relevantes sobre el mercado del envío de transferencias monetarias.

Se presentan los primeros resultados de los proyectos de investigación dirigidos al análisis cronoestratigráfico de las terrazas del río Tajo en el entorno de Toledo. El estudio se ha centrado en niveles fluviales del Pleistoceno Medio y Superior con yacimientos paleontológicos y achelenses con valoración tecnológica general similar al conjunto lítico de Pinedo (colección Máximo Martín Aguado). En el presente trabajo se incluyen las dataciones por IRSL y AAR de los niveles de terraza de +25−30 m que contienen los yacimientos achelenses de Pinedo y Cien Fanegas. Las edades IRSL obtenidas ( > 280 ka y 292±17 ka) indican que la terraza y los yacimientos que contienen se formaron durante los estadios isotópicos MIS 9 y/o MIS 8, siendo correlacionables con la Unidad Arganda II en el valle del Jarama, aunque Pinedo podría representar parcialmente a la Unidad superior de Arganda I (MIS 11–MIS 9). La datación AAR obtenida para la Unidad superior de Pinedo indica una edad de 226±37 ka. Aunque esta edad ha de tomarse con precauciones debido a la escasa contextualización estratigráfica y los bajos niveles de dentina de las muestras analizadas, podría indicar que el depósito de la terraza estudiada continuó hasta bien entrado el MIS 7, como también parece suceder en el Jarama (Valdocarros). En el tramo del valle analizado los procesos de sobre-sedimentación ligados a los procesos de subsidencia de las evaporitas del Neógeno (aguas arriba) y la existencia del nivel de base local impuesto por el Meandro Encajado de Toledo (aguas abajo), favorecieron los procesos de agradación fluvial sobre los de encajamiento. El método de datación utilizado (post IR–IRSL) ha permitido obtener la edad más antigua hasta la fecha sobre sedimentos fluviales arenosos en la Cuenca del Tajo.

This study establishes the controlling factors in the soil development in the ancient coastal plain of the Guadalquivir River along the southern Spanish coast (Huelva) shortly before 100 ka BP. The macro and micromorphological study indicates that a sedimentation hiatus allowed soil formation (extensive clay illuviation) together with the development of widespread redoximorphic features linked to iron oxide depletion and accumulation. Groundwater fluctuations driven by the overall sea-level rise during the onset of the last interglacial period triggered the pervasive occurrence of redox processes, probably acting in the coastal zone from the whole Middle Pleistocene as witnessed in inland outcrops. The resulting redoximorphic pedofeatures show a differential development in the studied zone, which is linked mainly to the activity of the Torre del Loro Fault leading regional differential upwarping of the ancient coastal area as well as local water-escape processes in the fault zone. Petrological, mineralogical and micromorphological data strongly suggest that the occurrence of multiple inheritances of iron-rich pedofeatures from previous Plio-Pleistocene weathering profiles developed under warmer and humid climatic conditions. Several pedofeatures (corroded quartz grains and runiquartz) do not correspond to the temperate oceanic climate prevailing in the zone during soil formation, and are reworked from former stronger weathering conditions. They are included in strongly iron-impregnated opaque domains that can be interpreted as inherited iron-rich nodules or clasts already present in the host sediments. These iron-rich pedofeatures have been subject to subsequent iron mobilization giving place to the iron depletion and accumulation domains observed in the micromorphological scale. Differential iron bleaching is not always linked to the fissure and/or pore-system present in the groundmass, suggesting the occurrence of differential water and sediment vertical fluxes (micro water-escape features) within the soil enhance the redoximorphic features around the fault zone.El estudio de paleosuelos hidromorfos desarrollados en la antigua llanura costera del río Guadalquivir (Huelva, España,) con anterioridad a los 100 ka BP, permite establecer los principales factores que controlaron el desarrollo edafogenético. Los rasgos macro y micromorfológicos indican que durante el Pleistoceno Medio final se produjo una importante parada en la sedimentación, que permitió un periodo dilatado de edafogénesis e importantes procesos de redistribución de los óxidos de hierro, prolongándose hasta bien entrado el último interglacial. Las fluctuaciones del nivel freático impulsadas por el progresivo ascenso del nivel del mar desde el comienzo del último interglaciar en la antigua llanura costera favorecieron el desarrollo y la amplificación de los procesos de hidromorfía que probablemente han actuado en la zona durante el transcurso del Pleistoceno Medio, tal y como atestiguan afloramientos de estos materiales en zonas situadas más hacia el interior. Sin embargo, los procesos de redistribución del hierro muestran un desarrollo diferencial ligado a la actividad sin-edafogenética de la Falla de Torre del Loro, que provocó una elevación regional diferencial a lo largo del antiguo sector litoral, así como procesos locales de escape de fluidos en las proximidades de la zona de falla. Los datos petrológicos, mineralógicos y micromorfológicos aportados en este trabajo sugieren la existencia de sucesivos procesos de retrabajamiento y herencia de rasgos edáficos procedentes de perfiles de alteración previos desarrollados en las formaciones Plio-Pleistocenas de arenas rojas características de esta zona. Algunos de estos rasgos heredados (runicuarzos y cuarzos corroídos) se desarrollaron en condiciones climáticas previas de tipo tropical responsables de su alto grado de meteorización, diferentes a las condiciones de clima oceánico más templadas en las que tiene lugar el último ciclo edafogenético que afecta a los paleosuelos estudiados. De entre estos rasgos destaca la presencia de cantos armados y nódulos de óxidos de hierro retrabajados que ya estaban presentes en el material original sobre el que tuvo lugar la edafogénesis. La mayoría de los rasgos ligados a la acumulación de los óxidos de hierro han sido afectados por procesos posteriores de redistribución que se manifiestan a nivel morfológico en zonas de extremo empobrecimiento y acumulación de hierro dentro del suelo. Desde el punto de vista micromorfológico, tales procesos no se observan necesariamente ligados a la extensa red microscópica de fisuras y/o poros de los paleosuelos, lo que sugiere la probable existencia de procesos de flujo vertical de fluidos y sedimentos en la matriz arenosa (escape de fluidos a nivel microscópico) que facilitaron la amplificación de los rasgos redoximórficos en las cercanías de la zona de falla.O estudo dos Paleosolos hidromórficos desenvolvidos na antiga planície costeira do rio Guadalquivir (Huelva, Espanha,) anteriores a 100 ka BP, permite estabelecer os principais factores que controlaram o desenvolvimento pedogenético. Os estudos macro e micromorfológicos indicam que durante o final do Plistocénico Médio-final ocorreu uma importante paragem na sedimentação, que permitiu um período dilatado de pedogénese e importantes processos de redistribuição de óxidos de ferro, que se prolongou até ao último período Interglaciar. Flutuações do nível freático, impulsionadas pela progressiva subida do nível do mar durante o início do último período Interglaciar na antiga planície costeira favoreceram o desenvolvimento e amplificação dos processos hidromórficos que provavelmente actuaram na zona ao longo do Plistocénico Médio, como o testemunham afloramentos destes materiais em zonas mais interiores. No entanto, os processos de redistribuição de ferro mostram um desenvolvimento diferencial associado à actividade sin-pedogénica da falha da Torre del Loro, que provocou uma elevação diferencial regional ao longo da antiga área de costa, bem como processos locais de escape de fluidos na proximidade da zona de falha. Os dados petrológicos e mineralógicos obtidos neste trabalho sugerem a ocorrência de sucessivos processos de reelaboração e herança de características pedológicas procedentes de perfis de alteração anteriores desenvolvidos nas formações Plio-Plistocénicas de areias vermelhas características desta zona. Algumas destas características herdadas (runiquartzos e quartzos corroídos) desenvolveram-se em condições climáticas prévias de tipo tropical responsáveis pelo seu elevado grau de meteorização, diferentes das condições de clima oceânico mais temperadas em que ocorreu o último ciclo pedogenético que afecta os paleossolos estudados. De entre essas características destaca-se a presença de impregnações de ferro opacas que podem ser interpretadas como nódulos de óxidos de ferro herdados do material original sobre o qual teve lugar a pedogénese. A maioria das características ligadas à acumulação de óxidos de ferro foram afectadas por processos posteriores de redistribuição que se manifestam a nível morfológico em zonas de extremo empobrecimento e acumulação de ferro no solo. Do ponto de vista micromorfológico, tais processos não se encontram necessariamente ligados à extensa rede microscópica de fissuras e/ou poros dos paleossolos, o que sugere a provável existência de processos de fluxo vertical de fluidos e sedimentos na matriz arenosa (escape de fluidos a nível microscópico) que facilitaram a amplificação das características redoximórficas nas proximidades da zona de falha.

El artículo se focaliza en los mecanismos de creación y reproducción del “techo de cristal”, a partir de una parte de los resultados obtenidos en un proyecto de investigación sobre la igualdad de género en el cine español. Tras visibilizar la desigualdad efectiva entre varones y mujeres en las categorías ocupacionales de la cinematografía española, se analiza el tipo de mediaciones sociales que intervienen en la equidad de género entre las personas que ocupan las categorías profesionales más altas. A partir de entrevistas abiertas, se esclarecen los discursos y las representaciones sociales que actúan como resistencias a la igualdad de género; sobre ellas se fundamenta la discriminación. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto la distancia entre dos valoraciones: la relativa a los requisitos profesionales en la dirección de largometrajes y aquella adjudicada a las habilidades o competencias profesionales de las directoras de cine; distancia que se sustenta en una concepción esencialista.

El artículo expone y analiza el proceso de constitución y desarrollo del Sistema Nacional de Cualificaciones Profesionales (SNCP) en España; para ello, localiza sus orígenes en los acuerdos sociales que han ido progresivamente adoptándose en el país para, posteriormente, determinar los principales componentes de dicho sistema. En este proceso, se atiende a las implicaciones que la constitución del SNCP tiene de facto, tanto en la definición de las cualificaciones profesionales como en el reconocimiento oficial de las mismas. El artículo introduce algunos rasgos sobre el papel de la participación de los agentes sociales en dicho sistema, apuntando, para un desarrollo posterior, algunos indicios sobre las limitaciones actuales del dialogo social.