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Introduction: Prescription opioid abuse may have adverse dental effects that are irreversible, leaving younger populations with substantially decayed dentitions. This article explores the damaging effects of three years of prescription opioid abuse to a twenty-six-year-old’s dentition and oral health. Case Presentation: A twenty-six-year-old Caucasian male presented to the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine with a past medical history of Percocet® abuse. He was consuming approximately twenty tablets per day for three years, and he had neglected to visit a dentist for over five years before arriving to the School of Dental Medicine. Management and Outcome: Intraoral examination revealed gross generalized decay along with generalized plaque accumulation. He was diagnosed with severe plaque induced gingivitis with localized chronic periodontitis and xerostomia. The dental treatment for this patient included periodontal maintenance and control, caries excavation, root canal therapy, extractions of non-restorable teeth, and continuous dental education. Discussion: Prescription opioids are addictive, have high abuse potential, and dentists contribute to this problem by overprescribing these drugs.

Bird populations in grasslands have experienced declines coinciding with loss and fragmentation of prairies. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)‐administered Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is the most extensive grassland restoration program in North America and it has especially benefitted grassland birds. Grazing by domestic cattle has been restricted in CRP during avian nesting seasons despite the potential improvements in structuring habitat for a greater diversity of grassland bird species. Potential negative consequences of grazing in CRP grasslands include trampling of nests by cattle, reductions in nest concealment from predators, and attraction of brood‐parasitic brown‐headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater). We designed an experiment to test for effects of cattle grazing in CRP fields during the nesting season on nest survival and brood parasitism of 5 bird species that commonly nest in CRP grasslands: mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), dickcissel (Spiza americana), and eastern (Sturnella magna) and western (S. neglecta) meadowlarks. Grazing was implemented during summers 2017 and 2018 on 17 of 36 fields followed by a year of rest on all fields in 2019. Of the 879 nests on grazed fields, only 4 were likely trampled by cattle (vs. 54% of all nests estimated as failing because of depredation). Experimental grazing (grazed vs. ungrazed fields) had variable effects on nest survival and cowbird parasitism among the bird species analyzed. Negative effects of grazing on daily nest survival of dickcissel and meadowlarks were apparent, at least in some years. We found no direct effects of grazing on nest survival of mourning dove or grasshopper sparrow. Probability and intensity (cowbird offspring/nest) of cowbird parasitism in dickcissel nests was higher on grazed versus ungrazed sites but only in conservation practice (CP) CP2 (vs. CP25 fields). Parasitism probability of grasshopper sparrow nests by cowbirds was higher on grazed fields in the 2 years after introduction of cattle in 2017. Greater vegetative concealment around nest sites was associated with reduced cowbird parasitism of meadowlark and grasshopper sparrow nests and higher nest survival for grasshopper sparrows. Reductions in vegetative height caused by longer‐term or high‐intensity grazing might therefore have negative consequences for some grassland birds by increasing nest site visibility and exposure to cowbird parasitism. Our results indicate that cattle grazing in CRP fields during the nesting season might have some negative effects on reproductive success of some grassland bird species, at least in the short term; however, the potential improvements of structuring habitat to accommodate more grassland bird species and increasing landowner participation in the CRP are considerable. Cattle grazing within the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) during the primary nesting season might have some negative effects on reproductive success of some grassland bird species, though the effects of grazing were inconsistent across species, conservation practices, and years. Although there were some negative consequences, short‐term grazing in CRP grasslands might be compatible with maintaining populations of grassland birds in landscapes otherwise dominated by row‐crop agriculture.

The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is a primary tool for restoring grassland in the United States, in part as wildlife habitat, which has benefited declining grassland bird populations. Among potential mid‐contract management practices used to maintain early‐successional CRP grasslands, cattle grazing had been prohibited and is currently disincentivized during the primary nesting season for birds (much of the growing season), despite the important role that large herbivores historically played in structuring grassland ecosystems. Conservative grazing of CRP grasslands could increase spatial heterogeneity in vegetation structure and plant diversity, potentially supporting higher densities of some grassland bird species and higher bird diversity. Our objective was to determine the effect of experimental cattle grazing on species‐specific relative abundance and occupancy, species diversity, and community dissimilarity of grassland birds on CRP grasslands across the longitudinal extent of Kansas, USA (a 63.5‐cm precipitation gradient) during the 2017–2019 avian breeding seasons. Fifty‐three of 108 fields were grazed by cattle during the growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 and all fields were rested from grazing in 2019. For all analyses, we examined separate model sets for semiarid western versus more mesic eastern Kansas. Using data from line transect surveys, we modeled relative abundances of 5 songbird species: grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), dickcissel (Spiza americana), eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna), western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta), and brown‐headed cowbird (Molothrus ater). Grazing had delayed yet positive effects on abundances of grasshopper sparrow in western Kansas, and eastern meadowlark in eastern Kansas, but negative effects on dickcissel abundance in western Kansas and especially on burned fields in eastern Kansas. Somewhat counterintuitively, brown‐headed cowbirds in western Kansas were more abundant on ungrazed versus grazed fields in the years after grazing began. In addition, we modeled multi‐season occupancy of 3 gamebird species (ring‐necked pheasant [Phasianus colcicus], northern bobwhite [Colinus virginianus], mourning dove [Zenaida macroura]) and Henslow's sparrow (Centronyx henslowii); grazing did not affect occupancy of these species. In eastern Kansas, species diversity was highest in grazed, unburned fields. In western Kansas, bird communities in grazed and ungrazed fields were dissimilar, as determined from multivariate analysis. Though regionally variable, conservative stocking of cattle on CRP grasslands during the nesting season as a mid‐contract management tool might increase bird species diversity by restructuring habitat that accommodates a greater variety of species and decreasing abundances of species associated with taller, denser stands of vegetation. We found variable effects (species, annually, regionally, recently burned vs. unburned) of cattle‐grazing during the primary nesting season on abundances of grassland bird species in Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands across Kansas, USA, 2017–2019. Cattle grazing during the primary nesting season had positive effects on bird species diversity, especially in eastern Kansas CRP fields that were not burned in spring.

Some of the initial biochemical findings, obtained from 141 randomly-selected cases of acute hyperglycaemia (admission plasma glucose >20 mmol/L) were examined. When viewed in terms of their initial plasma bicarbonate concentration, three groups were identifiable. Plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA), acetone and the sum of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3OHB) and lactate were different between these groups. However, there were no differences in plasma glucose or lactate concentrations. It was further observed that the relationship between the plasma FFA/albumin molar ratio, and ketone concentration could be described by a rectangular hyperbola, and the initial anion gap was linearly related to the sum of the 3OHB and lactate concentrations.

Background. Chronic or persistent pain and disability following noncatastrophic “musculoskeletal” (MSK) trauma is a pervasive public health problem. Recent intervention trials have provided little evidence of benefit from several specific treatments for preventing chronic problems. Such findings may appear to argue against formal targeted intervention for MSK traumas. However, these negative findings may reflect a lack of understanding of the causal mechanisms underlying the transition from acute to chronic pain, rendering informed and objective treatment decisions difficult. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Institute of Musculoskeletal Health and Arthritis (IMHA) has recently identified better understanding of causal mechanisms as one of three priority foci of their most recent strategic plan. Objectives. A 2-day invitation-only active participation workshop was held in March 2015 that included 30 academics, clinicians, and consumers with the purpose of identifying consensus research priorities in the field of trauma-related MSK pain and disability, prediction, and prevention. Methods. Conversations were recorded, explored thematically, and member-checked for accuracy. Results. From the discussions, 13 themes were generated that ranged from a focus on identifying causal mechanisms and models to challenges with funding and patient engagement. Discussion. Novel priorities included the inclusion of consumer groups in research from the early conceptualization and design stages and interdisciplinary longitudinal studies that include evaluation of integrated phenotypes and mechanisms.

THE concept and the term “metabolism” have played such a prominent part in the development of physiological science that it should be interesting to know by whom, and when, the term was first used. Prof. Bayliss, in his “Principles of General Physiology” (1915, P. 263), says that, so far as he can discover, “metabolism” was first used by Sir Michael Foster in his “Text-book of Physiology,” the first edition of which was published in 1883. It seems, however, that there is a still earlier use of the term in the writings of no less well known an investigator than Theodore Schwann, enunciator of the cell-theory. The passage I allude to occurs in the chapter called “Theory of Cells,” the last in Section III. of Schwann's classic, “Microscopical Researches into the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants, by Dr. Th. Schwann, Professor in the University of Louvain,” published in Berlin in 1839. My translation of it is that made in 1847 by Dr. Henry Smith, of London, for the Sydenham Society; it runs thus (p. 193):—“The question, then, as to the fundamental power of organised bodies resolves itself into that of the fundamental powers of the individual cells. … These phenomena may be arranged in two natural groups: first, those which relate to the combination of molecules to form a cell; secondly, those which result from chemical changes either in the component particles of the cell itself or in the surrounding cytoblastema, and may be called metabolic phenomena (τò μϵταβoλικòν, implying that which is liable to occasion or suffer change).” The italics are in the original. Here, then, so far as I know, is the first use of the term “metabolic,” though undoubtedly not the first occurrence of the conception of chemical changes in living matter. Schwann uses the term “metabolic” exactly in its present-day sense, the phenomena of change, interchanges, of material in and by living matter.

COLOURED thinking is such a peculiar condition that those interested in it will welcome the details of a well-marked case of it. It must be distinguished from linked sensations such as coloured hearing—one of the synæsthesiæ—in which heard sounds call up colours, as when the low notes of the organ suggest violet or the high notes white or yellow, etc.

A GOOD deal is being written on the terms of peace and on our attitude towards the Germans after the war in the spheres of pure science, applied science, and industry generally. While these and similar topics are in the melting-pot of controversy, this might be the suitable time to bring up the subject of the attitude of Germans towards the history of science in general, and towards the part played in scientific discoveries by English-speaking people in particular.

EMERITUS-PROFESSOR JOHN GRAY M'KENDRICK, who died in Glasgow on January 2, was born in Aberdeen in August 1841. By the death of his parents he was at a very early age thrown upon his own resources. When he was but thirteen years of age he was sent to spend a summer with his grandfather at Braco in Perthshire, where, herding sheep daily from 5 A.M. to 8 P.M., he learned to know and love the plants and the animals and Nature in all her moods. Zoology became M‘Kendrick's first scientific study; and the youth of seventeen actually demonstrated his little marine aquarium at a con versazione of the British Association which met in Aberdeen in 1859. Here he saw for the first time Faraday, Owen, Murchison and Huxley; science had begun to call him to herself.

MAY I have some of your valuable space in order to put a question to physiologists and physicists whom I could not reach so conveniently in any other way?