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This study proposes a rights-based instructional planning approach for teachers serving indigenous learners, particularly those assigned to schools in Higaonon communities (IPEd). The content of the paper focuses on the following: (1) assumptions about Higaonon indigenous learners; (2) components of the right-based instructional planning approach; and (3) facilitating and hindering factors that may affect the implementation of the right-based instructional planning approach. The researcher used an exploratory research design to develop the proposed planning approach. It was conducted in Higaonon communities in the Municipality of Esperanza, Agusan Del Sur, Philippines. The responses of the selected school officials, IPEd teachers, Higaonon tribal leaders, parents, students, and external stakeholders. The responses of the selected school officials, IPEd teachers, Higaonon tribal leaders, parents, students, and external stakeholders. This paper strongly believes that shifting from a culture-based to right-based IPEd teaching approach is expected to lay down positive changes in all aspects of life for indigenous learners, including social, economic, education, civic, and political, as they begin to understand and protect the inherent rights to ancestral domains, cultural integrity, self-governance, and social justice which are accounted for them. The early inculcation of Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) law into their identity formation through school curriculum is projected to eradicate all forms of discrimination, exclusion, alienation, disintegration, and vulnerabilities in mainstream societies.

The period between adolescence to young adulthood can be stressful for parents of transition-aged children (14 to 22 years old) with autism spectrum disorder. A systematic review was undertaken to examine if existing interventions address the unique parental stressors of this phase and if the scales used to measure parental stress and anxiety are suitable for this group. Of the 9813 studies screened, only 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings indicated that interventions focused on mindfulness, social functioning, or multiple components, of which only two addressed the transition period and only three specifically targeted parents of this age group. Moreover, of the six scales which assessed stress or anxiety, none were designed for these parents. Findings highlight the urgent need for more suitable scales and targeted interventions.

Enhancing language literacy is one of the most prioritized learning targets of the K-12 curriculum in the Philippines. Several language acquisition, learning, teaching and assessing principles to which the present Language Arts and Multiliteracies Curriculum (LAMC) is anchored on, are consistently improved to forward maximum and effective instructional efforts in enhancing learners' communicative competence and multiliteracies. At the elementary level, teachers apply innovative pedagogical strategies to develop learners' macro skills which are relevant to have a meaningful interaction with others in a multicultural society. However, this language literacy enhancement is considered as a challenging task for the Indigenous Peoples Education (IPEd) teachers due to several constraints that may have influenced the indigenous learners' language learning competence. Using the qualitative-case study research design, the responses of the selected IPEd teachers from the semistructured interviews were examined. The thematic analysis was utilized to determine the challenges encountered in teaching language literacy among indigenous learners in Agusan Del Sur, Philippines. On the other hand, the Provus Discrepancy model was used to determine the gaps between the current language literacy performance and outcomes and the language teaching standards enshrined in LAMC. The results showed that IPEd teachers commonly struggled with enhancing learners' viewing skills and digital literacy, developing reading comprehension, improving writing skills, contextualizing lessons, following spiral progression in language, and teaching orthography and grammar. Moreover, the results showed that these encountered struggles became more complicated due to the gaps in language learning standards, instructional learning support, learners' literacy and readiness level, and teachers' competence and strategies used. [The publication year (2022) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct publication year is 2023.]

Abstract Effective use of the energy stored within thermal energy storage systems requires mathematical models that faithfully represent the dynamics of interest. Although three‐dimensional or two‐dimensional models may provide an accurate representation of the thermal store, these are computationally intensive and may not be suitable for control system design or to simulate complex networks. Following this line, a low‐order one‐dimensional model of a latent heat thermal store is presented. The model is based on energy balance, the specific heat–temperature curve of the storage medium, and the dynamic calculation of the heat transfer coefficient. The simplicity afforded by the model facilitates its implementation in any programming language, guaranteeing its compatibility with commercial software to simulate complex systems. The model was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and verified against experimental data of the real unit and simulation results obtained with a two‐dimensional model. Simulation results for charging and discharging operations obtained with the one‐dimensional model exhibit a root mean square error of ≤0.53 °C and a mean square error of ≤0.32 °C when compared with experimental results of the output temperature of the heat transfer fluid. These outcomes are deemed acceptable considering the low order of the one‐dimensional model.

Abstract Background . Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare genetic skin disorder characterized by fragility of skin with appearance of acute and chronic wounds. The aim of this study was to determine the economic burden and the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients with epidermolysis bullosa (EB) in Spain from a societal perspective. Methods . We conducted a cross-sectional, retrospective study including 62 patients with EB (62% dystrophic, 9.6% junctional, 3.2% Kindler syndrome, and 26% with simplex EB). Data were collected from questionnaires completed by patients or their caregivers. The costs were estimated, including not only direct healthcare costs but also direct non-healthcare costs and productivity losses. We compared severe EB (Dystrophic, Junctional EB and Kindler syndrome) to non-severe EB (simplex EB) using as reference year 2022. HRQoL was measured by generic (EQ-5D) and specific (QoLEB) questionnaires. Results The average annual cost for an EB patient was €31,352. Direct healthcare costs represented 17.2% of the total cost, direct non-healthcare costs (mainly informal care costs) 71.3% and productivity losses 11.5% of the total cost. Participants in the severe EB group had a slightly higher average cost than participants in the non-severe EB group (€31,706 vs. €30,337). Direct healthcare costs and non-healthcare costs were higher in the severe EB group (€6,205 vs. €3,024 and €23,148 vs. €20,113) while productivity losses were higher in the non-severe EB group (€7,200 vs. €2,353). The mean utility index score, where the maximum value possible is one, was 0.45 for patients with severe EB (0.76 for their caregivers) and 0.62 for those with non-severe EB (0.77 for their caregivers). Conclusions . The social economic burden of EB, resulting from the high direct non-healthcare cost of informal care, and from the loss of productivity, accentuates the importance of not restricting cost analysis to direct healthcare costs. This substantiates that EB, particularly severe EB represents a significant hidden cost that should be revealed to society and should be considered in the support programmes for people who suffer from this disease, and in the economic evaluation of new treatments.

Abstract Plasmalogens are glycerophospholipids with a vinyl ether bond that confers unique properties. Recent identification of the gene encoding PEDS1, the desaturase generating the vinyl ether bond, enables evaluation of the role of plasmalogens in health and disease. Here, we report that Peds1-deficient zebrafish larvae display delayed development, increased basal inflammation, normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell emergence, and cell-autonomous myeloid cell apoptosis. In a sterile acute inflammation model, Peds1-deficient larvae exhibited impaired inflammation resolution and tissue regeneration, increased interleukin-1β and NF-κB expression, and elevated ROS levels at the wound site. Abnormal immune cell recruitment, neutrophil persistence, and fewer but predominantly pro-inflammatory macrophages were observed. Chronic skin inflammation worsened in Peds1-deficient larvae but was mitigated by exogenous plasmalogen, which also alleviated hyper-susceptibility to bacterial infection, as did pharmacological inhibition of caspase-3 and colony-stimulating factor 3-induced myelopoiesis. Overall, our results highlight an important role for plasmalogens in myeloid cell biology and inflammation.

We report a new breeding site of Ara militaris mexicanus (Ridway, 1915), Military Macaw, in the state of Puebla in the Alto Balsas river basin, Mexico. The breeding site is in the Cañón Grande area along the Nexapa River. Observed temporality and breeding behaviors agree with the recorded breeding season of this species in Central Mexico. Notably, the region has no current designation as a protected natural area for conservation. We recommend collaboration with the local community to initiate efforts towards designate the Alto Balsas river basin as a protected natural area.

Abstract Understanding the large-scale pattern of soil microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) and its temperature sensitivity (CUET) is critical for understanding soil carbon–climate feedback. We used the 18O-H2O tracer method to quantify CUE and CUET along a north-south forest transect. Climate was the primary factor that affected CUE and CUET, predominantly through direct pathways, then by altering soil properties, carbon fractions, microbial structure and functions. Negative CUET (CUE decreases with measuring temperature) in cold forests (mean annual temperature lower than 10 °C) and positive CUET (CUE increases with measuring temperature) in warm forests (mean annual temperature greater than 10 °C) suggest that microbial CUE optimally operates at their adapted temperature. Overall, the plasticity of microbial CUE and its temperature sensitivity alter the feedback of soil carbon to climate warming; that is, a climate-adaptive microbial community has the capacity to reduce carbon loss from soil matrices under corresponding favorable climate conditions.

The port fouling fauna from Mexico has recieved greater study in the last 15 years. By improving our knowledge of fouling invertebrates on artificial substrates on the Southern Pacific coast of Mexico, we can better understand their distribution and prevent bioinvasions. The specimens listed in this present study come from PVC plates that were placed between June 2019 to June 2020 submerged at 1 m depth, on four docks of the Chahué Marina, Oaxaca, Mexico. Forty-four taxa, representing nine phyla were identi-fied: Sipuncula (1 species), Entoprocta (1), Bryozoa (3), Arthropoda (3), Porifera (4), Cnidaria (5), Chordata (6), Mollusca (10) and Annelida (11). Thirty taxa were identified to species, with two still requiring confirmation. Five were identified to genus, two to family, and five to class level. From the 30 identified species, 18 were non-native species: one entoproct, one mollusk, two bryozoans, three hydrozoans, three barnacles, four polychaetes, and four ascidians. These results include seven new records from the state of Oaxaca: one entoproct, one barnacle, two bryozoans, and three hydrozoans.

BackgroundThe Tenosynovial giant cell tumor Observational Platform Project (TOPP) registry is an international prospective study that -previously described the impact of diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumour (D-TGCT) on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) from a baseline snapshot. This analysis describes the impact of D-TGCT at 2-year follow-up based on treatment strategies.Material and methodsTOPP was conducted at 12 sites (EU: 10; US: 2). Captured PRO measurements assessed at baseline, 1-year, and 2-year follow-ups were Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Pain Interference, BPI Pain Severity, Worst Pain, EQ-5D-5L, Worst Stiffness, and -Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System. Treatment interventions were no current/planned treatment (Off-Treatment) and systemic treatment/surgery (On-Treatment).ResultsA total of 176 patients (mean age: 43.5 years) were included in the full analysis set. For patients without active treatment strategy -(Off-Treatment) at baseline (n = 79), BPI Pain Interference (1.00 vs. 2.86) and BPI Pain Severity scores (1.50 vs. 3.00) were numerically favorable in patients remaining Off-Treatment compared with those who switched to an active treatment strategy at year 1. From 1-year to 2-year -follow-ups, patients who remained Off-Treatment had better BPI Pain Interference (0.57 vs. 2.57) and Worst Pain (2.0 vs. 4.5) scores compared with patients who switched to an alternative treatment strategy. In addition, EQ-5D VAS scores (80.0 vs. 65.0) were higher in patients who remained -Off-Treatment between 1-year and 2-year follow-ups compared with patients who changed treatment strategy. For patients receiving systemic treatment at baseline, numerically favorable scores were seen in patients remaining on systemic therapy at 1-year follow-up: BPI Pain Interference (2.79 vs. 5.93), BPI Pain Severity (3.63 vs. 6.38), Worst Pain (4.5 vs. 7.5), and Worst Stiffness (4.0 vs. 7.5). From 1-year to 2-year follow-up, EQ-5D VAS scores (77.5 vs. 65.0) were higher in patients who changed from systemic treatment to a different treatment strategy.ConclusionThese findings highlight the impact D-TGCT has on patient quality of life, and how treatment strategies may be influenced by these outcome measures. (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT02948088).

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication associated with severe COVID-19 and has been linked to increased mortality. While vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has shown effectiveness in reducing severe COVID-19 outcomes, its impact on the development of AKI among hospitalized patients remains unclear. Objective: To evaluate the effect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on the incidence and severity of AKI and 28-day mortality among hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19. Design: Retrospective case-control study. Setting: Conducted at the Internal Medicine Department of Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Mexico, from April 2020 to December 2021. Patients: 413 patients over 18 with confirmed severe COVID-19 were included. Patients were categorized based on their vaccination status before COVID-19 infection. Measurements: Key outcomes included the incidence of AKI, progression to AKI stage 3, and 28-day mortality. AKI was defined according to the KDIGO criteria. Methods: Data were analyzed using univariate and logistic regression models to assess the association between vaccination status and the studied outcomes. Covariates included age, sex, BMI, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and inflammatory markers. Results: Among the 413 patients, 70% developed AKI, with a median hospital stay of 10 days (range 6-17). Vaccinated patients had a significantly lower incidence of AKI compared with nonvaccinated patients (48.7% vs 74.9%; P < .001). After adjusting for confounding factors, vaccination was associated with lower odds of AKI (OR: 0.252, 95% CI: 0.140-0.452), AKI stage 3 (OR: 0.448, 95% CI: 0.205-0.981), and 28-day mortality (OR: 0.187, 95% CI: 0.064-0.544). Limitations: As a single-center retrospective study, generalizability is limited. In addition, vaccination data were obtained from medical records, and the completeness of vaccination could not be independently verified. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was independently associated with a reduced risk of AKI, AKI stage 3, and 28-day mortality in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19. These findings highlight the potential protective effects of vaccination against severe kidney complications in this population.

This study investigates the impact of cross-cultural adjustment and subjective well-being on the achievements and intentions of Spanish self-initiated expatriates (SIEs) regarding their decision to stay abroad or return to Spain. Using resource conservation theory, the research examines how SIEs’ agency influences their adjustment and well-being, thus affecting their achievement and propensity to repatriate. A tailored online survey was administered to Spanish SIEs, incorporating validated scales to cross-cultural adjustment, subjective well-being, and intention to stay abroad. Using non-probability sampling, a final sample of 309 SIEs was obtained. Data analysis employed partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to validate the hypotheses. The results show that improved adjustment and well-being of SIEs correlate with improved achievement and reduced likelihood of repatriation. These results underline the importance of cultural adjustment and subjective well-being in shaping SIEs’ expatriation experiences and their intentions to stay abroad. Furthermore, the research lays the groundwork for future comparative studies and underlines the need for home institutions to facilitate the repatriation process. Moreover, the implications of the findings for management offer ideas for improving the experiences of SIEs abroad and recognising their value as assets to both national and global organizations, while addressing the challenges associated with repatriation.

El propósito de este artículo es analizar al abandono material dentro de los procesos de fijación de pensiones alimenticias en el Ecuador. El enfoque utilizado es el cualitativo, con una lógica inductiva para recolectar información por medio del análisis documental de diversas fuentes bibliográficas, a fin de determinar los fundamentos legales, así como los derechos constitucionales que tienen el alimentante y el alimentado, con relación al derecho a la defensa de ambas partes y la preponderancia del interés superior de los niños, niñas y adolescentes. La investigación permitió determinar que existe un desequilibrio interpretativo de carácter procesal, debido a que, si bien la Constitución de la República del Ecuador establece que todos los ecuatorianos somos iguales ante la ley, existen diversas apreciaciones y se tienen muy en cuenta la vulnerabilidad a la que se encuentran expuestos los niños, niñas y adolescentes.

La Empresa Astilleros Centro, como parte de la estructura de la Unión de Industria Militar, satisface necesidades de las FAR y la economía nacional con servicios y productos competitivos y de calidad, prestando servicios técnicos navales de construcción, modernización, defectación, reparación y mantenimiento de buques, embarcaciones y demás medios flotantes, tanto en el astillero como fuera de sus instalaciones además de apoyar la economía nacional y territorial. Como parte de su objeto social, los procesos productivos generan desechos que impactan en el medio ambiente del Consejo Popular Reina de manera sistemática. En consecuencia, se han tomado decisiones para minimizar el impacto sobre el medio ambiente, sin embargo, no se cuenta con un sistema de indicadores de calidad ambiental fundamentados científicamente, que permitan evaluar el impacto y facilitar el proceso de toma de decisiones al respecto. Como parte de esta investigación se proponen un grupo de indicadores de calidad ambiental, su validación y se comprueba su factibilidad de uso a partir de la experimentación realizada. Ello permite constatar la importancia del uso de los indicadores propuestos en la reducción del impacto sobre el medio ambiente del Consejo Popular Reina y obtener los procedimientos para su posterior generalización. Palabras clave: calidad ambiental, medio ambiente, indicadores ambientales, toma de decisiones. ABSTRACT The shipyards Center Company as part of the structure of the Military Industry Union, meets of needs to the Revolutionary Armed Forces and the National Economy, with services and products competitive and quality, providing technical naval construction, services modernization, defectation, repair and ships maintenance, boats and all floating media, both in the shipyard and outside its facilities in addition to supporting the national and territorial economy. As part of this corporate purpose, the productive processes. They generate waste that affect the environment of the poof the popular counal of the Reina systematically. Accordingly, decisions have been taken to minimize impact about the environment however, it is not counted, with systemic environment however quality indicators scientifically founded that allow to evaluate the impact and facilitate the decision-making process. As parts of the investigation, a group of environmental quality indicators proposed their validation and its feasibility of use is verified from the experimentation carried out. This makes it possible to verify the importance of the use of the proposed indicators in reducing the impact on the environment of the Queen People's Council and to obtain the procedures for their subsequent generalization. Keywords: environmental quality, environment, environmental indicators, decision making.

Purpose: Sustainability and ESG criteria are gaining more and more relevance, and the insurance industry is playing a relevant role in the sustainability transition. Therefore, this study aims to review existing academic literature on ESG criteria in the insurance industry. Specifically, it addresses the determinants in three objectives: First, analysing the focus on sustainability considering the three dimensions of the ESG framework: environment, social and governance; the second one, focusing on the relevant topics in the insurance industry involving the ESG criteria. And finally, identifying the main gaps and point out new research lines. Design/methodology: The research was conducted through a systematic literature review considering published articles of Web of Science and Scopus. Originality/value: Although the insurance industry has a very relevant weight into the economy and the society, and it plays a key role in promoting the transition to a low-carbon economy, we noticed that there are not many scientific articles on this subject. Findings: Findings contribute to the body of literature on sustainable finance, providing a new and complete overview about how ESG criteria implementation has been approached in the insurance industry: mapping research streams, analysing the ESG approach, and identifying research gaps in this domain. Practical implications: This article wants to provide a broader and a more structured knowledge about ESG criteria implementation, and to help managers and insurance companies to move forward with sustainability strategies, and to identify the future lines of research. Social Implications: Business sustainability aims to combine market logic with social welfare logic, but we have found little activity on how insurance companies develop the social dimension within the ESG perspective, as a way to influence the community by promoting equal practices, access to education, etc.

The polyphenol resveratrol (RSV) undergoes extensive phase II metabolism, which limits its bioavailability and bioactivity, including anticancer effects. Growing preclinical evidence reinforces milk-derived exosomes (EXOs) as promising nanocarrier drugs and bioactives delivery systems. Herein, to overcome the mentioned RSV's drawbacks, EXOs were loaded with RSV (EXO-RSV) to evaluate its brain delivery in Sprague-Dawley rats and its in vitro antiproliferative effects against human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and glioblastoma U-87MG cancer cells compared with non-encapsulated RSV. Pharmacokinetic analyses in perfused brains showed RSV detection only after EXO-RSV administration, not after non-encapsulated RSV administration. Encapsulation also resulted in lower concentrations of phase II-derived RSV metabolites in circulation. Additionally, blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport assays using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) corroborated that encapsulation enhanced RSV transport efficiency and protected it from cellular metabolism. In vitro and in silico analyses of phase-II conjugates, primarily RSV 3-glucuronide, showed lower capacity than RSV to cross the BBB. Finally, EXO-RSV (47−750 nM) showed an increased dose-dependent antiproliferative efficacy on both cancer cell lines compared with the non-encapsulated RSV (10 μM), which was ineffective after 72 h of treatment. Our findings suggest that EXOs protect RSV from phase II metabolism and enhance its brain delivery and antiproliferative activity.

Background and objectivesDiffuse-tenosynovial giant cell tumor (D-TGCT) is a rare, locally aggressive, typically benign neoplasm affecting mainly large joints, representing a wide clinical spectrum. We provide a picture of the treatment journey of D-TGCT patients as a 2-year observational follow-up.MethodsThe TGCT Observational Platform Project registry was a multinational, multicenter, prospective observational study at tertiary sarcoma centers spanning seven European countries and two US sites. Histologically confirmed D-TGCT patients were categorized as either those who remained on initial treatment strategy (determined at baseline visit) or those who changed treatment strategy with specific changes documented (e.g., systemic treatment to surgery) at the 1-year and/or 2-year follow-up visits.ResultsA total of 176 patients were assessed, mean diagnosis age was 38.4 (SD ± 14.6) years; most patients had a knee tumor (120/176, 68.2%). For the 2-year observation period, most patients (75.5%) remained on the baseline treatment strategy throughout, 54/79 patients (68.4%) remained no treatment, 30/45 patients (66.7%) remained systemic treatment, 39/39 patients (100%) remained surgery. Those who changed treatment strategy utilized multimodal treatment options.ConclusionsThis is the first prospectively collected analysis to describe D-TGCT patient treatments over an extended follow-up and demonstrates the need for multidisciplinary teams to determine an optimal treatment strategy.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo profundizar en la teatralidad de los sermones de la visionaria franciscana Juana de la Cruz (1481-1534). Para ello se mostrará cómo las diferentes formas de teatralidad que presentan sus visiones celestiales pueden proporcionarnos indicios sobre el desarrollo del teatro religioso castellano de su tiempo. Se incluye también la edición dramatizada de un posible auto contenido en su obra Libro del conorte.

Reseña a: Mazzonis, Querciolo (2020), Riforme di vita cristiana nel Cinquecento italiano. Soveria Mannelli (CZ, Italia): Rubbettino Editore.

Abstract Background Parasitic diseases of pigs are a public and veterinary health problem. Helminths influence pork production, whereas backyard pigs can transmit these parasites. Objectives This work aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibodies against Ascaris suum and Trichinella spiralis in backyard pigs from Jamiltepec, Region de la Costa, Oaxaca, in Southwestern Mexico. Methods Six hundred sixty‐four serum samples were obtained from backyard pigs from 23 rural villages distributed in 5 municipalities; samples were taken in a non‐probabilistic manner with the owner's consent. The presence of serum antibodies against a total extract of A. suum adult worm was determined by ELISA. In contrast, antibodies to the excretion‐secretion products of the T. spiralis muscle larva were determined by Western blot. Results The global seroprevalence for A. suum was 5.12% and 2.41% for T. spiralis; however, antibodies were only found in 8 villages and distributed in 3 municipalities. The highest frequency of positivity for Ascaris was found in the municipality of Santa Catarina Mechoacán (13.01%), whereas, in Santa María Huazalotitlán, the highest frequency of positivity for Trichinella was found (5.75%). In San Andrés, frequencies were 7.23% and 4.82%, respectively. No statistical differences were observed between populations. Conclusions Our data suggest that helminth transmission is restricted by locality. However, further studies must be conducted to understand the factors limiting this transmission to promote pork meat production in parasite‐free zones.

En el presente estudio se ofrece una reflexión y posible explicación acerca del aumento en la toma de medicamentos asociados a las enfermedades mentales. A través de una revisión bibliográfica y un estudio de caso de las Islas Canarias, se pretende arrojar luz sobre los posibles factores sociales que pueden llevar a que una persona sufra una enfermedad mental o sea diagnosticada con una. Además, se abordarán las relaciones de poder existentes entre las disciplinas de Medicina y Sociología, intentando resaltar la importancia que recae sobre éstas trabajar conjuntamente para generar un conocimiento más completo sobre realidades tan complejas como la salud mental

Este artículo propone una revisión de las bases y evolución del cine zapatista durante sus diez años de clandestinidad (1983-1993). Si bien el periodo de mayor producción audiovisual sobre y desde el zapatismo se da luego del levantamiento de 1994, este recorrido permite reconocer elementos del consumo y producción de imágenes durante los años previos, que darían lugar al imaginario audiovisual que hoy les conforma, y que gradualmente se materializaría en sus propias realizaciones y narrativas, lo que ellos/as llaman el “cine de los compañeros”. Oscuridad, destellos y luz son tres etapas de esta reconstrucción histórica que toma forma mediante una minuciosa recolección de memorias orales, registros de experiencias personales y análisis de escritos y documentos. Este trazo historiográfico entrelaza interrogantes sobre el rol del cine en aquellas épocas, la coyuntura sociopolítica y económica, los avances tecnológicos y los procesos llevados a cabo al interior del movimiento. Palabras clave: Cine zapatista, cine militante, EZLN, movimientos sociales.

Background Despite research, there are still controversial areas in the management of Crohn’s disease (CD).Objective To establish practical recommendations on using anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) drugs in patients with moderate-to-severe CD.Methods Clinical controversies in the management of CD using anti-TNF therapies were identified. A comprehensive literature review was performed, and a national survey was launched to examine current clinical practices when using anti-TNF therapies. Their results were discussed by expert gastroenterologists within a nominal group meeting, and a set of statements was proposed and tested in a Delphi process.Results Qualitative study. The survey and Delphi process were sent to 244 CD-treating physicians (response rate: 58%). A total of 14 statements were generated. All but two achieved agreement. These statements cover: (1) use of first-line non-anti-TNF biological therapy; (2) role of HLA-DQA1*05 in daily practice; (3) attitudes in primary non-response and loss of response to anti-TNF therapy due to immunogenicity; (4) use of ustekinumab or vedolizumab if a change in action mechanism is warranted; (5) anti-TNF drug level monitoring; (6) combined therapy with an immunomodulator.Conclusion This document sought to pull together the best evidence, experts’ opinions, and treating physicians’ attitudes when using anti-TNF therapies in patients with CD.