Search

This study was conducted in order to reveal the level of instructional leadership behavior scores of school administrators working in public secondary schools according to the opinions of teachers and to examine them in terms of various variables. The working group of this research, which was designed in the converging parallel pattern of the mixed method, was formed through easily accessible sampling. 383 teachers in the central districts of Mersin province formed the quantitative data study group and 5 teachers formed the qualitative data study group. The semistructured interview form prepared by the researcher and the "Instructional Leadership Scale" developed by Alig-Meilcarek (2003) and adapted to Turkish by Sahin (2011) were used as data collection tools. Kolmogorov Smirnov test was applied for normality test. Kolmogorov Smirnov value is <0.05. Skewness value is between -+ 3 values and the kurtosis value is between +-10 values. Kline (2011) mentioned that normality tests can be performed if the normal distribution has a skewness value of ± 3 and a kurtosis value of ± 10. Since the quantitative data showed a normal distribution, they were analyzed by independent T-test analysis, while the qualitative data were analyzed with the help of content analysis. When the research findings were evaluated, it was found that there was no significant difference between the school administrators' instructional leadership scores according to the gender of the participants.

Based on emerging evidence on the role for specific single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in EIF2AK3 encoding the integrated stress response kinase PERK, in neurodegeneration, we assessed the association of EIF2AK3 SNVs with neurocognitive performance in people with HIV (PWH) using a candidate gene approach. This retrospective study included the CHARTER cohort participants, excluding those with severe neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Genome-wide data previously obtained for 1047 participants and targeted sequencing of 992 participants with available genomic DNA were utilized to interrogate the association of three noncoding and three coding EIF2AK3 SNVs with the continuous global deficit score (GDS) and global neurocognitive impairment (NCI; GDS ≥ 0.5) using univariable and multivariable methods, with demographic, disease-associated, and treatment characteristics as covariates. The cohort characteristics were as follows: median age, 43.1 years; females, 22.8%; European ancestry, 41%; median CD4 + T cell counts, 175/µL (nadir) and 428/µL (current). At first assessment, 70.5% used ART and 68.3% of these had plasma HIV RNA levels ≤ 200 copies/mL. All three noncoding EIF2AK3 SNVs were associated with GDS and NCI (all p  13 were independently associated with GDS and NCI (p

In this study, it was aimed to examine the effects of using Web 2.0 tools in environmental education on the attitudes of preschool children towards the environment. The research used a combination of quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data were collected through the "Attitudes Toward the Environment Scale: Children's Attitudes Toward the Environment Scale-Preschool Version (CATESPV)", and the qualitative data were collected through the "Interview Form" created by the researcher. A total of 38 children, 18 of them in the experimental group and 20 of them in the control group, aged between 60-72 month old attending a public day care center, participated in the study group of the research. One of the parents (mother or father) of the experimental group, which is the group where qualitative data were collected, participated in the research with 18 participants. Attitude towards the environment constitute dependent variable in the research. Independent variable is environments with and without Web 2.0 tools are used. In this research, two-factor ANOVA analysis for repeated measurements used for independent samples of the quantitative data obtained, descriptive analysis was applied to qualitative data. As a result of the research, a significant difference was determined between the average scores of children's attitudes towards the environment after the experimental procedure in the environment where Web 2.0 tools were used in environmental education. It was determined that the changes in the mean scores of attitudes towards the environment of the two groups before the experimental procedure were significantly higher in favor of the group in the environment where Web 2.0 tools were used in environmental education. In this study, it was concluded that the environment in which Web 2.0 tools are used in environmental education is effective in developing children's attitudes towards the environment. According to the qualitative findings, the parents in the experimental group stated that these tools made learning interesting, memorable and facilitating, provided continuity and permanence in learning, and were effective in developing correct attitudes.

Objective: Acute electrical stimulation of the common peroneal nerve (cPNS) has been shown to cause an immediate reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) in spontaneous hypertense rats (SHR), but the effect of this treatment in sub-chronic ambulatory SBP is unknown. Here we developed an implantable wireless WNClip neural stimulator to test the efficacy of 5-week cPNS as a treatment for hypertension. Results: Daily cPNS 2 Hz monophasic stimulation at threshold for 8 minutes every day for five weeks, reduced SBP in WKY animals by −4 mm Hg, and in SHR animals by −21 mmHg in week 5 (p < 0.01). Ambulatory SBP measured daily recorded approximately twenty-four hours after the cPNS treatment, showed a significant reduction from the first (176.6 ± 24.1 mm Hg; n = 5) to the last week of treatment (165.7± 42.7 mm Hg; n = 4), a −9 mm Hg reduction (p < 0.01). Evaluation of heart rate during the treatment showed no significant difference caused by the daily 8-minute cPNS. Conclusions: Electrical stimulation of the common peroneal nerve induced a reduction in SBP that is comparable to that reportedly achieved pharmacologically by ACE inhibitor Ramipril, or by renal denervation procedures. These results support the notion that neuromodulation of the common peroneal nerve can serve as an alternative treatment for drug resistant hypertension.

Objective: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) affects a third of the female population and is characterized by involuntary urine leakage during abdominal efforts such as sneezing, laughing, or coughing. Acute neuromodulation of the bulbospongiosus nerve (BsN) was shown to increase bladder efficiency in aged and multiparous rabbits. This study investigates the efficacy of sub-chronic BsN neuromodulation in alleviating SUI-like deficits in mature multiparous rabbits, characterized by increased urine leakage and reduced leak point pressure. Results: Using the voiding spot assay, we observed a 40% reduction in urine leakage events after 30 days of BsN stimulation, which correlated with a 60% increase in daily micturition volume, a 10-fold increase in voided volume, and improvements in voiding efficiency and leak point pressure compared to negative control animals. Conclusion: In multiparous rabbits, BsN neuromodulation improves important SUI-like metrics including bladder capacity and urethral closure, supporting the use of this bioelectronic modality as treatment for SUI.

Over the past two decades Biomedical Engineering has emerged as a major discipline that bridges societal needs of human health care with the development of novel technologies. Every medical institution is now equipped at varying degrees of sophistication with the ability to monitor human health in both non-invasive and invasive modes. The multiple scales at which human physiology can be interrogated provide a profound perspective on health and disease. We are at the nexus of creating avatars (herein defined as an extension of digital twins) of human patho/physiology to serve as paradigms for interrogation and potential intervention. Motivated by the emergence of these new capabilities, the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, the Departments of Biomedical Engineering at Johns Hopkins University and Bioengineering at University of California at San Diego sponsored an interdisciplinary workshop to define the grand challenges that face biomedical engineering and the mechanisms to address these challenges. The Workshop identified five grand challenges with cross-cutting themes and provided a roadmap for new technologies, identified new training needs, and defined the types of interdisciplinary teams needed for addressing these challenges. The themes presented in this paper include: 1) accumedicine through creation of avatars of cells, tissues, organs and whole human; 2) development of smart and responsive devices for human function augmentation; 3) exocortical technologies to understand brain function and treat neuropathologies; 4) the development of approaches to harness the human immune system for health and wellness; and 5) new strategies to engineer genomes and cells.

Abstract Objective In cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), voxel resolution and size directly affect image quality. This study aimed to analyze the effect of voxel resolution on the linear and volumetric measurements of tooth and pulp in three-dimensional images obtained with different voxel sizes and to test the repeatability of these measurements. Materials and methods CBCT images of 30 extracted single-rooted permanent teeth were obtained using 3 different voxel sizes (0.1-, 0.2-, 0.4-mm). Two observers performed volumetric and linear measurements of pulp and teeth using semi-automatic segmentation. The data were analyzed using descriptive and nonparametric tests. For interobserver reliability, the Wilcoxon signed test and Kendall’s tau correlation coefficient were used. The intraobserver repeatability was analyzed using the intraclass correlation coefficient. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results Friedman test showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) in volumetric measurements between different voxels in one of the observers, but a significant difference was found in the pulp volume measurement in the other (p 0.05). The interclass reliability (Wilcoxon signed test and Kendall’s tau correlation coefficient) and intraobserver repeatability (intraclass correlation coefficient) decreased as the voxel size increased for linear and volumetric measurements of tooth and pulp (p > 0.05). While the values indicated “good” and “excellent” reliability for all parameters measured on the 0.1- and 0.2-mm voxels, a few “moderate” reliability values were found on the 0.4-mm voxel. Conclusion Voxel sizes of 0.1- and 0.2-mm did not significantly affect linear and volumetric tooth measurements. When the voxel size increased, the reliability and repeatability decreased. To increase measurement reliability, the voxel size should be as small as possible.

Objective: We investigated the occurrence and characteristics of secondary solid cancers (SSCs) in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (Ph- MPNs) from Türkiye. We identified the potential risk factors for SSC development, including the impact of cytoreductive therapies, and we assessed the influence of SSC on patient survival. Materials and Methods: A total of 1013 Ph- MPN patients diagnosed between 1995 and 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Data related to demographics, clinical and laboratory parameters, SSC development, cytoreductive therapy exposure, and survival outcomes were collected. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0. Results: Of the analyzed Ph- MPN patients, 6.6% developed SSC, with carcinoma being the most common type. Older age at the time of Ph- MPN diagnosis and male sex were associated with SSC occurrence. Ph- MPN patients diagnosed with SSC and patients with no diagnosis of SSC showed no significant difference in complete blood count results, spleen size, Ph- MPN diagnostic groups, or driver mutation frequencies. However, patients with SSC had a higher frequency of arterial thrombosis and a tendency towards an increased rate of total thrombosis (p=0.030 and p=0.069, respectively). In multivariate analysis, arterial thrombosis was the sole independent risk factor and interferon (IFN)-based therapy was the sole protective factor for SSC development. Median overall survival (OS) did not differ between patients with and without SSC except for polycythemia vera patients with SSC, who had shorter OS (175±15 versus 321±26 months, respectively; p=0.005). Conclusion: This study highlights the prevalence and characteristics of SSCs in Turkish patients diagnosed with Ph- MPNs. Arterial thrombosis was associated with increased SSC risk while IFN-based therapy offered potential protection from SSC. Screening for SSC in Ph- MPN patients with arterial thrombosis may be valuable. These findings emphasize the importance of malignancy screening in Ph- MPN patients, especially in high-risk subgroups, and call for further research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and optimize treatment strategies.

In this article , the importance and development of international entrepreneurship were examined, investigating how global economic dynamics influence the role of entrepreneurship on national and international levels. The primary aim of the research is to offer a comprehensive approach to examining Turkey's international entrepreneurship ecosystem and evaluating the effectiveness of entrepreneurial centers. The study aims to analyze the criteria affecting the success of entrepreneurial centers and their role in the internationalization process. The first section of the thesis delves into the definition of entrepreneurship, its historical evolution, and contemporary theoretical approaches, detailing various types of entrepreneurship from social to e-entrepreneurship. The second section focuses on the intersections of international trade and entrepreneurship, emphasizing the concept of internationalization and the role of entrepreneurial centers both globally and in Turkey. The methodology of the study is built upon meetings with decision-making authorities and creating Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) matrices. These matrices were employed to determine the priorities of different criteria and alternatives. The role of entrepreneurial centers in the development of international entrepreneurship is analyzed using the AHP method. This analysis aims to reveal the impact of leading entrepreneurial centers in Turkey and globally on the internationalization process and its contributing factors.

Crossed modules are algebraic structures that generalize the concept of group extensions. They involve group-like objects (often groups or groupoids) with additional structure and mappings between them that satisfy certain properties. Generalized crossed modules further extend this concept to higher-dimensional settings or more general algebraic contexts. In this paper, we studied the fibration and co-fibration of generalized crossed modules.

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is the most prevalent monogenic autoinflammatory disorder, characterized by recurrent fever and serositis. It primarily affects individuals of Mediterranean descent, including Arabs, Armenians, Turks, and Jews. The Mediterranean fever (MEFV) gene, responsible for FMF, was discovered in 1997. Biallelic pathogenic variants lead to excessive activation of the pyrin inflammasome, resulting in inflammation. Clinical manifestations include recurrent fever, abdominal pain, and joint involvement, with attacks typically lasting 12-72 hours. Diagnosis relies on clinical criteria and is supported by genetic testing. Colchicine is the primary treatment to reduce attack frequency and prevent the complications like renal amyloidosis. Despite advancements in understanding FMF, including its genetic basis and treatment options, challenges remain in distinguishing it from other autoinflammatory diseases. Co-existing conditions such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease are common among FMF patients. Ongoing research should aim to clarify the development of the disease, enhance diagnostic accuracy, and address its clinical presentation and genetic variability, with a focus on identifying new genetic mutations and epigenetic factors that contribute to its pathogenesis.

(1) Background: Metastatic L-type sarcomas (liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma) are rare and have a poor prognosis. Trabectedin is an effective agent that can be used after anthracyclines. This study was designed to evaluate the real-life effectiveness and safety of trabectedin. (2) Methods: A retrospective multicenter study was conducted on patients who were treated with trabectedin for metastatic L-type sarcomas at ten tertiary oncology centers between 2015 and 2023. The objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), time to treatment failure (TTF), and overall survival (OS) were evaluated in the cohort. Cox regression analysis was used to determine prognostic factors for survival. (3) Results: A total of 98 patients (52% liposarcoma and 48% leiomyosarcoma) were included in the study. The median treatment line was three (range: 1 to 6). Thirteen patients (13.3%) underwent local treatment due to oligoprogression, and dose reduction was required in seventeen patients (17.3%) due to toxicity. The ORR and DCR were 16% and 42%, respectively. The median TTF was 3 months, and the median OS was 10 months. In univariate analysis, a significantly longer median TTF was observed in patients who underwent local treatment (p = 0.008), obtained objective responses (p < 0.001), and underwent dose reduction (p = 0.002). No statistical differences were observed according to the histologic subtype and metastatic site. In the multivariate analysis for OS, it was found that obtaining an objective response was a good prognostic factor (p = 0.003), while the presence of liver metastases was associated with a poor prognosis (p = 0.016). (4) Conclusion: Trabectedin is a suitable option for L-type sarcoma after doxorubicin-based treatments. Survival was not worse in patients who underwent dose reduction. The use of local therapies simultaneously with trabectedin can be effective.

Abstract Common single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3 (EIF2AK3) slightly increase the risk of disorders in the periphery and the central nervous system. EIF2AK3 encodes protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), a key regulator of ER stress. Three exonic EIF2AK3 SNVs form the PERK-B haplotype, which is present in 28% of the global population. Importantly, the precise impact of these SNVs on PERK activity remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that PERK-B SNVs do not alter PERK expression or basal activity in vitro and in the novel triple knock-in mice expressing the exonic PERK-B SNVs in vivo. However, the kinase activity of PERK-B protein is higher than that of PERK-A in a cell-free assay and in mouse liver homogenates. Pancreatic tissue in PERK-B/B mice also exhibit increased susceptibility to apoptosis under acute ER stress. Monocyte-derived macrophages from PERK-B/B mice exhibit higher PERK activity than those from PERK-A/A mice, albeit with minimal functional consequences at acute timepoints. The subtle PERK-B-driven effects observed in liver and pancreas during acute stress implicate PERK as a contributor to disease susceptibility. The novel PERK-B mouse model provides valuable insights into ER stress-induced PERK activity, aiding the understanding of the genetic basis of disorders associated with ER stress.

Abstract Background An ideal aesthetic restorative material should be attached to the tooth tissues by adhesion, have a smooth surface as possible, should not cause toxic reactions in the pulp and discoloration and microleakage. This study aims at comparatively assess the cytotoxicity of current adhesive systems on human dental pulp cells. Materials and methods The adequate density of human pulp cells was observed from the ready cell line. The passaging was performed and the 3rd passage cells were selected. Adhesive systems and MTA were used on the cultures. Trypan blue staining was conducted on the cells at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd days and a count of live and dead cells using a light microscope. The dead cells whose membrane integrity was impaired by staining with trypan blue and the viability rate was determined using live and dead cell numbers. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Results A significant difference in vialibity rates between adhesive systems was observed on the first day. No significant statistical differences were observed on the 2nd and 3rd days (p

The aim of this study is to determine the dropout risk levels of secondary school students and to contribute to the literature by making suggestions to researchers according to the results obtained. For this reason, the research was carried out using the mixed method. For this purpose, the School Dropout Risk Scale was prepared by quantitative methods, and the sample was determined by simple random sampling method. In the qualitative method, a semi-structured interview form was prepared and the sample was determined with maximum diversity sampling. In quantitative data analysis; gender, class repetition, absenteeism status, t-test for the student's work status variable and Anova were used for the school achievement variable. According to the results of the research, it has been determined that the risk levels of secondary school students leaving school are at an intermediate level across the scale and in the lower dimensions of the scale. It was found that all the variables included in the study caused a change in the risk of dropping out of school. According to the students' opinions, peer bullying, low socioeconomic status of the family, lack of interest in school, family pressure for the student to drop out of school, the administration giving unfounded punishments to students, insufficient school resources lead to reasons for dropping out.

In many societies, women are assigned missions such as being a good mother, a good wife, an unpaid domestic worker, a child caregiver and an emotional person. These missions attributed to women may prevent them from revealing their potential and talent in the workplace. Undoubtedly, though these roles, assigned to women by society, are attempted to be explained with glass ceiling and gender stereotypes, these inequalities against women could be related to many more complex historical, social, political, and cultural factors. This study aims to reveal and discuss the career barriers experienced by female education administrators. A qualitative meta-synthesis method was employed in this study through a systematic review of 21 studies included in the analysis. ENTREQ-PRISMA statements and CASP protocol were used to improve the reporting of systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis. As a result of this systematic review, the career barriers experienced by female education administrators clustered under four themes, including family-related barriers, organizational structure-related barriers, women's self-imposed psychological barriers, and social structure- related barriers.

Background and Design: Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas (PCBCLs) have not been well characterized due to their relatively low incidence and heterogeneous clinical features. Materials and Methods: Data of 29 patients with primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma (PCMZL) (n=18), primary cutaneous follicle center B-cell lymphoma (PCFCL) (n=7), and primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma-leg type (PCDLBCL-LT) (n=4) who were followed and treated at Ankara University Faculty of Medicine between 2006 and 2022 were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical characteristics, treatment modalities, and outcomes of all patients were analyzed. Results: Our study supports the data that there are geographical differences in the distribution of B-cell lymphomas and that PCMZL is predominant in Asian countries compared to Europe. The mean age at the time of diagnosis in the PCDLBCL-LT group was significantly older than the indolent PCBCL group (p=0.022). The lesion size was predominantly less than 2 cm in PCMZL, between 2 and 5 cm in PCFCL, and larger than 5 cm in the PCDLBCL-LT group (p=0.006). While skin-directed treatments were the most common approach in the PCMZL and PCFCL groups, multi-agent chemotherapy was the preferred treatment in the PCDLBCL-LT group (p=0.003 and p=0.001, respectively). No significant correlation was found between age, gender, clinical features of the lesion, cutaneous lymphoma international prognostic index score, stage and treatment modalities, recurrence, and overall survival. The World Health Organization and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer classification of cutaneous lymphoma remains the primary guideline for understanding the clinical behavior and prognostic parameters of this heterogeneous patient group. Conclusion: Given the relative rarity of these types of lymphoma, our patient collective provides an additional value to the existing literature.

Amaç: Masajın romatolojik hastalıklarda semptom kontrolüne yönelik etkisini değerlendirmektir. Yöntemler: Araştırmaya CINAHL, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science ve ULAKBİM veri tabanlarında İngilizce ve Türkçe anahtar kelimeler kullanılarak, 2000- 2023 tarihleri arasında ulaşılan çalışmalar dahil edildi. Araştırma PRISMA-P kontrol listesi ve Cochrane Risk of Bias temel alınarak hazırlandı. Dahil edilme kriterleri; 18 yaş ve üzeri, romatolojik hastalığa bağlı semptom bildiren katılımcıları dahil eden, randomize kontrollü çalışma tasarımında olan, İngilizce ve Türkçe dilinde yayınlanmış çalışmalardır. Bulgular: Araştırmada 3.704 çalışma incelendi ve dahil edilme kriterlerine uygun 16 randomize kontrollü çalışma saptandı. Yapılan masajın ağrı şiddeti, analjezik kullanımı, anksiyete, depresif durum, sabah tutukluğunu azalttığı, uyku kalitesi ve hareket açıklığını arttırdığı saptandı. Derlemeye dahil edilen bir araştırmada masajın uyku sorunlarını azaltmadığı, iki farklı çalışmada ise uzun vadede masajın semptom yönetiminde fayda sağlamadığı belirlendi.Sonuç: Romatolojik hastalıkların semptom kontrolünde kullanılan masaja yönelik optimal bir süre ve teknik bulunmamakla birlikte, masaj sıklıkla osteoartrit ve fibromiyaljide kullanılmaktadır. Masaj uygulaması semptom kontrolü sağlayarak hastaların fizyolojik ve psikolojik iyilik halini arttırmaktadır. Bu nedenle semptom kontrolünde hemşirelik bakım uygulamalarında masaja yer verilmesi önerilmektedir.

Aim: Appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare NET that are often incidentally discovered following appendectomy performed for acute appendicitis. Herein, we report our institution’s experience regarding the management and long-term follow-up of appendiceal NETs. Method: This study included patients who underwent appendectomy for acute appendicitis and were diagnosed with appendiceal NETs between 2011 and 2020. Patient data were retrospectively retrieved from the hospital computer system. Clinical information, demographic details, tumor size, localization within the appendix, histopathological findings, and surgical procedures were evaluated. Results: The study included data from 44 patients, with 22 men and 22 women, and a mean age of 31.1±12.7 years. All patients presented with symptoms consistent with acute appendicitis upon admission to the hospital. Tumors were distally located in 33 patients, centrally located in seven patients, and proximally located in four patients. Among the 44 patients included in the study, 42 underwent appendectomy, whereas two underwent primary right hemicolectomy during the initial surgery. One patient who underwent appendectomy required subsequent right hemicolectomy 3 weeks later. The mean follow-up duration was 5.4±2.5 years. During the follow-up period, metastasis was detected in only one patient with a tumor size larger than 2 cm located proximally. No recurrence or evidence of metastasis was observed in the remaining patients during long-term follow-up. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, appendectomy may be sufficient for appendiceal NETs measuring

Aims: This study aimed to compare the surgical outcomes of four distinct techniques for vaginal vault prolapse (VVP) after hysterectomy to identify the optimal approach. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted using the data of patients who underwent VVP between 2010 and 2022 and had a history of hysterectomy. The surgical techniques evaluated were laparotomic sacrocolpopexy (LPSC), laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LSSC), sacrospinous ligamentopexy (SSLP), and laparoscopic lateral suspension (LLS). The study outcomes were the surgical duration, VVP recurrence, and adverse outcomes. Results: The study included 77 women (age, mean±standard deviation: 58.96±9.96 years). LPSC, LSSC, SSLP, and LLS were detected in 27 (35%), 10 (13%), 31 (40.3%), and 9 (11.7%) cases, respectively. The duration of the surgery was significantly different among the groups (SSLP group: 115.96±51.29 min, LPSC group: 143.51±31.46 min, LLS group: 168.33±53.20 min, and LSSC group: 197.50±62.46 min, p=0.012). The recurrence rate of VVP was 11.11% in the LPSC group, 12.9% in the SSLP group, 11.11% in the LLS group, and 0.0% in the LSSC group (p=0.838). The rates of adverse outcomes in the early and late periods did not differ across the four groups, with p values of 0.274 and 0.556 (LPSC group: 18.52% and 18.52%, LSSC group: 20.0% and 20.0%, SSLP group: 6.46% and 22.58%, and LLS group: 0.0% and 22.22%). Conclusions: Surgical techniques for VVP, including LPSC, LSSC, SSLP, and LLS, showed comparable outcomes and recurrence rates, except for the duration of surgery, which was the lowest in the SSLP group and longest in the LSSC group.