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The purpose of the paper is to study to what extent the production and productivity elements of the armory culture is influenced by biostimulators in the pedo-climatic conditions of the experimental field located in the town of Măciuca, Vâlcea county. The work is based on a trifactorial experience, where factor A is the genotype, with 5 gradations: from Prahova, from Secuieni, from Iasi, Dacia Plant and from Brașov; factor B is the applied biostimulator, with 4 grades: untreated, Cropmax, BioHumusSol and Bioenne; factor C is the sowing density, with 3 gradations: 15 pl/m², 10 pl/m², 25 pl/m². The three-factor interaction genotype x biostimulator x decime influenced calathidium diameter, production and MH. The Prahova population showed differences of 25 pl/m², when treated with BioHumusSol and Bioenne. The Sequoia cultivar was more productive at plots of 10 pl/m² and 25 pl/m² both untreated and treated with BioHumusSol and Bioenne. Desimea and the biostimulator influenced the Iași cultivar to a very small extent. Dacia Plant was the only one that reacted very significantly to the treatment with Cropmax, at the rate of 25 pl/m². The Brașov population recorded increases in production when treated with Bioenne, in both plots. These interactions technological requests for the cultivation of armors in experienced pedoclimatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A trifactorial trail hybrid maize x level fertilization x biostimulants treatment (Instinct and Utrisha) was placed on the chernozem from Caracal in the spring of 2023. The doses of urea administered at sowing were 50, 100, 150 kg/ha, and the graduations of the biostimulator treatment factor consisted of untreated, Instinct 1 L/ha + Utrisha 250 g/ha, Instinct 1.7 L/ha + Utrisha 333 g/ha and Instinct 2.5 L/ha + Utrisha 400 g/ha. The greatest plats height was recorded in the first two weeks in the variant treated with Instinct 2.5 L/ha + Utrisha 400 g/ha, regardless of the maize hybrid and the dose of urea used - 182%. In the next measurement interval, the height decreased, but the highest value was also recorded in the previous variant and with the recommended dose - 47%. At the last measurement, the height was greatly diminished (under 20%) and the variants treated with Instinct and Utrisha, regardless of the dose, did not emphasized significant differences. Urea fertilization did not affect the plants height at any of the measurement moments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over a period of three years (2019-2022), 25 varieties of autumn wheat were studied at SCDA Caracal (University of Craiova), in terms of yield and its quality under different technological conditions (fertilization level and sowing time). Several aspects were addressed: the variability of the characters influencing quality and the way the applied technologies influence it; the productivity and baking quality of the tested wheat varieties, depending on the applied technologies; the stability of the studied characters for the tested wheat varieties; the ranking of the values of the studied characters expressed by a score-based ranking. The results showed that yield gain could be obtained by increasing the nitrogen dose and that the quality of the yield was significantly improved by delaying sowing. Increasing the nitrogen dose resulted in higher yields, protein content, wet gluten content, flour power and gluten index, all of which were statistically assured. The most stable character was found to be hectolitre mass, whereas yield was medium stable and the wet gluten content was unstable for all varieties tested. The highest ranked Romanian varieties were Dropia, Glosa and Șimnic 50. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyse e the effect of variety, nitrogen fertilizer rate and their interaction on yield and to determine the economic feasibility of application the fertilizer and varieties for optimum yield grain, two key drivers that contribute guiding the future with efficient agronomic practices to guarantee food security in the advent of the most significant changes for agriculture. The subject of the experiment consisted in testing during one wheat growing season, twenty-one modern winter wheat varieties fertilized with nitric and ammoniacal nitrogen in three different rates - 120, 150 and 170 kg N ha-1. The variety contributes to the production with 61%, the level of fertilizer with 2.4% and the interaction between the factors with 19.4%. The highest production in all fertilization levels and types of N was achieved by the Rubisko variety. The highest value of 5.94 kg/plot is obtained at 120 kg magnesium nitrate rate, and the lowest of 5.25 kg/plot at 150 kg ammonium sulfate. We concluded that increased wheat productions are not linearly linked to an increased nitrogen dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper presents the results obtained within a multifactorial experience at the Research and Development Station of the University of Craiova, SCDA Caracal, in the period 2021-2022. The biological material was represented by four pea varieties (Omega, Tiara, Favorit and Trinity), each of them being sown in two different seasons. The variability of production, plant height and some elements of productivity were monitored, such as: number of plants/m2, number of pods/plant, length of pods, number of grains in pod and weight of 1000 grains. The results obtained showed a high variability, both in terms of production and productivity elements. Thus, the highest average production value was recorded by the Omega variety (4500 kg/ha) and the lowest one, Trinity (3635 kg/ha). The mass of 1000 grains had average values between 190.8 g (Omega) and 135.9 g (Tiara). Also, the ratio between plant weight and grains weight recorded average values from 1.74 (Tiara) and 1.59 (Favorit). These results confirm the very good suitability of the researched pea varieties for cultivation in the environmental and soil conditions of the South-West area of Oltenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2022, on the chernozem from Caracal, in the wheat soils sown on 1,100 ha in the production farms of SCDA Caracal, the non-didactic department of the University of Craiova, in two locations: Caracal and Stoenești, FOLIQ 36 Nitrogen was administered to 7 wheat varieties: Glosa, Otilia, Izvor, Avenue, Gabrio, Euclide and Caro line. Leaf samples were taken from 13 physical blocks (one not treated with foliar fertilizer and 12 fertilized with foliar in two doses) in accordance with the leaf sampling instructions approved by the Analitycal Services Laboratory of Yara UK Limited-Packlington. Macro- and micro-nutrients were determined by laboratory analysis in England as follows: nitrogen (%), phosphorus (%), potassium (%), calcium (%), magnesium (%), sulphur (%), iron (ppm), zinc (ppm), manganese (ppm), boron (ppm), copper (ppm), molybdenum (ppm). Interpretation of the results showed that a dose of 1 l/ha significantly increased the zinc content, iron content and nitrogen content of the plant; significantly distinctive also the copper and sulphur content of the plant was increased; very significantly increased were the boron content and phosphorus content of the plant. The same dose also influenced yield very significantly. In general, Gabrio, Avenue and Euclide varieties showed high yields but also high nitrogen, boron, copper, calcium and phosphorus contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 2021-year, 155 wheat lines in various stages of breeding process were assessed in microcultures for adult plant resistance on the pathogens attack and the relationship with yielding capacity. The wheat lines Ursita and Voinic were considered as control cultivars. The assessment was performed under natural infection conditions, without the application of fungicides. The wheat lines were scored, depending on adequate scales: - Helminthosporium leaf blotch (Helminthosporium tritici repentis) - modified scale 0-9 was used for pathogens that produce leaf spots; - Septoria leaf blotch (Zymosptoria tritici sin. Septoria tritici) - the scale developed by Vrapi et al. (2012) - Septoria glume blotch (Parastagonospora nodorum - syn. Stagonospora nodorum; Septoria nodorum; Phaeosphaeria nodorum; Leptosphaeria nodorum) - the Bronnimann scale was used (1968); - Powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici sin. Erysiphe graminis) - the Saari-Prescot scale was used (1975); Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp.tritici) - the Cobb's scale modified by Peterson was used (Peterson et al., 1948). For Helminthosporium tritici repentis, the most relevant pathogen, the attack distribution showed that most of the tested material - 32.9% was at note 3 and the lowest - 1.3% at note 6. The correlation between yield and attack of reticular spot of wheat leaves was noticed (r = -0.14), but not significant (the coefficients being below 0.16 - the value from which the correlation could be considered significant at P = 5%). The fact that the other pathogens attacked less in the conditions in which they were present and the distribution of notes for Helminthosporium tritici repentis was mainly between 1-3 notes interval, suggests that the new breeding material showed a good adult plant resistance in natural infections in pedological and climatic conditions from Caracal Research Station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological function of pollen grains in plants is to transfer the genetic material from the male to the female reproductive organ. Pollen viability has a particular importance because it allows knowing the value of a genotype as a pollinator in various interfertile combinations or artificial hybridization. Pea (Pisum sativum) has an impressive nutritional profile and is considered to be an essential food for the proper functioning of the human body, especially since it is an important source of protein. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the viability of pollen grains to some pea genotypes and the percentage of pollen germination on artificial substrate (in distilled water). The anthers were harvested in the advanced flower bud phase from four pea genotypes experimented at SCDA Caracal, University of Craiova. The results obtained showed a high viability of pollen grains in all four peas genotypes tested, with values between 95.36-98.55%. On the other hand, it was found that on the artificial medium, after 24 hours the germination percentage was reduced (39.25%), only a small part of the pollen tubes presenting the entire content expelled. This suggests that the rainfalls during peas flowering can negatively affect the germination of pollen grains, by diluting the stigmatic liquid. Regarding the length of the pollen tubes after 24 hours, it was found that, on the artificial medium, the values recorded were higher than on the stigma, the elongation rate having a more accentuated rate at the beginning of germination, after which there is a gradual decrease of this rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the specific features of food is perishability, and therefore it is very important to know and control the factors that influence their stability and the processes capable of producing qualitative changes and the possibilities of stabilizing them for as long as possible. The main factors which influencing the food stability are: enzymes, microorganisms and water content. The microorganisms and enzymes act on carbohydrates and lipids of the food and turn them through fermentation and putrefaction processes. As a result, the chemical composition of food undergoes changes and may appear the complete destruction of nutrients, the products becoming unfit for consumption. Increasing of the food product stability is necessary to eliminate the seasonal nature of consumption, to increase availability for consumers and to reduce losses of the perishable food. In this respect, is used some processes for the relative stabilization of food products properties, which involve various additional technological operations, as a result of which the products undergo physical, chemical and biochemical changes. Improving the food stability in safe conditions can be achieved by various processes which, in general, refer to the separation of microorganisms by physical processes; reducing or stop development of microorganisms; destruction by various means of microorganisms; combined methods. Technological processes are constantly evolving; more and more modern methods appear to extend the shelf life of a food. Notable examples in this regard are high pressure, radiations, ultra-short light pulses or magnetic field protocols. There are also microwave devices that have the same purpose - to preserve the nutritional properties of some food products for as long as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste of any kind, resulting from many human activities, is a very topical issue, both due to the increase in quantities and types (which through degradation and infestation pose a danger to the natural environment and the health of the population) and significant amounts of materials, raw materials, reusable materials and energy that can be recovered and put into the economic circuit. Waste is not only an environmental problem, but also an economic loss. The types of waste resulting from agriculture and forestry are: vegetable waste and waste from preparation; waste from manure; waste from forest holdings; used motor oils; used tires; plastic waste, including plastic packaging waste; waste from batteries and accumulators. In Romania, of the total amount of waste generated, most is vegetable waste and waste from preparation (over 90%), according to the National Institute of Statistics. Waste management must be carried out in waste recovery or disposal facilities. Thus, waste from agriculture can be managed by: recovery of organic substances - biogas plants, composting, recycling of plastic waste; recycling of scrap metal; incineration - in the case of hazardous waste (agrochemical waste, used oils); storage - in the case of waste that cannot be recovered. The EU legislation, more exactly the Waste Framework Directive creates the framework in which waste management has to implemented regarding prevention, preparation for reuse, recycling, recovery and disposals. The Directive has the duty to prevent the greatest possible generation of waste, to utilize the waste generated as a resource and to diminish to a minimum the amount of waste that reaches landfills. In this way, environmental pollution can be significantly reduced. After all, waste can be a problem or a resource only depending on how it is managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to analyze the influence of the interaction variety x year x location at 15 varieties of winter wheat of different origins, grown in Romania for 3 years (2018-2020) in three different locations: University of Craiova - ARDS Caracal, NARDI Fundulea and Mircea Vodă - Brăila county. The highest yield was recorded by the Sothys variety in 2020 at Caracal location - 13128 kg/ha and the lowest yield by the Avenue variety in 2020 at Mircea Vodă location - 2600 kg/ha. The analyzed data highlighted the fact that in all the years at the varieties Airbus, Alcantara, Anapurna, Koreli, Lennox, Sothys and Otilia, the yield was very low in Fundulea and Mircea Vodă compared to Caracal. In 2018, the varieties Exotic, Glosa, Izalco and Sofru presented statistically undifferentiated yields, when they were cultivated in Caracal and MirceaVodă. The results showed that the studied interaction strongly influenced the yield. Taken separately, the factors studied also influenced yield. The yields obtained in 2018 and 2020 were distinct significantly and very significantly higher than the average yield of the three years (7109 kg/ha), while the yield of the year 2019 was very significantly lower than average. The yields obtained at Fundulea and Mircea Vodă were much lower than those obtained at Caracal on average over the three years and the 15 varieties tested. The stability of yield was analyzed in terms of the coefficient of variation. The lowest values of the coefficient of variation were recorded by the varieties Lennox (11.57%) and Exotic (13.66%) - the most stable, and the highest value by the variety Izalco (21.13%) - the most unstable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing Nitrogen fertilizer rates might contribute to improving wheat production economic efficiency and to reducing the impact on environment through nitrate leaching, use of fossil fuels for manufacture and application, as well as nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Seventeen winter wheat cultivars were tested with recommended and reduced N fertilization during 4 years in three locations. Relative grain yield, protein concentration and protein yield per hectare under reduced fertilization, as percentage from the performance with recommended N fertilization, showed very large variation due to environment, the effect of cultivars being much smaller, but still significant. The effect of reduced N fertilization was larger for grain yield than for protein concentration. For grain yield and protein yield per hectare the highest reduction was found in cultivars originating from the Fundulea breeding program, while the smallest reduction was found in cultivar Adelina (bred at Şimnic), suggesting a possible relationship with the natural soil fertility at the breeding site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring the sustainable financial success of companies through the application of the principle of social responsibility is the way through which traditional and preindustrial economies can develop and create prosperity (Young, 2009). Connecting social responsibility to European strategies, to economic theories which place national economies in different stages of development, to the CRT principles and criteria, has the role to emphasise the real fund of the concept. It is not important what the company does with 0,003 out of turnover for charity purpose, but how a company can gain profit contributing to the progress of society and to what extent the personal interest from the perspective of the wholeness can intersect the interests of the companies with the stakeholders' interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies in the world showed that nitrogen fertilization, seeding rate, planting data and planting depth affect the yield and its components (Jonhson et. at.. 1988, Blue et al., 1990). The studies were performed at Agricultural Research and Development Station- Şimnic, on a brown-reddish soil. During three years (2004-2006) was performed an experiment with two factors and fifth graduations: like A factor was the variety with the graduations: a1=Simnic 30, a2=Dropia, a3=Flamura85, a4=Alex, a5=Rapid and like B factor was seeding rate with: b1=100 g.k/m², b2=200 g.k/m², b3=300 g.k/m², b4=400 g.k/m², b5=550 g.k/m². The yield was determinate in the field and 1000 kernels weight value in laboratory. On average, in three years, 300 g.k/m² and 400 g.k/m² assured yields at the same level with check variety suggesting that the losses (234 kg/ha, respectively 286 kg/ha) are not significant. Şimnic30, Dropia, Flamura85 and Alex varieties had a similarly behavior. Significant diminishes of the yield were recorded at 100 g.k/m² comparative with 550 g.k/m² as follow: 21%, 17%, 23% respectively 19%. The only variety that, on three years average, presented significant yield diminishes at 100 g.k/m² (25%) as well as at 200 g.k/m² (20%) was Rapid variety. An hypothetic calculation for seeding rate at varieties with 1000 kernel weight by 40 g and cultural value by 9800 (G=98%, P=-100%) show us that, practically, the amount of seeds for initiate a crop is half at 300 g.k/m² comparatively with 550 g.k/m² . Under ARDS-Simnic conditions, tested varieties presented the highest yields at 550 g.k/m² but these were statistically assured only against 100 g.k/m². The only exception was recorded by Rapid variety than recorded yield gain at 550 g.k/m² was superior against all others densities. Subsequently, we recommend for this variety only 550 g.k/m² seeding rate. Following obtained results we can recommend for Şimnic30, Dropia, Flamura85 and Alex to be planting at less than 550 g.k/m² this involving lower amount of seed and consequently lower price for initiate a crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]