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International audience; Rising greenhouse gas emissions are causing increasing worldwide impacts and changes on climate patterns, sea level, food production, human lives and livelihoods. Maintaining or improving the ability of coastal aquatic ecosystems and oceans to remove CO2 from the atmosphere is a crucial aspect for climate mitigation. The vegetated coastal ecosystems are able to catch and to sequestrate carbon, the so-called Blue Carbon. These ecosystems are key exchange zones that mediate the biogeochemical cycles across the continent, the ocean and the atmosphere. Given the importance of these ecosystems in biogeochemical cycles and their sensitivity to natural and anthropogenic pressures, the carbon cycle within and between compartments (e.g. pelagos, benthos…) and across the interfaces (e.g. atmosphere, ocean…) need to be addressed. On a regional scale, in the extended urban area of La Rochelle located on the French Atlantic coast (La Rochelle metropolitan area), lack in situ measurements within the wetlands and littoral zone make very uncertain their role as a sink or a source of CO2 to the atmosphere. We will first present a vast research project “La Rochelle Territoire Zéro Carbone” project (https://www.agglo-larochelle.fr/projet-de-territoire/territoire-zero-carbone), that target the ambition of carbon neutrality in La Rochelle metropolitan area by 2040 through a holistic approach (from measuring CO2 to raising people's awareness and assessing the impact of exogenous natural factors). Second, we will present some first results on the Blue Carbon dynamics within the freshwater and salt marshes, and seagrasses.

Lycosa piochardi Simon, 1876 Figs 1, 2D, 3D, 4D, 5D, 6D, G, 7D, G, 9C–L, 10C–L, 11E–F, 12D, 13–18, 21C–D, 22C–D, 23–27 Lycosa piochardi Simon, 1876: 72, pl. 3 figs 8–9 (♂ ♀, Syria). Tarentula piochardi infraclara Strand, 1915: 167 (♀, Israel). Syn. nov. Tarentula piochardi – Kulczyński 1911: 51, pl. 2 figs 60–61 (♀, Lebanon). Lycosa piochardi infraclara – Roewer 1955: 269. Lycosa piochardi – Nentwig et al. 2019: 40, fig. 6a–b (♀). — Nadolny & Zamani 2020: 209, fig. 19 (♀). — Zamani et al. 2021: 284, figs 7a–f, 8a–o (♀, Iran). Lycosa piochardi infraclara – Nentwig et al. 2019: 40, fig. 6c–e (♀, subspecies inquirenda). Diagnosis Male Tegular apophysis tip (TAT) bent posteriorly at ~90° (in L. hyraculus sp. nov. TA unbent posteriorly). CTA (Fig. 2D) serrated (in L. hyraculus CTA smooth-edged), not wider than TA (in L. praegrandis, Fig. 2E, CTA wider than TA). Tip of conductor membranous, triangular, smooth-edged (in the similar L. praegrandis it is semicircular and unevenly toothed) (Figs 2D, 3D, 4D, 5D, 6D, 7D, 12D, 13). Female Epigyne: septal pedicel reduced, septum subtriangular to trapezoidal, proportions vary greatly! Copulatory openings narrow, at anterior end of septum. Distal part of spermatheca (Fig. 10C–L) bent dorso-ventrally (in the similar L. praegrandis it is bent distally, so that the left spermatheca twists counterclockwise, Fig. 10M). Head of spermatheca elongated, not much wider than spermatheca. Both sexes distinguished from other levantine Lycosa by habitus: ocular area Holotype SYRIA • ♀; 1876; M.Ch. Piochard de la Brûlerie leg.; MNHN 2076 (not examined). Paratypes SYRIA • 5 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; MNHN 1266 (examined) Other material examined EGYPT – Sinai • 1 ♀; Al-Qusaymah (Kadesh Barnea); [30.668° N, 34.366° E]; 13 Nov. 1967; P. Amitai leg.; HUJ INV-AR20838 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20839 • 1 ♀; Mt. Catherine; [28.56° N, 33.95° E]; 16 Aug. 1968; Tsabar leg.; HUJ INV-AR20860 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 17 Jul. 1968; HUJ INV-AR20862 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 16 Aug. 1968; HUJ INV-AR20861 ISRAEL and PALESTINE – Coastal Plain • 1 ♂; Ashdod sands; [31.763° N, 35.633° E]; 19 Jun. 2020; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20734 • 1 ♂; Be’eri; [31.42° N, 34.48° E]; 22 Sep. 2011; HUJ INV-AR20923 • 1 ♀; east Holon (near Yamit 2000); [32° N, 34.793° E]; 20 Jul. 2017; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.; HUJ INV-AR20735 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 28 Jul. 2018; HUJ INV-AR20782 • 1 juv.; ETSEL memorial monument, Lod; [31.9404° N, 34.8658° E]; 28 May 2014; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.; HUJ INV-AR20779 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20780 • 1 ♀; Gaza area; [31.5° N, 34.46° E]; 1942; HUJ INV-AR20895 • 1 ♂; grove near Drezner st., Tel Aviv; [32.1295° N, 34.808° E]; 18 Jun. 2019; I.Armiach Steinpress leg.; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20730 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20731 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20732 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20733 • 1 ♀; Hadera sands; [32.461° N, 34.885° E]; 23 Aug. 2018; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.; HUJ INV-AR20759 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20760 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding;col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20761 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 4 Jul. 2019; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20787 • 1 ♀; Hatsor; [31.77° N, 34.71° E]; 2008; HUJ INV-AR20897 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20898 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20899 • 1 ♀; Jaffa-Rehoboth; [31.95° N, 34.78° E]; May 1913; I. Aharoni leg.; SMFD2184 • 1 ♀; Kfar Bialik; [32.82° N, 35.087° E]; 17 Sep. 2018; HUJ INV-AR20913 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 7 Sep. 2018; with eggsac; HUJ INV-AR20950 • 1 ♀; Mavo Ashdod; [31.84° N, 34.7° E]; 24 Aug. 2015; HUJ INV-AR20926 • 1 ♂; Nitzanim; [31.739° N, 34.623° E]; 11 Jul. 2017; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20683 • 1 ♂; Nitzanim sands; 7 Aug. 2017; B. Shacham leg.; HUJ INV-AR20572 • 1 ♀; Oranim boarding School, Rishon LeTsiyon; [31.944° N, 34.805° E]; 24 Aug. 2013; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.; HUJ INV-AR20762 • 1 ♀; Ramat-Gan; [32.08° N, 34.81° E]; 1947; A. Shulov leg.; HUJ INV-AR 20526 • 1 ♂; Rehovot; [31.8992° N, 34.8363° E]; 5 Sep. 2019; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.; HUJ INV-AR20788 • 1 ♀; Savyon; [32.04° N, 34.87° E]; 29 Sep. 1972; HUJ INV-AR20937 • 1 ♀; Superland, Rishon LeTsiyon; [31.9748° N, 34.74235° E]; 6 Sep. 2018; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.; HUJ INV-AR20790 • 1 ♀; Talmei Menashe; [31.941° N, 34.853° E]; 28 May 2014; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20781 • 1 juv.; Tel Akko; [32.9212° N, 35.0877° E]; 20 Aug. 2018; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.; HUJ INV-AR20736 • 1 ♀; Tel Baruch, Tel Aviv; [32.13° N, 34.789° E]; 22 Aug. 2020; D. Simon leg.; HUJ INV-AR20584 • 1 ♀; Tel Kofer, Tel Aviv; [32.04° N, 34.807° E]; 12 Oct. 2018; I.Armiach Steinpress leg.; HUJ INV-AR20685 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20686 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20687 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20688 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20689 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20690 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20691 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20692 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20693 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20694 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20695 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20696 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20697 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20698 • ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20699 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20700 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; with eggsac; HUJ INV-AR20701 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; with eggsac; HUJ INV-AR20702 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; with eggsac; HUJ INV-AR20703 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; with eggsac; HUJ INV-AR20704 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20705 • 1 ♀; Tel Michal, Herzlia; [32.162° N, 34.8° E]; 16 Jun. 2017; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.; col. sub; HUJ INV-AR20716 • 1 ♀; Tira; [32.234° N, 34.934° E]; 17 Jun. 2019; A. Topper leg.; col. sub; HUJ INV-AR20548 • 1 juv.; Yashresh nature reserve, Rehovot; [31.9155° N, 34.8304° E]; 9 Mar. 2018; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.; HUJ INV-AR20813. – Dead Sea Area • 1 ♀; Ein Feshkha; [31.716° N, 35.451° E]; 15 May 1935; A. Shulov leg.; HUJ INV-AR20530 • 1 ♀; Hawat Einot Kedem; [31.928° N, 35.4301° E]; 2 Jun. 2019; E. Gavish-Regev leg.; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20621 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20622 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20623 • 1 ♀; Jericho; [31.85° N, 35.46° E]; 12 Dec. 1987; P.Amitai leg.; HUJ INV-AR20837 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 10 Nov. 1971; with juv.; HUJ INV-AR20904. – Galilee • 1 ♀; Adamit; [33.081° N, 35.21° E]; 10 Aug. 1964; HUJ INV-AR20903 • 1 ♀; Ahihud forest; [32.92° N, 35.19° E]; 10 Oct. 2017; B. Shacham leg.; HUJ INV-AR20556 • 1 ♀; Biq`at Qedesh; [33.13° N, 35.54° E]; 13 May 2015; E. Gavish-Regev leg.; HUJ INV-AR20588 • 1 ♂; Dishon; [33.085° N, 35.519° E]; 14 Aug. 2014; E. Gavish-Regev leg.; HUJ INV-AR20589 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20590 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20591 • ♂; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20592 • 1 ♀; Eilon; [33.059° N, 35.224° E]; 24 Jul. 2018; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20763 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20764 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20765 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20766 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20767 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20768 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20769 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20770 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20771 • 1 ♂; Har Eliezer; [33.044° N, 35.55° E]; Sep. 1995; HUJ INV-AR20955 • 1 ♀; Kfar HaHoresh; [32.7° N, 35.27° E]; 9 Oct. 1968; Gershoni leg.; HUJ INV-AR20679 • 1 ♂; Kfar Kisch; [32.67° N, 35.45° E]; 19 Aug. 2008; HUJ INV-AR20917 • 1 ♀; Moreshet; [32.825° N, 35.232° E]; 23 Sep. 2018; with eggsac; HUJ INV-AR20924 • 1 juv.; Mt. Meron; [32.99° N, 35.41° E]; 9 Apr. 1967; Pener leg.; sub. female; HUJ INV-AR20853 • 1 ♂; Nahal Snir; [33.235° N, 35.676° E]; 9 Jul. 1992; R. Kasher leg.; HUJ INV-AR20854 • 1 ♀; Nahal Tzippori; [32.75° N, 35.19° E]; 30 Apr. 2018; D. Ben Natan leg.; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20576 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20577 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; I. Tesler leg.; HUJ INV-AR20821 • 1 ♀; north Yiftah; [33.134° N, 35.548° E]; 9–17 Sep. 2015; E. Gavish-Regev leg.; HUJ INV-AR20633 • 1 juv.; Ramot Naftali; [33.1° N, 35.547° E]; 13 May 2014; sub. female.; HUJ INV-AR20905 • 1 ♀; Safed; [32.966° N, 35.491° E]; 2 Oct. 1967; Blondheim leg.; HUJ INV-AR20574 • 1 ♀; Yavne’el; [32.697° N, 35.5° E]; 1 Aug. 2019; Y. Zvik leg.; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20869 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20870 • 1 ♂; Yuvalim; [32.877° N, 35.27° E]; 3 Aug. 2018; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.; HUJ INV-AR20785 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 30 Apr. 2017; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20783 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; 3 Aug. 2018; HUJ INV-AR20786 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 30 Apr. 2017; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20784 • 1 ♂; Zar’it; [33.085° N, 35.51° E]; 9–18 Aug. 2014; E. Gavish-Regev leg.; HUJ INV-AR20634 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 18 Aug. 2014; HUJ INV-AR20594 • 1 ♂; Zavit cave; [33.038° N, 35.306° E]; 23 Aug. 2018; E. Gavish-Regev leg.; HUJ INV-AR20598. – Golan Heights • 1 ♀; Horvat Susita; [32.777°, 35.663° E]; 26 Jul. 2018; E. Gavish-Regev leg.; HUJ INV-AR20607 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20608 • ♀; same collection data as for preceding; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20609 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20610 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20611 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20612 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20613 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; sub. female; HUJ INV-AR20614 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20615 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20664 • 1 ♀; Nahal Yehudiya; [32.926° N, 35.7003° E]; 24 May 2015; B. Shacham leg.; HUJ INV-AR20567 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; [32.9221° N, 35.678° E]; 3 Jun. 2015; HUJ INV-AR20569 • 1 juv.; Odem Forest; [33.22° N, 35.75° E]; 14 Jun. 1972; P. Amitai leg.; sub. female; HUJ INV-AR20841 • 1 ♀; Qatsrin; [32.988° N, 35.677° E]; 7 Oct. 2018; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.v; HUJ INV-AR20791 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20792 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20793 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20794 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20795 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20796 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; with eggsac; HUJ INV-AR20797 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20798 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20799 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20800 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20801 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20802 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20803 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; with eggsac; HUJ INV-AR20804 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20805 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; with eggsac; HUJ INV-AR20806 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; with eggsac; HUJ INV-AR20807 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; with eggsac; HUJ INV-AR20808 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; with eggsac; HUJ INV-AR20809 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; with eggsac; HUJ INV-AR20810 • 1 ♂; Waset (Wassit); [33.139° N, 35.733° E]; 19 Jul. 1970; HUJ INV-AR20918. – Hermon • 1 juv.; Hermon; [33.3° N, 35.78° E]; 23 Jun. 2017; N. Givon leg.; HUJ INV-AR20834 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; [33.28° N, 35.75° E]; 6 Apr. 1967; P. Amitai leg.; sub. female; HUJ INV-AR20847 • 1 ♀; Hermon; [33.29° N, 35.759° E]; 1400 m a.s.l.; 2 Jun. 2017; A. Uzan leg.; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20549 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; [33.28° N, 35.75° E]; 6 Apr. 1971; HUJ INV-AR20949 • 1 juv.; Hermon; [33.3043° N, 35.7882° E]; 2000 m a.s.l.; 9 Sep. 1971; Lebovits leg.; dolina; HUJ INV-AR20832 • 1 juv.; Hermon (dolina near peak 2072); 23 Jun. 2017; N. Givon leg.; HUJ INV-AR20833 • 1 ♀; Hermon (near upper chairlift station); [33.306° N, 35.784° E]; 9 Jun. 2019; D. David leg.; HUJ INV-AR20583 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; [33.3061° N, 35.7851° E]; 14 Jul. 2019; EGR, MC; HUJ INV-AR20674 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; [33.304° N, 35.789° E]; 23 Jun. 2017; I.Armiach Steinpress leg.; HUJ INV-AR20758 • 1 ♀; Nabi Hazuri; [33.251° N, 35.729° E]; 24 Aug. 2018; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.; HUJ INV-AR20772 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20773 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20774 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20775 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20776. – Emeq Yizra'el • 1 ♀; Kfar Baruh Reservoir; [32.643° N, 35.218° E]; 16 Sep. 2019; I.Armiach Steinpress leg.; HUJ INV-AR20710 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20711 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20712 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20713 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20714 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20715 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; [32.641° N, 35.219° E]; 6 Feb. 2018; HUJ INV-AR20789 • 1 juv.; Sarid; [32.6674° N, 35.229° E]; 22 Jun. 2020; Y. Zvik leg.; sub. female; HUJ INV-AR20962. – Jordan Valley • 1 ♀; Ashdot Ya’akov; [32.66° N, 35.578° E]; 5 Aug. 1972; Zevi leg.; HUJ INV-AR20894 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; Oct. 1971; with eggsac; HUJ INV-AR20957 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20958 • 1 ♀; Ein Sukkot; [32.365° N, 35.547° E]; 11 May 2017; B. Shacham leg.; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20557 • 1 ♀; Karei Deshe; [32.862° N, 35.536° E]; 16 Sep. 2013; HUJ INV-AR20910 • 1 ♀; Maoz Haim; [32.4935° N, 35.5517° E]; 30 Jan. 1943; A. Shulov leg.; HUJ INV-AR20534 • 1 ♀; Menahemia; [32.664° N, 35.5538° E]; 22 Sep. 2019; Y. Zvik leg.; HUJ INV-AR20871 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; 24 May 2017; sub. female; HUJ INV-AR20927 • 1 ♂; Nahal Hagal; [32.631° N, 35.554° E]; 21 Jun. 2015; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20921 • 1 ♀; Sde Eliyahu; [32.441° N, 35.514° E]; 23 Jun. 2019; Y. Zvik leg.; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20872 • 1 ♀; Southern Jordan Valley; [32.2471° N, 35.5588° E]; 23Apr. 2017; B. Shacham leg.; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20564 • 1 juv.;same collection data as for preceding; [32.0446° N, 35.5166° E]; 24 Apr. 2017; HUJ INV-AR20566. – Judea • 1 juv.;`Ayn ad Duyuk (near Jericho); [31.8959° N, 35.4222° E]; 8 Jun. 1978; P. Amitai leg.; sub. female; HUJ INV-AR20848 • 1 ♀; Alon; [31.833° N, 35.352° E]; Jan. 2016; D. Waysman leg.; HUJ INV-AR20585 • 1 ♀; Arad; [31.26° N, 35.21° E]; 9 Dec. 2015; HUJ INV-AR20953 • 1 ♀; Arad Cemetery; [31.273° N, 35.229° E]; 31 Jul. 2018; J. Ballesteros Chaves leg.; HUJ INV-AR20822 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20823 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20824 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20825 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20826 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20827 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20828 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20829 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preced, Published as part of Steinpress, Igor Armiach, Cohen, Mira, Pétillon, Julien, Chipman, Ariel D. & Gavish-Regev, Efrat, 2022, Lycosa Latreille, 1804 (Araneae, Lycosidae) of Israel, with a note on Geolycosa Montgomery, 1904, pp. 1-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 832 (1) on pages 27-43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.832.1877, http://zenodo.org/record/6916850, {"references":["Simon E. 1876. Etudes arachnologiques. 4 e memoire. VII. Revision des especes europeennes du groupe de la Lycosa tarentula Rossi. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France (5) 6: 57 - 91.","Strand E. 1915. Dritte Mitteilung uber Spinnen aus Palastina, gesammelt von Herrn Dr J. Aharoni. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 81 (A 2): 134 - 171.","Kulczynski W. 1911. Fragmenta Arachnologica. XVI, XVII. Bulletin international de l'Academie des Sciences de Cracovie 1911: 12 - 75.","Roewer C. F. 1955. Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, bzw. 1954. 2. Band, Abt. a (Lycosaeformia, Dionycha [excl. Salticiformia]). 2. Band, Abt. b (Salticiformia, Cribellata) (Synonyma-Verzeichnis, Gesamtindex). Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels.","Nentwig W., Blick T., Gloor D., Jager P. & Kropf C. 2019. Tackling taxonomic redundancy in spiders: the infraspecific spider taxa described by Embrik Strand (Arachnida: Araneae). Arachnologische Mitteilungen 58: 29 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.30963 / aramit 5809","Nadolny A. A. & Zamani A. 2020. A new species of wolf spiders of the genus Lycosa (Aranei: Lycosidae) from Iran. Zoosystematica Rossica 29 (2): 205 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / zsr / 2020.29.2.205","Zamani A., Nadolny A. A., Esyunin S. L. & Marusik Y. M. 2021. New data on the spider fauna of Iran (Arachnida: Araneae), part VIII. Zoosystematica Rossica 30 (2): 279 - 297. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / zsr / 2021.30.2.279","Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Koch C. L. 1838. Die Arachniden. C. H. Zeh'sche Buchhandlung, Nurnberg. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 43744"]}

Key to large lycosids (Geolycosa, Hogna, Lycosa) of Israel and Palestine 1. First eye row as wide as second eye row (PME). Second eye row narrower than half of front of the carapace. Posterior eyes arranged in trapezoid................................................................................. 2 – First eye row narrower than second eye row (PME). Second eye row wider than half of front of carapace. Posterior eyes arranged in rectangle................................................................................. 3 2. Base of epigyne septum as wide as half of length of pedicel. Terminal apophysis with prolateral spur that is longer than half of width of bulb (incl. spur)................................................................................................................... Geolycosa vultuosa (C.L. Koch, 1838) Figs 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 8A – Base of epigyne septum as wide as length of pedicel. Terminal apophysis with prolateral spur that is shorter than half of width of bulb (incl. spur).............................................................................................................................................................. Hogna effera (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) Fig. 8F 3. Epigyne septum hammer-shaped, pedicel long. Terminal apophysis with prolateral spur......................................................................................................... Hogna (cf.) graeca (Roewer, 1951) Fig. 8E – Epigyne septum trapezoid, pedicel greatly reduced to absent. Terminal apophysis without prolateral spur........................................................................................................... Lycosa Latreille, 1804 …4 4. Ocular area less than one third of length of carapace. Tegular apophysis tip curving posteriorly at ~90°. Left spermatheca not twisting clockwise................................................................................ 5 – Ocular area longer than one third of length of carapace. Tegular apophysis tip directed retrolaterally and not curving posteriorly. Left spermatheca twisting clockwise................................................... 6 5. Crest of tegular apophysis ½ width of tegular apophysis. Conductor tip acute. Base of spermathecae parallel or subparallel, not helical...................................................... Lycosa piochardi Simon, 1876 Figs 2D, 3D, 4D, 5D, 6D, G, 7D, G, 9C–L, 10C–L, 11E–F, 12C, 13–18 – Crest of tegular apophysis>½ width of tegular apophysis. Conductor tip blunt. Base of spermathecae helical, twisting counterclockwise... Lycosa praegrandis C.L. Koch, 1836 Figs 2E, 9M, 10M, 12A (Not yet known from the southern Levant. May be present in nearby areas) 6. Tegular apophysis tip and crest of tegular apophysis distinct from one another. Septal pedicel present. Atria of epigyne visible........................................................................................................................... Lycosa hyraculus sp. nov. Figs 2C, 3C, 4C, 5C, 6C, F, 7C, F, 8C–D, 9B, 10B, 11C–D, 12C, 19 – Tegular apophysis tip indistinct from the crest and continuing line of crest of tegular apophysis........................................................ Lycosa gesserit sp. nov. Figs 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8B, 12B, 20 – Septal pedicel absent. Atria of epigyne not visible........... Lycosa sp. Figs 6E, 7E, 9A, 10A, 12A–B, Published as part of Steinpress, Igor Armiach, Cohen, Mira, Pétillon, Julien, Chipman, Ariel D. & Gavish-Regev, Efrat, 2022, Lycosa Latreille, 1804 (Araneae, Lycosidae) of Israel, with a note on Geolycosa Montgomery, 1904, pp. 1-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 832 (1) on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.832.1877, http://zenodo.org/record/6916850, {"references":["Koch C. L. 1838. Die Arachniden. C. H. Zeh'sche Buchhandlung, Nurnberg. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 43744","Simon E. 1876. Etudes arachnologiques. 4 e memoire. VII. Revision des especes europeennes du groupe de la Lycosa tarentula Rossi. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France (5) 6: 57 - 91.","Koch C. L. 1836. Die Arachniden. Dritter Band. C. H. Zeh'sche Buchhandlung, Nurnberg. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 43744"]}

Genus Geolycosa Montgomery, 1904 Type species Geolycosa latifrons Montgomery, 1904. Diagnosis Large lycosids; carapace elevated anteriorly; PME and ALE forming rectangle; septal pedicel on epigyne and spur on TA long (Zyuzin & Logunov 2000). Description Leg I strongest, nearly as long as IV, with thick scopulae on three terminal joints. Chelicerae large. Cephalic region of cephalothorax raised. 1 st eye row as wide as 2 nd eye row (PME). Otherwise, similar to Lycosa (Montgomery 1904). The type species with elongated epigynal septum and elongated palpal TA (Wallace 1942). Natural history Burrowing lycosids, not venturing far from their burrow (except mature males) (Wallace 1942). Distribution In its current composition Geolycosa is nearly cosmopolitan, recorded in all continents, except Antarctica, in tropical to temperate latitudes. Relationships Geolycosa is a polyphyletic genus, as shown by Piecentini et al. (2019). The morphology is possibly a convergence across Lycosinae, due to adaptation to a digging lifestyle. The type species is from North America, and it might not be related to the Old-World species. Composition 72 species are recorded in the World Spider Catalog (2022)., Published as part of Steinpress, Igor Armiach, Cohen, Mira, Pétillon, Julien, Chipman, Ariel D. & Gavish-Regev, Efrat, 2022, Lycosa Latreille, 1804 (Araneae, Lycosidae) of Israel, with a note on Geolycosa Montgomery, 1904, pp. 1-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 832 (1) on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.832.1877, http://zenodo.org/record/6916850, {"references":["Montgomery T. H. 1904. Descriptions of North American Araneae of the families Lycosidae and Pisauridae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 56: 261 - 325.","Zyuzin A. A. & Logunov D. V. 2000. New and little-known species of the Lycosidae from Azerbaijan, the Caucasus (Araneae, Lycosidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 11: 305 - 319.","Wallace H. K. 1942. A revision of the burrowing spiders of the genus Geolycosa. The American Midland Naturalist 27 (1): 1 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2421024","World Spider Catalog. 2022. World Spider Catalog. Version 22.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from http: // wsc. nmbe. ch [accessed 9 Dec. 2021]. https: // doi. org / 10.24436 / 2"]}

Geolycosa vultuosa (C.L. Koch, 1838) Figs 1, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 8A, 21A, 22A Lycosa vultuosa C.L. Koch, 1838: 102, figs 407–408 (D ♂ ♀). Lycosa infernalis Motschulsky, 1849: 289, pl. 2 figs 1–2 (D ♂; N.B.: considered a nomen dubium by Zyuzin & Logunov 2000: 309). Trochosa infernalis Thorell, 1875: 172 (D ♀). Arctosa vultuosa – Simon 1864: 346. Trochosa infernalis – Lendl 1887: 37, 51, figs 1–15 (♂ ♀). Mimohogna vultuosa – Roewer 1955: 279. Lycosa vultuosa – Fuhn & Niculescu-Burlacu 1971: 202, figs 98a–b, 99a–f (♂ ♀). — Miller 1971: 154, pl. xxiii fig. 24, pl. xxiv fig. 5 (♂ ♀). — Loksa 1972: 51, figs 44c, 46c–d (♂ ♀). — Mcheidze 1997: 226, figs 474–475 (♂ ♀). Geolycosa vultuosa – Zyuzin & Logunov 2000: 308, figs 5–6, 10 (T ♂ ♀ from Lycosa). — Kovblyuk et al. 2012: 246, figs 8, 11, 14, 18, 21, 27, 30, 36, 39, 43 (♂ ♀). Diagnosis Large lycosids (carapace> 5 mm). 1 st eye row as wide as 2 nd eye row (PME). Front of cephalothorax square from above. 1 st eye row 0.5 width of bulb. The only species of Geolycosa in the Levantine region (Figs 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A). The only species in the Levant with a similar habitus is Hogna effera (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872). It is generally smaller, with septal pedicel as long as width of septum base, TA smaller than 0.5 width of bulb. Material examined ISRAEL – Galilee • 2 ♂♂; Karmiel; [32.9168° N, 35.2946° E]; 30 Dec. 2016; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.; HUJ INV-AR20960, HUJ INV-AR20961. Natural history This is a burrowing species, found mainly in open, herbaceous habitats (Mcheidze 1997). Hibernation takes place in the burrow (at least in the north of its range) (Mcheidze 1997), juveniles emerge in springtime. Maturation takes about a year (Mcheidze 1997). The species is preyed upon by pompiliids, scorpions and centipedes, and the eggs are subject to mite infestations (Mcheidze 1997). The specimens examined in this study were found active in daytime in an urban meadow: one on the surface, the other in a burrow with a turret made of soil (Figs 7A, 19A, 21A, 22, Table 4). Distribution AZERBAIJAN, BULGARIA, GEORGIA, HUNGARY, IRAN, RUSSIA, TURKEY, UKRAINE (World Spider Catalog 2022), ISRAEL. According to Mcheidze (1997), also SYRIA. Records ISRAEL: Galilee (Karmiel) (Fig. 1). Relationships Geolycosa vultuosa is related to Geolycosa charitonovi (Mcheidze, 1997) and Geolycosa dunini Zyuzin & Logunov, 2000 (Zyuzin & Logunov 2000). The type species of Geolycosa (G. latifrons Montgomery, 1904) is of Nearctic distribution. It may not be congeneric with the Palearctic species ascribed to Geolycosa. As the revision work needed to find the correct phylogenetic placement of G. vultuosa is widely beyond the scope of this work, we refrained from moving G. vultuosa to a different genus., Published as part of Steinpress, Igor Armiach, Cohen, Mira, Pétillon, Julien, Chipman, Ariel D. & Gavish-Regev, Efrat, 2022, Lycosa Latreille, 1804 (Araneae, Lycosidae) of Israel, with a note on Geolycosa Montgomery, 1904, pp. 1-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 832 (1) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.832.1877, http://zenodo.org/record/6916850, {"references":["Koch C. L. 1838. Die Arachniden. C. H. Zeh'sche Buchhandlung, Nurnberg. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 43744","Motschulsky V. 1849. Note on two venomous spiders from southern Russia. Bulletin of the Imperial Society of Naturalists in Moscow 1: 289 - 290.","Zyuzin A. A. & Logunov D. V. 2000. New and little-known species of the Lycosidae from Azerbaijan, the Caucasus (Araneae, Lycosidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 11: 305 - 319.","Thorell T. 1875. Descriptions of several European and North African spiders. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 13 (5): 1 - 204.","Simon E. 1864. Histoire Naturelle des Araignees (Araneides). Librairie encyclopedique de Roret, Paris. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 47654","Lendl A. 1887. A Trochosa infernalis (Motsch.) parzasarol es parzasi szerveirol. Uber die Begattung und die Copulationsorgane von Trochosa infernalis Motsch. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek 11 (1): 30 - 40, 51 - 57.","Roewer C. F. 1955. Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940, bzw. 1954. 2. Band, Abt. a (Lycosaeformia, Dionycha [excl. Salticiformia]). 2. Band, Abt. b (Salticiformia, Cribellata) (Synonyma-Verzeichnis, Gesamtindex). Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels.","Fuhn I. E. & Niculescu-Burlacu F. 1971. Fam. Lycosidae. In: Fauna Republicii Socialiste Romania 260 Arachnida Volumul V, Fascicula 3. Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romania, Bucharest.","Miller F. 1971. Pavouci-Araneida. Klic zvireny CSSR 4: 51 - 306.","Loksa I. 1972. Araneae II. Fauna Hungariae 109: 1 - 112.","Mcheidze T. S. 1997. Spiders of Georgia: Systematics, Ecology, Zoogeographic Review. Tbilisi Univ.","Kovblyuk M. M., Otto S., Marusik Y. M. & Ponomarev A. V. 2012. Redescription of the Caucasian species Geolycosa charitonovi (Mcheidze, 1997) (Araneae: Lycosidae), with the first description of the male. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 15 (8): 245 - 252. https: // doi. org / 10.13156 / arac. 2012.15.1.245","Simon E. 1876. Etudes arachnologiques. 4 e memoire. VII. Revision des especes europeennes du groupe de la Lycosa tarentula Rossi. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France (5) 6: 57 - 91.","Koch C. L. 1836. Die Arachniden. Dritter Band. C. H. Zeh'sche Buchhandlung, Nurnberg. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 43744","World Spider Catalog. 2022. World Spider Catalog. Version 22.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from http: // wsc. nmbe. ch [accessed 9 Dec. 2021]. https: // doi. org / 10.24436 / 2","Montgomery T. H. 1904. Descriptions of North American Araneae of the families Lycosidae and Pisauridae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 56: 261 - 325."]}

Lycosa sp. Figs 1, 6E, 7E, 9A, 10A, 11A–B Diagnosis Female Epigyne: septal pedicel absent, septum trapezoidal, broader proximally, as wide as long. Copulatory openings not visible in ventral view (only Lycosa in the Levant without visible copulatory openings!) (Figs 6E, 7E, 9A, 10A, 11A–B). Male Unknown. Material examined ISRAEL – Arava Valley • ♀; Nahal Amatsyahu; [30.835° N, 35.275° E]; 13 Nov. 1988; B. Shalmon leg.; HUJ INV-AR20573. Description Female FEMALE MEASUREMENTS. AME diameter: 0.45; ALE diameter: 0.3; PME diameter: 1.1; PLE diameter: 1; carapace length: 7.1; carapace width: 5.2; carapace maximal height: 3; abdomen length: 10.7; leg I (Fe, Pa, Ti, Mt, Tr): 5.7, 2.7, 4.2, 3.7, 2.4; leg II: 5.4, 2.7, 4, 3.9, 2.3; leg III: 5.1, 2.5, 3.7, 4.9, 2.4; leg IV: 6.6, 2.4, 5.2, 7, 2.9. CARAPACE. Ocular area>⅓ length of carapace, distinctly raised, making the carapace between PLE and fovea appear slightly concave in profile. COLOR. Carapace cream colored, darker on margins, with chocolate brown median bands, connecting to dark ocular area. Sternum yellow. Chelicerae reddish-brown. Abdomen cream colored with light brown chevrons dorsad. Abdomen venter with black patch posterior to epigastric fold, connecting to two parallel black bars stretching towards spinnerets (Π shaped patch). Spinnerets yellow. Legs yellow, infused with brown dorsad, yellow ventrad with two black bands on tibia, to reddish-brown distad, Coxae and trochanters yellow. Pedipalps yellow, to dark brown distad (Figs 6E, 7E). GENITALIA. Epigyne longer than wide. Septal pedicel absent, septum connects directly to epigyne. Septum trapezoidal, wider proximally, about as long as proximal part of epigyne. Copulatory openings not seen in ventral view. Spermatheca spiral-shaped, distal part arching laterally. Head of spermatheca slightly wider than sperm duct, oval, positioned anterior to copulatory opening (Figs 9A, 10A, 11A–B). LEGS. Metatarsus I ventral spination: 2 pairs + apical triplet. Tibia I ventral spination: 2 pairs + apical pair. Tarsus with scopula. Natural history A single female was collected in the hyperarid desert (annual precipitation L. gesserit sp. nov. and L. hyraculus sp. nov. Additionally, it is the only other specimen in our dataset, apart from the L. gesserit male, to exhibit a ventral patch on the abdomen shaped like the letter Π. As we could not know whether this is a new species or the female of L. gesserit, it is described here as Lycosa sp. only. Notes We executed at least five field trips to the locality where this specimen was collected, at different dates, and couldn’t find a single specimen of Lycosa any more. Since 1988, when the specimen was collected, intensive agriculture has changed the area, and this might have eradicated the habitat of this species., Published as part of Steinpress, Igor Armiach, Cohen, Mira, Pétillon, Julien, Chipman, Ariel D. & Gavish-Regev, Efrat, 2022, Lycosa Latreille, 1804 (Araneae, Lycosidae) of Israel, with a note on Geolycosa Montgomery, 1904, pp. 1-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 832 (1) on pages 25-27, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.832.1877, http://zenodo.org/record/6916850, {"references":["Koch C. L. 1836. Die Arachniden. Dritter Band. C. H. Zeh'sche Buchhandlung, Nurnberg. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 43744","Simon E. 1876. Etudes arachnologiques. 4 e memoire. VII. Revision des especes europeennes du groupe de la Lycosa tarentula Rossi. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France (5) 6: 57 - 91."]}

Lycosa gesserit sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A5A1F6AD-14B4-488F-BC74-A2B5E240A86B Figs 1, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8B, 12B, 23–24 Diagnosis Male Recognized by pedipalp structure: TAT not bent posteriorly, directed retrolaterally. Contrasts with L. hyraculus sp. nov. by having TAT shorter than TAC (TAT as long as TAC in L. hyraculus sp. nov.). Contrasts with all other known males of Lycosa, with TAT bent posteriorly (Figs 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8B). Female Unknown. Etymology Species named after the order of Bene Gesserit, from Frank Herbert’s 1965 novel, Dune. Type material Holotype ISRAEL – Negev • ♂; Har Karkom; [30.28° N, 34.74° E]; 7 Sep. 2017; E. Gavish-Regev; col. sub.; collected at night; HUJ INV-AR20631. Description Male HOLOTYPE MEASUREMENTS.AME diameter:0.2;ALE diameter:0.18;PME diameter:0.8;PLE diameter:0.7; carapace length: 6.6; carapace width: 4.8; carapace maximal height: 2.1; abdomen length: 5.2; leg I (Fe, Pa, Ti, Mt, Tr): 5.5, 2.5, 4.9, 5.5, 2.8; leg II: 5.1, 2.3, 4.6, 5.3, 2.9; leg III: 4.9, 2.4, 4.1, 5.9, 2.3; leg IV: 6, 2.6, 5.5, 8.2, 3.4. CARAPACE. Ocular area>⅓ length of carapace, distinctly raised, making the carapace between PLE and fovea appear slightly concave in profile. COLOR. Carapace cream colored, with dark brown median bands, darker on margins, connecting to dark ocular area. Perimeter light brown. Sternum grey. Chelicerae reddish-brown. Abdomen yellow infused with light brown dorsad, cardiac mark brown, darker on margins. Abdomen venter with black patch surrounding epigastric fold, connecting to two parallel black bars stretching towards spinnerets (Π shaped patch). Spinnerets brown. Legs cream colored, infused with brown dorsad, yellow-grey ventrad, to reddish-brown distad, with two black bands on tibia. Coxae dark grey, trochanters brown. Pedipalps yellow, to dark brown distad (Figs 6B, 7B, 8B). GENITALIA. Genital opening sclerotized, similar to subadult epigyne. Cymbium reddish-brown. Tegular apophysis (TA) lying flat on bulb, oriented retrolaterally. TAT highly sclerotized, dark brown, not bent posteriorly (unlike most other species of Lycosa), but slightly bent ventrad. Crest of TA (CTA) with smooth edge, and abrupt, rounded end at base of TAT. TAT shorter than width of CTA. Tip of conductor membranous, triangular, with smooth edges. Synembolus with large, slightly sclerotized lobe (SEL), on retrolateral edge (Figs 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 12B). LEGS. Metatarsus I ventral spination: 2 pairs + apical triplet. Tibia I ventral spination: 2 pairs + apical pair. Tarsus with scopula. Natural history This species is nocturnal. A single juvenile male was collected at night, in September, at 650 m a.s.l., in a stony plain near Har Karkom, a secluded tableland in the hyperarid desert (annual precipitation L. hyraculus sp. nov., it makes a burrow with a trapdoor. Shares habitat with L. piochardi. Reproductive season unknown. Distribution ISRAEL. Possibly endemic to the Har Karkom tableland or found throughout hyperarid zone. Records ISRAEL: Negev (Har Karkom) (Fig. 1). Relationships According to our molecular phylogeny, this species is the sister taxon of Lycosa hyraculus sp. nov., and closely related to Lycosa oculata, Lycosa aff. oculata 1 and Lycosa aff. oculata 2 (Figs21–24). Cephalothorax is similar to Lycosa macrophthalma Nadolny & Zamani, 2020 and it might be related to it as well. The single known male specimen was raised in the laboratory for two molts. This has probably affected the size of the adult spider. Even though we have observed an aberrant morphology in the genitalia of females grown in lab conditions, we have not observed the same in males, either of L. piochardi or of L. hyraculus sp. nov. We consider it highly probable that the diagnostic characters in the male’s pedipalp were not affected by the laboratory conditions. Although genitalia of other males of Lycosa grown in our laboratory did not show distortions (see discussion about distortions of female genitalia), we cannot dismiss the possibility that the pedipalps of specimens in the wild are somewhat different to the type specimen, which was raised in the laboratory. Notes The locality where the type was found is a remote and not easily reachable nature reserve, encircled by army training areas, that are closed to the public most of the year. There are only few occasions every year that access to the public is possible. As of the writing of this paper, we have not succeeded in collecting additional specimens., Published as part of Steinpress, Igor Armiach, Cohen, Mira, Pétillon, Julien, Chipman, Ariel D. & Gavish-Regev, Efrat, 2022, Lycosa Latreille, 1804 (Araneae, Lycosidae) of Israel, with a note on Geolycosa Montgomery, 1904, pp. 1-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 832 (1) on pages 14-17, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.832.1877, http://zenodo.org/record/6916850, {"references":["Koch C. L. 1838. Die Arachniden. C. H. Zeh'sche Buchhandlung, Nurnberg. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 43744","Simon E. 1876. Etudes arachnologiques. 4 e memoire. VII. Revision des especes europeennes du groupe de la Lycosa tarentula Rossi. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France (5) 6: 57 - 91.","Nadolny A. A. & Zamani A. 2020. A new species of wolf spiders of the genus Lycosa (Aranei: Lycosidae) from Iran. Zoosystematica Rossica 29 (2): 205 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / zsr / 2020.29.2.205"]}

Lycosa hyraculus sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8BA7C78F-E972-41B9-B7AC-C65ECA9B67E2 Figs 1, 2C, 3C, 4C, 5C, 6C, F, 7B, F, 8B–D, 9B, 10B, 11C–D, 12C, 19, 21B, 22B, 23–24 Diagnosis Male TER not bent posteriorly, directed retrolaterally. Contrasts with L. gesserit sp. nov. by having TAT as long as CTA (TAT as shorter than CTA in L. gesserit). Contrasts with all other known males of Lycosa, with TER bent posteriorly (Figs 2C, 3C, 4C, 5C, 6C, F, 7C, 19). Female Recognized by combination of characters: ocular area:>⅓ length of carapace, distinctly raised, making the carapace between PLE and fovea appear slightly concave in profile. Epigyne: septal pedicel reduced, septum trapezoidal, broader proximally, wider than long. Copulatory openings narrow, at anterior end of septum. Carapace resembles L. oculata, L. suboculata, and L. macrophthalma, but in these species the septum is longer than wide. Carapace also resembles Lycosa sp., but in this species the copulatory openings are not visible in ventral view. Epigyne similar to L. piochardi and L. baulnyi, but in these species the ocular area is not distinctly raised, and is Hyrax. This species often leaves the entrance to its burrow open. This behavior reminded the authors of an Israeli nursery rhyme, in which “the little hyrax forgot to close the door”. Type material Holotype ISRAEL – Negev • ♂; Sede Zin; [30.854° N, 34.773° E]; 13 Aug. 2016; I. Steves leg.; HUJ INV-AR20818. Paratype ISRAEL – Negev • ♀; same collection data as for holotype; HUJ INV-AR20817. Other material examined EGYPT – Sinai • 1 juv.; Al-Qusaymah (Kadesh Barnea); [30.668° N, 34.366° E]; 13 Nov. 1967; P. Amitai leg.; HUJ INV-AR20840 • ISRAEL – Negev • 1 ♀; Ha-Ro’a Campsite; [30.876° N, 34.784° E]; 14 Jun. 2015; E. Gavish-Regev leg.; HUJ INV-AR20658 • 1 ♂; Haluqim ridge; [30.86° N, 34.77° E]; 24 Jul. 2018; E. Gavish-Regev leg.; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20663 • 1 juv.; Hawat Even Ari; [30.786° N, 34.77° E]; 3 Jan. 2018; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20942 • 1 ♂; Mamshit; 7 Nov. 2017; A. Uzan leg.; HUJ INV-AR20553 • 1 juv.; Midreshet Ben-Gurion; [30.854° N, 34.773° E]; 22 Oct. 2018; I. Armiach Steinpress leg.; HUJ INV-AR20737 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20738 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20739 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20740 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20741 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20742 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20743 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20744 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20745 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20746 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20747 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20748 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20749 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20750 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20757 • 1 ♂; Mishor Yamin; [31.003° N, 35.1° E]; 11 May 2014; S. Aharon leg.; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20855 • 1 ♂; Shivta camp; [30.9245° N, 34.6244° E]; 22 Oct. 2018; O. Erlichman leg.; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20835 • 1 juv.; Tel Jaulan, Yeruham; [30.985° N, 34.904° E]; 10 Oct. 1962; P. Amitai leg.; HUJ INV-AR20836 • 1 ♀; Yeruham; [30.985° N, 34.9° E]; 1 Apr. 2017; A. Novikova leg.; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR 20523 • 1 juv.; same locality as for preceding; 29 Jul. 2018; E. Gavish-Regev leg.; col. juv.; HUJ INV-AR20616 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20620 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20617 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20618 • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20619 • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 2 Jun. 2016; E. Zvik; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20665 • 1 juv.; same locality as for preceding; 19 Jul. 2019; Y. Zvik leg.; col. sub.; HUJ INV-AR20868 • 1 ♂; Yeruham Park; 2 Jun. 2016; Y. Zvik leg.; HUJ INV-AR20874 • 1 juv.; same collection data as for preceding; HUJ INV-AR20875. Description Male HOLOTYPE MEASUREMENTS. AME diameter: 0.4; ALE diameter: 0.35; PME diameter: 1.25; PLE diameter: 0.99; carapace length: 9.71; carapace width: 7.28; carapace maximal height: 3.59; abdomen length: 6.9; leg I (Fe, Pa, Ti, Mt, Tr): 7.9, 3.54, 6.45, 6.48, 3.67; leg II: 7.31, 3.7, 5.58, 6.93, 3.76; leg III: (missing), 2.88, 5.03, 6.82, 3.57; leg IV: 8.99, 3.56, 7.14, 9.35, 4.07. VARIATION IN MALES COLLECTED AS ADULTS (n = 2, all other male adults collected as juveniles). AME diameter: 0.28–0.44; PME diameter: 0.9–1.19; carapace length: 0.78–10.03; carapace width: 0.59–7.75; carapace maximal height: 2.78–3.36; abdomen length: 5.9–6.5; leg I (Fe, Pa, Ti, Mt, Tr): 6.44–7.7, 3.02– 3.68, 5.5–6.7, 5.84–7.3, 3–3.23; leg II: 6.19–8.2, 2.7–3.6, 5–6.36, 5.66–7.36, 3.1–3.8; leg III: 5.85–7.66, 2.4–3.36, 4.5–5.72, 6.2–7.58, 2.8–3.43; leg IV: 7.5–9.42, 2.8–3.59, 6.06–10, 8.03–10.33, 4.03–4.26. CARAPACE. Ocular area>⅓ length of carapace, distinctly raised, making the carapace between PLE and fovea appear slightly concave in profile. COLOR. Carapace cream colored, with light brown median bands, radiated and darker on margins, connecting to dark ocular area. Perimeter light brown. Sternum black. Chelicerae reddish-brown. Abdomen yellow infused with light brown dorsad, cardiac mark brown, darker on margins. Abdomen venter black posterior to epigastric fold. Genital opening brown. Spinnerets black. Legs cream colored, infused with brown dorsad, yellowish ventrad, to reddish-brown distad, with two black bands on tibia. Coxae dark grey, trochanters brown. Pedipalps yellow, to dark brown distad (Figs 6C, 7C, 8C–D). COLOR VARIATION IN MALES (n = 5). Abdominal black patch sometimes traspezoidal, narrow distad; sometimes short, not reaching spinnerets. Spinnerets sometimes grey, brown or yellow. GENITALIA. Genital opening sclerotized, similar to subadult female epigyne. Cymbium reddish-brown. Tegular apophysis (TA) lying flat on bulb, oriented retrolaterally. TAT highly sclerotized, dark brown, not bent posteriorly (unlike most other species of Lycosa), slightly bent ventrad. CTA with smooth edge, and abrupt, rounded end at base of TAT. Tip of conductor membranous, triangular, with smooth edges. Synembolus with small, slightly sclerotized lobe (SEL), on retrolateral edge (Figs 2C, 3C, 4C, 5C, 19). LEGS. Metatarsus I ventral spination: 2 pairs + apical pair. Tibia I ventral spination: 2 pairs + apical pair. Tarsus with scopula. Female PARATYPE MEASUREMENTS. AME diameter: 0.44; PME diameter: 1.6; carapace length:10.97; carapace width: 7.96; carapace maximal height: 3.96; abdomen length: 10.88; leg I (Fe, Pa, Ti, Mt, Tr): 8.18, 3.75, 6.07, 5.62, 3.1; leg II: 7.56, 3.7, 5.56, 6.03, 3.1; leg III: 6.34, 3.28, 5, 6.72, 3.29; leg IV: 8.25, 3.66, 6.84, 8.66, 3.75. VARIATION OF AN ADDITIONAL FEMALE COLLECTED AS ADULT (n = 1, all other female adults collected as juveniles). AME diameter: 0.55; PME diameter: 1.35; carapace length: 10.7; carapace width: 8.2; carapace maximal height: 4.02; abdomen length: 9.98; leg I (Fe, Pa, Ti, Mt, Tr): 8, 3.9, 6.3, 5.5, 3.17; leg II: 8.06, 4, 5.87, 6.26, 3.6; leg III: 7.45, 3.6, 5.56, 6.94, 3.53; leg IV: 9.64, 3.7, 7.46, 10.2, 4.23. CARAPACE. Similar to male. COLOR. Similar to male. No significant variation observed (Figs 6F, 7F, 8C). GENITALIA. Epigyne longer than wide. Septal pedicel reduced, narrower than septum. Septum trapezoidal, wider proximally, about as long as proximal part of epigyne. Copulatory openings narrow, flanking septal pedicel. Spermatheca dark brown, compact, distal part arching laterally. Head of spermatheca distinctly wider than sperm duct, subcircular, positioned anterior to copulatory opening (Figs 9B, 10B, 11C–D). LEGS. Similar to male. Natural history This species is nocturnal. Females were collected March, June, August and September. Males collected June, August and September. Subadult females were collected April and June. Subadult males were collected May, July and September. Juveniles were collected January, June, July and October (Table 4). Reproductive season unknown. This species inhabits loess soils in arid desert environments (annual precipitation 75–200 mm). The burrow usually with a modification in the form of a thin, flexible door made of silk and soil, and hinged to the entrance with silk. Rarely an object such as a piece of soil crust or a flat stone can be used as a door. The door is often left open. The spiders are usually found at night, standing near the burrow, rarely on rocks or vegetation. Captive specimens accept a wide variety of insects, similar to other species of Lycosa (Steves et al. 2017) (Figs 8C–D, 21B, 22B). Distribution EGYPT, ISRAEL. Records EGYPT: Sinai (Al-Qusaymah (Kadesh Barnea)). ISRAEL: Negev (Ha-Ro’a Campsite, Haluqim ridge, Hawat Even Ari, Mamshit, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Mishor Yamin, Sede Zin, Shivta camp, Yeruham) (Fig. 1). Relationships According to our molecular phylogey, this species is the sister taxon of Lycosa gesserit sp. nov., and closely related to Lycosa oculata, Lycosa aff. oculata 1 and Lycosa aff. oculata 2. The cephalothorax is morphologically similar to Lycosa macrophthalma Nadolny & Zamani, 2020 and the species might be related to it as well (Figs 23–24)., Published as part of Steinpress, Igor Armiach, Cohen, Mira, Pétillon, Julien, Chipman, Ariel D. & Gavish-Regev, Efrat, 2022, Lycosa Latreille, 1804 (Araneae, Lycosidae) of Israel, with a note on Geolycosa Montgomery, 1904, pp. 1-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 832 (1) on pages 18-25, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.832.1877, http://zenodo.org/record/6916850, {"references":["Koch C. L. 1838. Die Arachniden. C. H. Zeh'sche Buchhandlung, Nurnberg. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 43744","Simon E. 1876. Etudes arachnologiques. 4 e memoire. VII. Revision des especes europeennes du groupe de la Lycosa tarentula Rossi. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France (5) 6: 57 - 91.","Koch C. L. 1836. Die Arachniden. Dritter Band. C. H. Zeh'sche Buchhandlung, Nurnberg. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 43744","Steves I., Pinshow B., Berliner P. & Krasnov B. R. 2017. The Possible Role of Trapdoors in Maintaining Favorable Thermal and Hydric Conditions in Spider Burrows. PhD thesis, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Available from https: // primo. bgu. ac. il / [accessed 17 Jun. 2022].","Nadolny A. A. & Zamani A. 2020. A new species of wolf spiders of the genus Lycosa (Aranei: Lycosidae) from Iran. Zoosystematica Rossica 29 (2): 205 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / zsr / 2020.29.2.205"]}

Genus Lycosa Latreille, 1804 Type species Lycosa tarantula (Linnaeus, 1758). Diagnosis Large lycosids; anterior eye row clearly shorter than PME; epigyne septum tongue-shaped or rhomboid, confined to posterior half of epigyne; septal pedicel reduced or absent; TA wide and flat, ending with a distal process (TAT) directed retrolaterally to posteriorly (Zyuzin & Logunov 2000). Description Large lycosids (body length over 12 mm). Carapace sloping posterior to ocular area. Carapace margins with thick pubescence (Zyuzin 1990). Chelicerae with three retromarginal teeth. AER recurved. PME wider than AER. Abdomen venter usually with black markings. Sexual dimorphism weak. Posterior part of epigynal septum widened and clearly outlined. Septal pedicle fused with genital groove or wholly absent. This contrasts with other large Lycosinae (Hogna, Geolycosa), having a clearly outlined pedicle. Cymbium asymmetrical. Tegular apophysis wide and flat, with an elongated distal process, directed retrolaterally to posteriorly. Embolus thin, long, with narrow epiconductor. Natural history Generalist predators, typical of open habitats. Most species are burrowing, but some seem to be vagrant (Planas et al. 2013). The burrow entrance is usually modified with a door or a turret (an elevated structure made of silk and vegetation, surrounding the entrance). Activity is mostly nocturnal. Reproductive season recorded in the summer and autumn. Distribution Known from the Mediterranean Basin, eastern Europe, Middle East, central Asia and Japan (World Spider Catalog 2022). Relationships Lycosa s. str. is related to Hogna Simon 1885 (Piacentini & Ramírez 2019). According to Zyuzin & Logunov (2000), Lycosa is closely allied with Alopecosa pictilis (Emerton, 1885), A. sibirica (Kulczyn´ski, 1908), A. solivaga (Kulczyn´ski, 1901) and A. hirtipes (Kulczyn´ski, 1908)., Published as part of Steinpress, Igor Armiach, Cohen, Mira, Pétillon, Julien, Chipman, Ariel D. & Gavish-Regev, Efrat, 2022, Lycosa Latreille, 1804 (Araneae, Lycosidae) of Israel, with a note on Geolycosa Montgomery, 1904, pp. 1-54 in European Journal of Taxonomy 832 (1) on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.832.1877, http://zenodo.org/record/6916850, {"references":["Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Zyuzin A. A. & Logunov D. V. 2000. New and little-known species of the Lycosidae from Azerbaijan, the Caucasus (Araneae, Lycosidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 11: 305 - 319.","Zyuzin A. A. 1990. Studies on burrowing spiders of the family Lycosidae (Araneae). I. Preliminary data on structural and functional features. Acta Zoologica Fennica 190: 419 - 422.","Montgomery T. H. 1904. Descriptions of North American Araneae of the families Lycosidae and Pisauridae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 56: 261 - 325.","Koch C. L. 1838. Die Arachniden. C. H. Zeh'sche Buchhandlung, Nurnberg. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 43744","Simon E. 1876. Etudes arachnologiques. 4 e memoire. VII. Revision des especes europeennes du groupe de la Lycosa tarentula Rossi. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France (5) 6: 57 - 91.","Planas E., Fernandez-Montraveta C. & Ribera C. 2013. Molecular systematics of the wolf spider genus Lycosa (Araneae: Lycosidae) in the Western Mediterranean Basin. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 67 (2): 414 - 428. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.02.006","World Spider Catalog. 2022. World Spider Catalog. Version 22.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from http: // wsc. nmbe. ch [accessed 9 Dec. 2021]. https: // doi. org / 10.24436 / 2","Piacentini L. N. & Ramirez M. J. 2019. Hunting the wolf: a molecular phylogeny of the wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 136: 227 - 240. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2019.04.004"]}