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Ceratozamia rosea sp. nov., a new cycad species from the northern mountains of Chiapas, Mexico, is described and compared with its geographically proximal and morphologically similar congeners. Ceratozamia rosea is closely related to the geographically proximal species C. zoquorum, C. becerrae, and C. sancheziae, but easily distinguishable by its purplish-pink (Mexican pink) emerging leaves, a trait unique in the genus. Additionally, C. rosea presents several other qualitative and quantitative traits that are significantly differentiated from each of these species. This new species description suggests that Ceratozamia diversity in Chiapas, Mexico, might be higher than previously thought. Ceratozamia rosea is critically endangered due to over-collecting and habitat destruction.

During fieldwork conducted between 2020 and 2022 in the Sierra Madre of Chiapas, we discovered a previously undescribed species of Spathiphyllum. It is morphologically similar to S. matudae, but differs in having shorter petioles, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate blades, sometimes subovate, fewer pairs of primary veins per side, stipitate spadix and its pistils constricted between the ovary and the style. Here, we describe and illustrate S. frailescanense, a new species of Araceae from the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, Mexico.

Anthurium knopflmacherianum Díaz Jim. & Croat, sp. nov. (Fig. 2). Anthurium knopflmacherianum is morphologically similar to A. verapazense but differs from that species in having longer geniculum (up to 6 cm vs. less than 4.5 cm), shorter anterior lobe (23–33 vs. 24–49 cm), inflorescence with shorter peduncle (vs. > 50 cm) and shorter spadix (up to 12.5 cm vs. up to 29 cm), olive-green at anthesis (vs. violet-purple). It also be confused with A. lucens Standl. ex Yuncker (in Yuncker 1938: 317), but that species differs in having shorter geniculum, violet-purple spadix at anthesis and pistils weakly raised at anthesis. Type:— MEXICO. Veracruz: Municipio Catemaco, Reserva ecológica “ La Otra Opción A.C. ”, Bosque mesófilo, 18°22’28”N, 094°55’30”W, 1063 m, 26 June 2020, Edith Carrera Sánchez & Alex Javier Martínez García 01 (holotype: XAL!, isotype HEM!). Terrestrial; stems to 19 cm long, 2.0– 3.5 cm diam.; leaf scars 1.5–2.2 cm wide; roots thick, 2–5 mm diam., greenish, brown or whitish; cataphylls coriaceous, 3.2–5.5 cm long, whitish, the apex acute, drying brown, weathering to fibrous network at the base, persisting. Leaves erect; petioles erect to spreading, 25.0– 38.5 cm long, 4.0– 5.5 cm diam., terete, shallowly and acutely sulcate, green to yellowish-green; geniculum 3–6 cm long, 6–7 mm diam., (sometimes adaxially acutely sulcate), light green; blades triangular to ovate-triangular, sometimes gradually acuminate at apex, coriaceous, acuminate at apex, deeply lobed at base, 31.0– 40.5 cm long, 17.5–22.0 cm wide (at the base); anterior lobe 23–33 cm long, the margins concave to straight or sometimes convex; posterior lobes 6.0– 8.2 cm long, 6.0– 9.5 cm wide, rounded at apex; sinus parabolic, sometimes triangular or hippocrepiform, acute or rounded at apex; upper surface dark green, strongly glossy; lower surface light green, glossy, the lower surface not very densely punctate, more densely towards the margins of the blades; midrib raised above, diminished and flat at apex, acutely raised below, dark green above and light green below; basal veins 4–5 pairs, the first free to base, departing midrib at 35–40° angle, the second to the third coalesced 4–6 mm, third to the fourth and fifth 1.0– 1.5 cm, light green below; posterior ribs naked; primary lateral veins 6–8 per side, departing midrib at 25–40° angle, sunken or flat above, raised below, yellowish green above and light green, interprimary veins sunken or flat above, flat below; collective veins arising from first basal vein, sometimes from the primary veins, sunken above, raised below, 0.5–1.3 cm from margin. Inflorescence erect-spreading; peduncle 40.3 cm long, 4 mm diam., terete, yellowish-green; spathe reflexed, oblong-lanceolate, thin, yellowish-green, 9.5 cm long, 1.6 cm wide, acuminate at apex, rounded to at the base, inserted at 50° angle on peduncle; spadix tapered, sessile, olive-green at anthesis, 12.5 cm long, 6.5 mm diam. at the base, 4.5 mm diam. at the apex. Flowers rhombic 2.5–3.3 mm wide, 2.0–3.2 long longitudinally, the sides sigmoid; 4–5 flowers visible in the principal spiral, 6–7 flowers visible in the alternate spiral; tepals yellowish-green, papillate minutely, the lateral tepals 1.3–1.8 mm wide, the inner margin ± straight; pistils not emergent, light purplish in front, 1–1.5 mm long longitudinally, stigma oblong, 0.1–0.2 mm long; thecae ellipsoid, 0.1–0.2 mm long, yellowish; pollen yellowish. Infructescence pendent; spadix up to 22 cm long, 2.9 cm diam. Berries, globose, subglobose to obovoid, glossy red at maturity, 9–15 mm long, 8.5–12.0 mm wide; seeds 1 or 2, ± flattened, oblong, covered with a sticky and transparent mucilage, 4.0– 5.3 mm long, 2.5–4.0 mm wide. Distribution, habitat, phenology and conservation status: — Anthurium knopflmacherianum is endemic to the Los Tuxtlas region, Mexico. It is known from the Ecological Reserve “La Otra Opción A.C.”, which is located on the slopes of the Santa Marta volcano, municipality of Catemaco, Veracruz (Fig. 1). It grows in the understory in montane cloud forest and transitional forest between in high evergreen rainforest and montane cloud forest, between 1000–1200 m. The specimens with inflorescence were collected between June and August. According to the few individuals collected and the small area where they were found (less than 5 hectares), in addition to deforestation in its surroundings, considering that the species was found in the buffer zone of the Los Tuxtlas biosphere reserve, the species can be considered as critically endangered species [CR B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)] (IUCN 2012). Eponymy: —The new species is named in honor of Arturo Miguel Knopflmacher Basañez, owner of the ecological reserve “La Otra Opción A.C.”, in recognition of all his efforts to support the restoration and recovery of ecosystems in the region of Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México. Notes: — Anthurium knopflmacherianum represents the seventh taxa of the section Cordato-punctatum in Mexico and the eighth for Central America (Croat & Carlsen 2020; Croat et al. unpubl. data). This new species is terrestrial, growing frequently in the understory between 1000 and 1200 m. It is characterized by having a sulcate petiole, long geniculum (up to 6 cm), peduncle less than 50 cm long, triangular to ovate-triangular blades, a parabolic, triangular or hippocrepiform sinus, the lower surface more densely punctate towards margins of the blades, olive-green spadix at anthesis and its berries ripen glossy red. It is most closely related to A. verapazense, a species usually epiphytic or epipetric (Croat 1983; Díaz Jiménez, pers. obs.), but that species has a shorter geniculum (up to 4 cm), an inflorescence with a longer peduncle up to 90 cm long, and a long spadix, violet-purple at anthesis (Croat 1983). It is also morphologically similar to A. lucens, but this species has purple spadix at anthesis, similar to A. verapazense, and its pistils emerge weakly (Croat 1983). Anthurium knopflmacherianum is the second species in the section Cordato-punctatum with an olive-green spadix at anthesis (Croat 1983). Anthurium knopflmacherianum represents the third species of Araceae recently described for the Los Tuxtlas region, one of the regions considered to be one of the most studied in Mexico, raising the number to 12 species in the region (Guevara et al. 2004; Acebey & Krömer 2008; Díaz Jiménez et al. 2020; Díaz Jiménez et al. 2021). This finding demonstrates the importance of exploring poorly explored areas, particularly the Sierra de Santa Marta and its surroundings. The ecological reserve “La Otra Opción A.C.” where A. knopflmacherianum was collected, is located in an area previously used for cattle raising within the buffer zone of the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve. The effort of its owner has been important for its recovery for more than 15 years. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — MEXICO. Veracruz: Municipio Catemaco, Reserva ecológica “La Otra Opción”, 18°37’22”N, 094°92’56”W, 1120 m, 03 June 2021, Alex Javier Martínez García 01 (HEM!); 18°37’56”N, 094°92’40”W, 1110 m, 24 June 2021, Alex Javier Martínez García & Edith Carrera Sánchez 02 (HEM!); 18°37’51”N, 094°92’12”W, 1147 m, 04 August 2021, Alex Javier Martínez García 03 (HEM!)., Published as part of Jiménez, Pedro Díaz, Carrera-Sánchez, Edith, Croat, Thomas B., Pérez-Farrera, Miguel Ángel, Gómez-Marín, Francisco J., Hentrich, Heiko & Aguilar-Rodríguez, Pedro A., 2023, A new species of Anthurium sect. Cordato-punctatum (Araceae) from Veracruz, Mexico, pp. 231-236 in Phytotaxa 597 (3) on pages 233-235, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.597.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7958587, {"references":["Yuncker, T. G. (1938) A contribution to the flora of Honduras. Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 17: 287 - 407. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2329","IUCN (2012) The IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Version 3.1, 2 nd ed. IUCN Species Survival Commission. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Available from: https: // portals. iucn. org / library / sites / library / files / documents / RL- 2001 - 001 - 2 nd-Es. pdf (accessed 25 November 2022)","Croat, T. B. & Carlsen, M. M. (2020) A new section of Anthurium: section Cordato-punctatum (Araceae), restricted to Central America. Novon 28: 46 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.3417 / 2019370","Croat, T. B. (1983) A revision of the genus Anthurium (Araceae) of Mexico and Central America. Part I: Mexico and Middle America. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 70: 211 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2399049","Guevara, S., Laborde, D. J. & Sanchez-Rios, G. (2004) Los Tuxtlas. El paisaje de la sierra. Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa, Veracruz, 287 pp.","Acebey, A. & Kromer, T. (2008) Diversidad y distribucion de Araceae de la Reserva de la Biosfera Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 79: 465 - 471. https: // doi. org / 10.22201 / ib. 20078706 e. 2008.002.553","Diaz Jimenez, P., Aguilar-Rodriguez, P. A., Cedeno-Fonseca, M., Zuluaga, A., Croat, T. B., Alarcon-Montano, M., Jimenez-Segura, M., Lopez-Mora, M., Macswiney-G., M. C. & Yovel, Y. (2020) Monstera guzmanjacobiae (Araceae), a new species from Mexico with notes on its reproductive biology. Phytotaxa 437: 039 - 046. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 437.1.5","Diaz Jimenez, P., Perez-Farrera, M. A., Hentrich, H., Gomez-Dominguez, H., Ameca-Juarez, E. O. & Aguilar-Rodriguez, P. A. (2021) Mistaken identity: a new Spathiphyllum (Araceae) from Veracruz, Mexico. Phytotaxa 522: 56 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 522.1.6"]}

Key of Ceratozamia miqueliana species complex 1.- Leaflets oblong to oblanceolate, leaves light green emergent............................................................................................................2 - Leaflets linear, lanceolate or long oblanceolate, pink or reddish-light emergent leaves....................................................................7 2.- Leaflets membranaceous....................................................................................................................................................................3 - Leaflets papyraceous or coriaceous....................................................................................................................................................4 3.- Leaves emerging glossy to slightly glaucous lime green with non-glaucous to slightly glaucous petioles ................. C. hondurensis - Leaves emerging glaucous pale light green to bluish with intensely glaucous petioles............................................. C. euryphyllidia 4.- Leaflets coriaceous.............................................................................................................................................................................5 - Leaflets papyraceous..................................................................................................................................................... C. miqueliana 5. Leaflets subfalcate, oblong to widely oblanceolate........................................................................................................... C. becerrae - Leaflets not subfalcate, oblanceolate..................................................................................................................................................6 6. Leaflets with visible veins, distance between leaflets 1.7–2.4 cm, female cones decumbent at maturity...................... C. zoquorum - Leaflets without visible veins, distance between leaflets 3.4–7.5 cm, female cones erect at maturity........................... C. santillanii 7.- Leaflets long oblanceolate, coriaceous, circinate vernation, emergent leaves Mexican pink................................................ C. rosea - Leaflets linear to lanceolate, papyraceous, vernation inflexed, emergent leaves green or light reddish...................... C. sancheziae, Published as part of González, José García, Pérez-Farrera, Miguel Á., Gutiérrez-Ortega, José Said, Vovides, Andrew P. & Jimenez, Pedro Díaz, 2023, Ceratozamia rosea (Zamiaceae): A new species from the Northern Mountains of Chiapas, Mexico, pp. 73-88 in Phytotaxa 595 (1) on pages 84-85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.595.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7889553

Ceratozamia rosea Pérez-Farr., Gut.Ortega & Vovides sp. nov. (Figs. 6–11). Holotype: — MEXICO. Chiapas, Camino a Salto de Agua, Tila, Montañas del Norte, 5 May 2022, García-González J. & José Pérez A.F. 832, ♁ (holotype HEM!, isotypes CHIP!, XAL!) Ceratozamia rosea is distinguished from all other species in the genus by having Mexican pink (purplish-pink) emerging leaves, arched mature leaves, reddish leaflet articulations on the adaxial side, thin and elongated trunk when mature, erect light yellow to green male and female cones, and male cone with reddish tomentum. Plant rupicolous, unbranched, stem short or thin and elongated, becoming cylindrical, erect, decumbent with age, 12.5–23 cm tall, 10–14 cm in diameter, covered with persistent leaf bases. Cataphylls persistent, brown and densely tomentose at emergence, triangular, apex acuminate. Leaves pinnate, 5–15 per crown, forming an open crown, erect, ascending when young, descending with age, 102–231.5 cm long, 49.5–73 cm wide, Mexican pink, pruinose at emergence, circinate vernation, maturing olive green. Eophylls with two leaflets (one pair). Petiole terete, 48–118 cm long, armed with thin prickles. Rachis pink when immature, green when mature, terete, 52.5–117 cm long, erect, with sparse prickles diminishing into the distal end of the rachis. Leaflets 11–45 pairs, linear, long oblanceolate or rarely oblong, coriaceous, basally alternate, medially subopposite to alternate, apically opposite to subopposite, basally and medially subfalcate, margin entire; apex acute to acuminate, asymmetric; base broad attenuate, articulation reddish abaxially and light yellow to light green adaxially, 0.8–1.4 cm wide; veins 25–34, parallel, inconspicuous; median leaflets 25–39 cm long, 4–6.5 cm wide, 3.7–8.6 cm between leaflets. Microstrobilus solitary, conical, erect, base green and trichomes reddish when mature, 14.5–19.3 cm long, 2.3–2.8 cm diameter, peduncle densely tomentose, reddish, 4.2–5.2 cm long, 0.85–1.03 cm diameter. Microsporophyll cuneiform, 8.42–9.43 mm long, 7.01–7.86 mm wide, distal face bicornate, with reddish color at the center, sporangia zone on abaxial surface 3.83–4.42 mm long, microsporangia grouped in 3–4 per sorus. Megastrobilus solitary, cylindrical, erect, 9.2–19.5 cm long, 5.9–6.3 cm diameter; apex apiculate, green base color and reddish pubescent at maturity, peduncle densely tomentose, short, reddish, 3.7–6.9 cm long, 1.01–1.56 cm in diameter. Megasporophylls peltate, bicornate, 2.5–3.7 cm wide, 0.9–1.5 cm tall, distal face pubescent reddish when mature, with several ridges between the two horns at the center, which fades to reddish in the margins. Seed ovoid, sarcotesta cream-colored when immature and beige when mature, 20.7–22.5 mm long, 17.3–19 mm wide with micropylar ridges. Habitat: — Ceratozamia rosea is found in tropical rainforest, according to the classification of Breedlove (1981). It grows between 400–600 m a.s.l. with Bursera simaruba (Linnaeus) Sargent (1890: 260), Inga sp., Clusia guatemalensis Hemsley (1878: 2–3), Lonchocarpus sp., Ficus sp., Cedrela odorata Linnaeus.(1759: 940), Dendropanax sp., Ceiba pentandra (Linnaeus) Gaertner (1791: 244), Orepanax sp., Heliocarpus donnellsmithii Rose (1901:110), Astrocaryum mexicanum Liebmann ex Martius (1853: 323), Sabal mauritiiformis (Karsten) Grisebach & Wendland (1864: 514), and hemiepiphytes such as Monstera acuminata K. Koch (1855: 4), Philodendron sp., Syngonium sp. The following plants occur in the shrub stratum: Piper sp., Chamaedorea ernesti-augusti Wendland (in Otto & Dietrich, 1852: 73–74), Eugenia sp., Chamaedorea tepejilote Liebmann (in Martius 1849: 308), Bactris major Jacquin (1781: 134), Chamaedorea oblongata Martius (1838: 160), Ardisia sp., and Psychotria sp. The following are found in the herbaceous stratum: Spathiphyllum sp., Zamia splendens Schutzman (1984: 299), Zamia lacandona Schutzman & Vovides (1998: 441–446), and Thelypteris meniscioides (Liebmann) Reed (1968: 292). Ceratozamia rosea grows in Luvisol and phaeozem soils (Ferrisquilla-Villafranca 1998; INEGI, 2010), generally on steep slopes of about 35°. The sedimentary outcrops in this area correspond to Paleogene, Neogene and Cretaceous marine strata (INEGI 2010). Etymology: — Ceratozamia rosea is named for its most distinguishable trait: the Mexican pink color of its emerging leaves, which is unique in the genus. Uses: — Ceratozamia rosea is commonly known as “piña de monte ‘’ (forest pineapple) by the locals. According to their testimonies, it has a medicinal use. The healer collects plants and makes extracts of the trunk to prepare infusions, which are drunk by the patient to regulate menstruation periods. In another location nearby, the plants are used as talismans to choose the preferred sex of a child before birth. The parents must go to the field and search for a plant whose trunk resembles the male or female genitalia, which will help them to give birth to a boy or a girl, respectively. These practices, however, result in the death of adult plants, affecting the demography of the wild populations. Distribution: — Currently, only three localities of C. rosea are known in the municipality of Tila, Chiapas, Mexico. Conservation status: — GeoCAT (Bachman et al. 2011) estimated that the polygon of the three localities occupy an extend of occurrence of 0.068 km 2 in an area of occupancy of 8 km 2. In each locality, the number of plants is low (less than 100 adult individuals) with low densities. Thus, the species must be considered Critically Endangered (CR) in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2023). Unfortunately, the region is also being converted to pasture for livestock or corn and coffee cultivation as in other species in the region (e.g., C. dominguezii in Uxpanapa, Oaxaca [Pérez-Farrera et al. 2021b]). These practices are leading this species to the brink of extinction, and its conservation ex situ and in situ is urgent.. A ‘lifeboat’ approach by botanic gardens (see Marris 2006, Donaldson 2009) could save this species and others from becoming extinct. Additional specimens examined: — MEXICO. Chiapas, Camino a Salto de Agua, municipality of Tila, Montañas del Norte, 11 June 2022, González-García J . & Molina Hernández U. 833 ♀ (HEM!); Salto de Agua, Montañas del Norte, 2 October 2021, González-García J . & Molina Hernández U. 240, sex undetermined (HEM!); Camino a Salto de Agua, municipality of Tila, Montañas del Norte, 15 October 2016, Pérez-Farrera M . A. 3471, sex undetermined (HEM!); 15 May 2017, Pérez-Farrera M . A. 3560, sex undetermined (HEM!). We provide a key to the species analyzed in this study plus the other members currently considered as part of the C. miqueliana species complex: C. euryphyllidia, C. hondurensis J.L. Haynes, Whitelock, Schutzman & R.S. Adams (2008: 16–21) and C. santillanii., Published as part of González, José García, Pérez-Farrera, Miguel Á., Gutiérrez-Ortega, José Said, Vovides, Andrew P. & Jimenez, Pedro Díaz, 2023, Ceratozamia rosea (Zamiaceae): A new species from the Northern Mountains of Chiapas, Mexico, pp. 73-88 in Phytotaxa 595 (1) on pages 79-84, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.595.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7889553, {"references":["Breedlove, D. E. (1981) Flora of Chiapas. Part 1: Introduction to the Flora of Chiapas. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, United States of America.","Sargent, C. S. (1890) Notes on North American Trees. - XVII. Garden & Forest 3 (118): 260.","Hemsley, W. B. (1878) Clusia guatemalensis. In: Diagnoses plantarum novarum vel minus cognitarum Mexicanarum et Centrali- Americanarum 1. pp. 2 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 60211","Gaertner, J. (1791) Centuria Octava. De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum 2 (2): 244, pl. 133.","Rose, J. N. (1901) Undescribed plants from Guatemala and other Central American Republics XXII. Botanical Gazette 31 (2): 109 - 125. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 328081","Martius, C. F. P. V. (1853) Ordo Palmarum. Historia Naturalis Palmarum 3 (10): 323.","Koch, K. (1855) Monstera acuminata. Index Seminum (Berlin): 4.","Otto, F., Dietrich, A. (1852) Chamaedorea ernesti-augusti. Allgemeine Gartenzeitung 20 (10): 73 - 74.","Martius, C. F. P. V. (1849) Synopsis Palmarum. In systema receptarum, indicata simul patria et adjectis passim characteribus. Historia Naturalis Palmarum 3 (9): 307 - 344.","Jacquin, N. J. (1781) Selectarum Stirpium Americanarum Historia. Ex Officina Krausiana, Vindobonae. pp. 284.","Martius, C. F. P. V. (1838) Chamaedorea oblongata. Historia Naturalis Palmarum 3 (7): 160.","Schutzman, B. (1984) A new species of Zamia L. (Zamiaceae, Cycadales) from Chiapas, Mexico. Phytologia 55 (5): 299.","Schutzman, B. & Vovides, A. P. (1998) A new species of Zamia (Zamiaceae, Cycadales) from Eastern, Chiapas, Mexico. Novon 8 (4): 441 - 446. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3391871","Reed, C. F. (1968) Index Thelypteridis. Phytologia 17 (4): 292.","INEGI [Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Geografia] (2010) Compendio de informacion geografica municipal 2010. Maravilla Tenejapa, Chiapas. Clave geoestadistica 07115. Available from: https: // www. inegi. org. mx / contenidos / app / mexicocifras / datos _ geograficos / 07 / 07115. pdf (accessed 18 April 2023).","Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A. W., de la Torre, J. & Scott, B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. In: Smith, V., Penev, L. (Eds.) e-Infrastructures for data publishing in biodiversity science. ZooKeys 150: 117 - 126. Available from: https: // geocat. kew. org / (accessed 19 April 2023). https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 150.2109","IUCN (2023) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022 - 2. Available from: https: // www. iucnredlist. org (accessed 29 March 2023).","Perez-Farrera, M. A., Gutierrez-Ortega, J. S., Vovides, A. P., Calonje, M. & Diaz-Jimenez, P. (2021 b) Ceratozamia dominguezii (Zamiaceae): A new cycad species from southeastern Mexico. Taxonomy 1 (4): 345 - 359. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / taxonomy 1040026","Marris, E. (2006) Plant science: Gardens in full bloom. Nature 440: 860 - 863. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / 440860 a","Donaldson, J. S. (2009) Botanic gardens science for conservation and global change. Trends in Plant Science 14 (11): 608 - 613. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. tplants. 2009.08.008"]}

Spathiphyllum frailescanense F.J.-Pérez, Díaz Jim. & Pérez-Farr., sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 3) Spathiphyllum frailescanense can be confused with S. matudae, a morphologically similar species that is distributed from the Sierra Madre de Chiapas to Guatemala. However, S. frailescanense differs in having oblong-elliptic or oblong-ovate blades (vs. lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, sometimes subovate), more pairs of primary lateral veins per side (up to 32 vs. 20–25), sessile spadix or with a short stipe (less than 12 mm vs. stipitate spadix with a stipe up to 20 mm) and the pistils not constricted between the ovary and the style (vs. constricted between the ovary and the style). Type: — MEXICO. Chiapas: Municipio Villacorzo, Área de Protección de Recursos Naturales La Frailescana, Cerro El Tomate, approximately 3.6 km southeast of Nuevo Refugio and 1.5 km from Rancho San Pascualito, 15°58’05.5”N, 93°27’38.6”W, 1590 m, 30 Sep, 2022, A . F. José Pérez, Pedro Díaz Jiménez, M. Á. Pérez-Farrera & M. G. Martínez Martínez 261 (holotype HEM!, isotype CHIP!). Terrestrial, understory herb, growing sparsely or forming populations of few individuals, up to 140 cm tall; internodes short, to 26.45–37.42 mm diam. Leaves 87.0– 120.5 cm long; petioles longer than the blades, 55.2–69.3 cm long, 5.24– 8.48 mm diam., sheathed 3.0– 6.5 cm from the geniculum, or to the geniculum, the sheath and free portion pale green and covered in white dots, sheath margins often wrinkled, rarely entire, inrolled, yellowish-green; geniculum 2.5–5.0 cm long, 7.84–10.28 mm diam., whitish-green and covered with white dots; blades oblong-elliptic or oblong-ovate, widest at or just below the middle, 31.5–51.0 cm long, 15–24 cm wide, approx. 2 times longer than wide, mucronate or acuminate at apex, obtuse or rounded at base, sub-coriaceous, dark green and glossy above, pale below, drying black to dark greenish above, greenish to faintly dark below; midrib sunken and weakly paler above, thicker than broad, yellowish-green or dark green above and light green below; primary lateral veins, 26–32 pairs, separated 5–12 mm, arising at 60–80° angle, sunken and dark green above, light green below; minor veins dark green below. Inflorescence erect, equal or taller than the leaves, rarely shorter than the leaves; peduncle 50–87 cm long, 5.64–9.89 mm diam.; spathe cucullate, oblanceolate or elliptic, 19.3–30.4 cm long, 9.6–12.5 cm wide, acuminate at apex, subcuneate or oblique at base, decurrent 1.8–5.5 mm at base, yellowish-green at anthesis, dark green at post-anthesis; spadix 6.5–10.2 cm long, 16.72–22.83 mm diam., cream-yellowish, emitting a sweet and pleasant scent at anthesis, sessile or on a short stipe up to 11 mm long, 5.39–5.97 mm diam., light green at anthesis; perianth with 5–6 free tepals, 2.24–3.58 mm long, 1.51–2.33 mm wide; anthers 5 or 6, 1.24–1.77 mm long, thecae oblong, pollen whitish; pistils conic or subcylindrical, sharply emergent, 5.52–7.96 mm long, style 2.18–3.76 mm long, 2.06–2.44 mm diam. at base; ovary 2 or 3-locular, ovules 2–7 per locule, often 5–11(–14) ovules per ovary. Infructescence to 8.6–11.0 cm long, 27.63–42.78 diam.; berries obovoid to oblong, 10.01–12.25 mm long, 4.39–5.38 mm wide, rostrate, yellowish at maturity; seeds oblong, obovoid or oblique-ovoid, 3.29–4.48 mm long, 2.61–3.08 mm wide, light brown and glossy when fresh. Distribution, habitat and conservation status: — Spathiphyllum frailescanense is endemic to the Sierra Madre of Chiapas, Mexico (Fig. 1), known only from the municipalities of Acacoyagua, Angel Albino Corzo, Jaltenango, Mapastepec, Villacorzo and Villaflores, although, it is possible that this species is distributed throughout the Sierra Madre de Chiapas to Guatemala. It grows in evergreen tropical rainforests, gallery vegetation, montane cloud forests, semi-evergreen forests and tropical sub-deciduous forests, between 700 and 2000 m. In the type locality, La Frailescana, it grows associated with Ceratozamia vovidesii Pérez-Farr. & Iglesias (2007: 394) in Pérez-Farrera et al. (2007), a species of cycad endemic to Chiapas, Monstera siltepecana Matuda (1950: 97) and Philodendron anisotomum Schott (1858: 179) (P. Díaz Jiménez & M. Á. Pérez-Farrera, pers. obs.). Spathiphyllum frailescanense grows mainly scattered or forming populations of few individuals in the understory (Fig. 3), similar to that recorded in other species such as S. brevirostre Schott (1853: 2) and S. ortgiesii Regel (1870: 39), sometimes on the banks of streams. Due to its extent of occurrence (4,104,238 km 2) and area of occupancy (16,000 km 2) and according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (B1 and B2), S. frailescanense is not in any protection status (IUCN 2012, 2022). However, it is important to mention that in the surroundings of the type locality there are currently coffee plantations. Phenology: —Specimens with inflorescence and infructescence were collected in the dry and rainy seasons, between February and July, and September. Eponymy: —This species is named for the protected natural area known as La Frailescana, where the type specimen was collected. This area was established as a forest protection zone in 1979. In 2007, it was recategorized as a natural resource protection area, and finally in 2019 it was named a natural resource protection area (CONANP 2019). Additional specimens examined (paratypes):— MEXICO. Chiapas: Mun. Acacoyagua. Cerro Ovando, zona de amortiguamiento, 15°25’00.8’’N, 92°38’20.7’’W, 1267 m. 22 Jul. 2005, N . Martínez Meléndez 935 (HEM!). Mun. Angel Albino Corzo. Arriba del río por el lado noroeste de la Col. Santa Rita, 15°41’26”N, 92°48’14”W, 1400 m, 18 Apr. 1990, Alush Méndez T . 9330 (MO!). Mun. Jaltenango-Mapastepec. Reserva El Triunfo, Poligono 1, Cañada Honda, 15°39’N, 92°48’W, 1450 m 23 Apr. 1990, M . Heath & A. Long 882 (CHIP!, MO!); Reserva El Triunfo, Poligono 1, Campamento HQ-Palo gordo, 15°39’N, 92°48’W, 1900 m, 28 Feb. 1990, M . Heath & A. Long 823 (CHIP!, MO!). Mun. Villacorzo. Cerro del Tomate, 2 km al Sur del Ejido San Pascualito, 30 km al sureste de Villacorzo, 15°58’09’’N, 93°28’10’’W, 1402 m, 28 Apr. 2002, J . Martínez-Meléndez 41 (HEM!); 2 km del ejido Monterrey, 16°02’53’’N, 93°22’30’’W, 789 m, 29 Apr. 2002, M. G . Pascacio Damián 14 (HEM!); Rancho Samaria, 16°0’51’’N, 93°22’5’’W, 949 m, 5 Apr. 2003, E . Meléndez López 868 (HEM!, MO!); Área de Protección de Recursos Naturales La Frailescana, Cerro El Tomate, southeast of Nuevo Refugio and Rancho San Pascualito, 15°58’14.14”N, 93°27’47.01”W, 1380 m, 29 Mar. 2020, A. F . José Pérez 109 (HEM!); Cerro El Tomate, southeast of Nuevo Refugio and Rancho San pascualito, 15°58’10.0”N, 93°28’08.8”W, 1357 m, 30 Sep. 2022, A. F . José Pérez, Pedro Díaz Jiménez, M. Á. Pérez-Farrera & M. G. Martínez Martínez 259 (HEM!); Cerro El Tomate, southeast of Nuevo Refugio and Rancho San pascualito, 15°58’08.3”N, 93°28’04.43”W, 1334 m, 30 Sep. 2022, A. F . José Pérez, Pedro Díaz Jiménez, M. Á. Pérez-Farrera & M. G. Martínez Martínez 260 (HEM!); Cerro El Tomate, southeast of Nuevo Refugio and Rancho San pascualito, 15°58’05.9”N, 93°27’38.0”W, 1585 m, 30 Sep. 2022, A. F . José Pérez, Pedro Díaz Jiménez, M. Á. Pérez-Farrera & M. G. Martínez Martínez 262 (HEM!). Mun. Villaflores. 1 km al este del ejido Nueva independencia, Cerro Tres picos, 16°12’ N, 93°35’ W, 1300 m, 9 Feb. 1995, M. A . Pérez-Farrera 162 (HEM!); Camino a ejido Tres Picos-Nva Independencia, 15 mar. 1995, M. A . Pérez-Farrera 186 (CHIP!); Cerro Chumpipe, 8 km al SE del Ejido Tierra y Libertad, 16°11’50’’N, 93°42’30’’W, 1475 m, 24 May 1995, M. A . Pérez-Farrera 423 (HEM!); La angostura Plan de Ayala. 15°53’61’’N, 93°13’88’’W, 1145 m, 30 Apr. 1999, Jesús De la Cruz R . 94 (HEM!). Notes: — Spathiphyllum frailescanense is characterized by leaves with petiole longer than the blade (about 1.5 but not twice as long), the sheath close to or reaching the geniculum, long geniculum, oblong-elliptic or oblong-ovate blades, mucronate or acuminate at apex and obtuse or rounded at base, up to more than 32 pairs of primary veins per side, inflorescences almost as long as the leaves, sometimes shorter or longer, with a sessile spadix or on a short stipe and mostly between 5 and 11 ovules per ovary. It grows in the same range of S. matudae (Fig. 1) and for a long time was confused and misidentified as that species, since both have corrugated blades and several ovules per ovary (up to 13; Bunting 1960, 1965), but S. matudae has shorter petioles, narrower blades, fewer pairs of primary veins per side (20–25), spadix frequently stipitate and its pistils constricted between the ovary and the style (Bunting 1960). The new species could also be confused with S. blandum, but that species differs in having elliptic to oblong- or lanceolate-elliptic blades, up to 26 pairs of primary veins per side, and fewer than 9 ovules per ovary. Because the sheath of petiole reaches to geniculum and grows sparsely in the understory, S. frailescanense could be confused with S. cochlearispathum, but that species is more robust, up to 180 cm tall, and has oblong or oblong-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic blades and up to 16 ovules per ovary (Table 1). Spathiphyllum frailescanense represents the fourteenth and fourth species recently described for Mexico (Díaz Jiménez et al. 2021, 2022)., Published as part of J. - Pérez, A. Fabian, Pérez-Farrera, Miguel Ángel, Jiménez, Pedro Díaz & Martínez-Martínez, Mauricio Gerónimo, 2023, Spathiphyllum frailescanense (Araceae), a new species from Sierra Madre of Chiapas, Mexico, pp. 164-170 in Phytotaxa 591 (2) on pages 165-168, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.591.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7797552, {"references":["CONANP (2019) Programa de Manejo Area de Proteccion de Recursos Naturales Zona de Proteccion Forestal en los terrenos que se encuentran en los municipios de La Concordia, Angel Albino Corzo, Villa Flores y Jiquipilas, Chiapas. Available from: https: // www. conanp. gob. mx / programademanejo / PMLaFrailescana. pdf (accessed 7 October 2022).","Bunting, G. S. (1960) A revision of Spathiphyllum (Araceae). Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 10: 1 - 53.","Bunting, G. S. (1965) Commentary on Mexican Araceae. Gentes Herbarum 9: 291 - 382.","Diaz Jimenez, P., Perez-Farrera, M. A., Hentrich, H., Gomez-Dominguez, H., Ameca-Juarez, E. O. & Aguilar-Rodriguez, P. A. (2021) Mistaken identity: a new Spathiphyllum (Araceae) from Veracruz, Mexico. Phytotaxa 522: 56 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 522.1.6","Diaz Jimenez, P., Dotterl, S., Fuchs, R., Hentrich, H., Perez-Farrera, M. A., Padilla-Vega, J. & Aguilar-Rodriguez, P. A. (2022) Two new species of Spathiphyllum (Araceae) from Tabasco, Mexico with notes on their floral scent. Phytotaxa 566: 121 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 566.1.7"]}

Ceratozamia latifolia Miq. , Tijdschr. Wis- Natuurk. Wetensch. Eerste Kl. Kon. Ned. Inst. Wetensch. 1(1): 206. (1847) Neotype. MEXICO, San Luis Potosí: Route 70, 46 k West of [Ciudad] Valles, 20 Jul 1983, Stevenson 565E (Neotype: NY). = Ceratozamia microstrobila Vovides & Rees. Madroño 30(1): 39–42. (1983). MEXICO, San Luis Potosí: Municipio of Ciudad del Maíz, at Ejido las Abritas, 850 m, 1974, J. Rees 1613 (MO, XAL). Plant rupicolous, unbranching. Stem short semihypogeous, ovoid-cylindrical, erect, sometimes, covered with persistent leaf bases, 8–10 cm tall, 10–12 cm in diameter. Cataphylls persistent, brown and densely tomentose at emergence, triangular apex acuminate. Leaves pinnate, 2–6 per crown, forming a open crown, erect, ascending, olive green, 60– 219 cm long, 19.8–56.2 cm wide, reddish-brown color at emergence, turning olive green at maturity. Petiole, terete, greenish-light brown, 14.5–62 cm long, unarmed to rarely armed with thin, tiny and spread prickles. Rachis greenishbrown, terete, 42–161 cm long, unarmed or rarely with thin, tiny and sparse prickles diminishing into the distal end of the rachis. Leaflets 7–20 pairs, oblong or long oblanceolate, papyraceous, subopposite to alternate in the basal part of the leaf, opposite to subopposite in the median part, opposite in the apical part, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate, asymmetric; base broad attenuate, articulation green or brown adaxially, light green abaxially 0.33–1.09 cm wide, veins 32–46, parallel, inconspicuous; median leaflets 9.9–28.1 cm long, 2.5–4.9 cm wide, spaced 1.9–7.5 cm between leaflets. Microstrobilus solitary, conical, erect, green to brown, tomentose, 17–18 cm long, 2.2–2.6 cm diameter, peduncle brown, densely tomentose, 8–10 cm long, 0.8–1.2 cm diameter. Microsporophyll cuneiform, 8.10– 10.70 mm long, 4.36–5.79 mm wide, distal face bicornate, with brown color at the central portion, sporangia zone on abaxial surface 4.58–7.82 mm long, microsporangia grouped in 3–4 per sorus. Megastrobilus solitary, cylindrical, erect, 8–13.5 cm long, 5.7–5.9 cm diameter; apex mucronate, light brown pubescent at mature, peduncle long, brown to orange, tomentose, 6.5–10 cm long, 0.78–1.25 cm in diameter. Megasporophylls peltate, bicornate, 2.3–3.9 cm wide, 1.4–1.8 cm tall, distal face pubescent, when mature, distal face presents a brown color at the central portion, which fades to green to brown towards the margins. Seed ovoid, sarcotesta cream when immature, sclerotesta beige when mature, 1.12–1.53 cm diameter, 1.21–1.68 cm long, with micropylar ridges. Specimens examined: MEXICO, San Luis Potosí: Ciudad de Maíz, 1100 m, 25 Apr 2001, S. Avendaño & M.A. Pérez Farrera 5320 (MEXU); 850 m, 2 August 2021, M.A. Pérez-Farrera et al. 4026 (HEM); 750 m, 13 Oct 1968, Puig 3979 (P); 850 m, 7 Nov 1974, J. Rees 1613 (MO, XAL); 1100 m, 5 Feb 1984, S. Sabato et al. 2340 (MEXU, MO); El Naranjo, 800 m, 13 Jun 2008; 1611 (XAL); 910 m, 20 Jul. 1983, D.W. Stevenson et al. 567 (MEXU); 895 m, 14 Jan 2001, T. Walters 2001-10 (MEXU); Rayón, 1100 m, 30 Jun 1962, F. Medellín Leal 1330 (MEXU); M.A. PérezFarrera et al. 4027 (HEM); 912 m, 5 Aug. 2003 Andrew P. Vovides 1466 (XAL); Tamasopo, 1000 m, 24 April 2001, S. Avendaño & M.A. Pérez-Farrera 5282 (MEXU); 900 m, 24 May 1981, P.A. Fryxell & W.R. Anderson 3586 (MEXU); 2 Jun 1968, Medellín Leal s.n. (MEXU accession 171861); 180 m, 01 August 2021, M.A. Pérez-Farrera 4023 (HEM); 20 July 1983, D.W. Stevenson et al. 565A; 565B; 565C; 565D; 565G; 567K (MEXU); 700 m, 15 Aug 2003, A.P. Vovides et al. 1465 (MEXU, XAL); 895 m, 13 Jan 2001, T. Walters et al. 2001-8 (XAL)., Published as part of Vovides, Andrew P., Pérez-Farrera, Miguel Angel, Salinasrodríguez, María Magdalena, Galicia, Sonia, Díaz-Jiménez, Pedro, Calonje, Michael & Gutiérrez-Ortega, José Said, 2022, Morphological and anatomical analyses clarify the species definition of Ceratozamia latifolia Miq. (Zamiaceae) and lead to the description of a new species: Ceratozamia reesii, pp. 224-252 in Phytotaxa 575 (3) on pages 241-242, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.575.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7431194

Key to the species of the C. latifolia species complex 1a. Plants with whorled (fasciculate) leaflets.............................................................................................................................. C. hildae 1b Plants with non-whorled leaflets. 2a. Slender, linear, lanceolate leaflets up to 1.5 cm wide. 3a. Spiral rachis..................................................................................................................................................................... C. zaragozae 3b Non-spiral rachis. 4a. Ribbed leaflets, unarmed petiole.................................................................................................................................. C. kuesteriana 4b. Flat leaflets, not ribbed, petiole with spines........................................................................................................................ C. sabatoi 2b. Broad leaflets, more than 1.5 cm wide. 5a. Light green or yellowish-green emerging leaves. 6a. Light green emerging leaves. 7a. Oblong leaflets.............................................................................................................................................................. C. morettii 7b. Oblanceolate leaflets. 8a. Pinnate plants with brown female cone at maturity.......................................................................................................... C. reesii 8b. Pinnate plants with olive-green female cone at maturity...................................................................................... C. huastecorum 6b. Yellowish-green emerging leaves. 9a. Papyraceous leaflets.................................................................................................................................................... C. delucana 9b. Coriaceous leaflets..................................................................................................................................................... C. brevifrons 5b. Brown or reddish emerging leaves. 10a. Papyraceous leaflets. 11a. Unarmed petiole, rarely armed with small, short and slender spines......................................................................... C. latifolia 11b. Armed petiole thick and long spines. 12a. Leaflets 1.3–2.1 cm wide..................................................................................................................................... C. fuscoviridis 12b. Leaflets 2.7–4.2 cm wide.................................................................................................................................... C. totonacorum 10b. Coriaceous leaflets................................................................................................................................................. C. chamberlainii, Published as part of Vovides, Andrew P., Pérez-Farrera, Miguel Angel, Salinasrodríguez, María Magdalena, Galicia, Sonia, Díaz-Jiménez, Pedro, Calonje, Michael & Gutiérrez-Ortega, José Said, 2022, Morphological and anatomical analyses clarify the species definition of Ceratozamia latifolia Miq. (Zamiaceae) and lead to the description of a new species: Ceratozamia reesii, pp. 224-252 in Phytotaxa 575 (3) on page 242, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.575.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7431194

Ceratozamia reesii Vovides, Pérez-Farrera and Gutiérrez-Ortega sp. nov. (Fig. 14–17) Ceratozamia reesii can be distinguished from other species in the genus by having 4–12 leaves per crown, light green color in emerging leaves, petioles armed with thin prickles, leaflets coriaceous, elliptic to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 11–23 pairs. Megastrobilus solitary erect, brown, peduncle 4.2–6 cm long. Seed 2–2.8 cm long. Holotype. MEXICO, San Luis Potosí: Xilitla, Camino a San Pedro Huiztquilico, 790 m a.s.l., 31 July 2021, M.A. Pérez-Farrera, P. Díaz, & M.M. Salinas 4017 ♀ (HEM). Isotype: XAL. Plant rupicolous, unbranching, stem short, cylindrical, erect, covered with persistent leaf bases, 12–33 cm tall, 10.5–17 cm in diameter. Cataphylls persistent, brown and densely tomentose at emergence, triangular apex acuminate. Leaves pinnate, 4–12 per crown, forming a semi-open crown, erect, ascending, olive green, 69.5–201 cm long, 39.6–71 cm wide, light green color at emergence, turning olive green at maturity. Petiole terete, 34–67.8 cm long, armed with thin prickles. Rachis green, terete, 34.5–138 cm long, erect, with sparse prickles diminishing into the distal end of the rachis. Leaflets 11–23 pairs, linear, long oblanceolate or oblanceolate, coriaceous, alternate to sub-alternate in the basal part of the leaf, subopposite in the median part, opposite in the apical part, subfalcate into apical part of leaflet, margin entire, apex acute to acuminate, asymmetric; base broad attenuate, articulation yellow adaxially, light green abaxially, 0.4–1.3 cm wide, veins 28–37, parallel, inconspicuous; median leaflets 19.8–35.5 cm long, 1.5– 5.1 cm wide, spaced 1.2–7.2 cm between leaflets. Microstrobilus solitary, conical, erect, light brown when mature, 33–35 cm long, 4.8–5 cm diameter, peduncle densely tomentose, light brown, 14–15 cm long, 1.5–1.8 cm diameter. Microsporophyll cuneiform, 10.11–12.59 mm long, 4.69–6.25 mm wide, distal face bicornate, with light brown color at the central portion, sporangia zone on abaxial surface 4.10–7.65 mm long, microsporangia grouped in 3–4 per sorus. Megastrobilus solitary, cylindrical, erect, 16–16.3 cm long, 6.5–8 cm diameter; apex mucronate, brown pubescent at mature, peduncle short, brown, tomentose, 4.2–6 cm long, 1.06–1.56 cm in diameter. Megasporophylls peltate, bicornate, 3.7–4.2 cm wide, 1.5–2.1 cm tall, distal face pubescent, when mature, distal face presents a light brown to brown color at the central portion, which fades to brown-reddish towards the margins. Seed ovoid, sarcotesta cream when immature, sclerotesta beige when mature, 1.45–1.67 cm diameter, 2.0– 2.28 cm long, with micropylar ridges. Specimens examined: MEXICO. San Luis Potosí: Xilitla, Las Pozas, Jardín Escultórico Edward James, 665 m, 24 April 2018, M.A. Pérez-Farrera 4021 (HEM); Xilitla, El Cañón, 580 m, 30 July 2021, M.A. Pérez-Farrera, P. Díaz, & M.M. Salinas 4016 (HEM); Xilitla, Cerro de la Silleta, 1300 m, 20 July 2021, M.M. Salinas s.n. (QMEX); Cultivated at Jardín Botánico Francisco Javier Clavijero (Veracruz), accession 2001-110A, originally collected by S. Avendaño 5304 at Cerro del Muerto, Xilitla, 25 August 2014, A.P. Vovides 1522 (XAL). Etymology: The specific epithet was chosen to honor the memory of John David Rees (1932–2021), an American botanist and a mentor on cycads to the principal author. His guidance and knowledge on Mexican cycads were invaluable to the later creation of the Mexican National Cycad Collection of the Francisco Javier Clavijero Botanic Garden of INECOL, Xalapa, Veracruz., Published as part of Vovides, Andrew P., Pérez-Farrera, Miguel Angel, Salinasrodríguez, María Magdalena, Galicia, Sonia, Díaz-Jiménez, Pedro, Calonje, Michael & Gutiérrez-Ortega, José Said, 2022, Morphological and anatomical analyses clarify the species definition of Ceratozamia latifolia Miq. (Zamiaceae) and lead to the description of a new species: Ceratozamia reesii, pp. 224-252 in Phytotaxa 575 (3) on page 241, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.575.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7431194

Spathiphyllum wilfridianum Díaz Jim., sp. nov. (Fig. 4) Spathiphyllum wilfridianum is morphologically similar to S. cochlearispathum, but differs from that species in having petioles longer than the blades and sheathed to 33–54 cm from the geniculum (vs. as long as the blade and sheathed near or up to the geniculum), sheath margins entire (vs. wrinkled), blade attenuate at the base (vs. rounded), primary veins rising at an angle of 40–55° (vs. 60–80°), and up to 7 ovules per ovary (vs. up to 16). Type: — MEXICO. Tabasco: Municipio Centro, communal land Dos Montes, Centro de Interpretación y Convivencia con la Naturaleza “Yumka”, 17°45’N, 92°45’W, 7 m asl, 16 November 2009, Pedro Díaz Jiménez & A . Garduza 1092 (holotype UJAT!). Terrestrial; understory herb, up to 2.15 m tall; internodes short, up to 6 cm diam. LEAVES 122–167 cm long; petioles up to twice as long as the blades, 70–104 cm long, 6–8 mm diam., sheathed near the middle, or above to 33–73 cm from the geniculum, free portion terete, the sheath and free portion pale green and covered in white dots, sheath margins entire, light green or dark green; geniculum 2.5–5.3 cm long, 7–9.5 mm diam., light green and covered in white dots; blades oblong or oblong-elliptic, widest almost in the middle, 50.0– 65.5 cm long, 14–29 cm wide, approx. 3 times longer than wide, acuminate at apex, attenuate (rarely sub-rounded) at the base, subcoriaceous, dark green to yellowishgreen and semi-glossy above, light green semi-glossy below, drying green dark to dark brown above, greenish-brown to light brown and below; midrib sunken, dark green above, and covered in white dots, light green to whitish below, thicker than broad; primary lateral veins, 24–30 pairs, separated 7–20 mm, arising at a 40–55° angle, sunken and dark green above, whitish below; minor veins dark green below. INFLORESCENCE erect, taller than the leaves; peduncle 139–168 cm long, 5.5–8.5 mm diam., covered in white dots, green to light yellowish-green; spathe cucullate, oblong or oblong-elliptic, 24–40 cm long, 12–15 cm wide, acuminate apex, subcuneate or attenuate, and oblique at the base, almost not decurrent on the peduncle, yellowish-green at anthesis, dark green at post-anthesis; spadix 11–13 cm long, 2.0– 2.5 cm diam., cream-yellowish, emitting a sweet and pleasant scent at anthesis, stipe short, 5–8 mm long, 6 mm diam., yellowish-green at anthesis, yellowish-green at anthesis; perianth with 6 free tepals, 1.5–2.5 mm long; 6 anthers, 3.5–4.0 mm long, thecae oblong, 1.0– 1.8 mm; the pistils, sharply emergent, conic, 5–7.3 mm long, style 1.8–3.1 mm long, 1.3–1.5 mm diam. at the base; ovary 3-locular, 1–4 ovules per locule, 4–7 ovules per ovary. INFRUCTESCENCE 18–21 cm long, 2.5–3.3 cm diam.; berries obovoid to oblong, rostrate, 10–17 mm long, 3.3–6.0 mm wide, yellowish at maturity; seeds oblong to oblique-ovoid, dark to dark brown when dry and glossy when fresh. Distribution, habitat and conservation status: — Spathiphyllum wilfridianum is only known from the Centro de Interpretación y Convivencia con la Naturaleza “Yumka”, Tabasco (Fig. 1). Only three adult individuals and four juveniles were found growing as an understory species in a flooded site in evergreen tropical forest, at 7 m asl in this protected natural area. Due to the low number of individuals found, the introduced exotic fauna (such as the deer, Axis axis), which often destroys the herbaceous vegetation of the understory, and according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, the species can be considered as critically endangered [CR B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v); IUCN 2012]. Phenology and floral scent: —The specimens at anthesis and with infructescence were collected in November. Flowering in cultivated plants (plants cultivated since 2009 when they were still juveniles and removed with the complete rhizome) has been recorded in March, June, and November. The spadices of S. wilfridianum emitted a strong and pleasant floral scent, most intense between 6:00 and 12:00 AM. A total of 25 compounds was detected in the two samples (20 terpenoids, three aromatics and two lipid-derived compounds; Appendix 2). The main compounds (> 5% in any sample) were (E)- β -Farnesene, (E)-Nerolidol, Methyl benzoate, α -Terpineol, and Eucalyptol (Appendix 2). (E)- Nerolidol is reported in this study for the first time as a main compound in Spathiphyllum (Hentrich et al. 2010; Díaz Jiménez et al. 2019; 2021b). Eponymy: — Spathiphyllum wilfridianum is named in honor of the Mexican scientist, Dr. Wilfrido Miguel Contreras Sánchez, a Mexican professor at the Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT). During his time as Faculty Director at the Division of Biological Sciences (DACBiol), he aided and supported the studies of the Araceae in the state of Tabasco, helping students to attend national and international conferences. Dr. Wilfrido is currently Secretary for Research, Graduate Studies, and Relations at the UJAT. His main line of research is fish reproduction and sexual inversion. Additional specimens examined (paratypes):— MEXICO. Tabasco: Mun. Centro, ejido Dos Montes, Centro de Interpretación y Convivencia con la Naturaleza Yumka, 17°45’, 92°45’, 7 m, 16 November 2009, Pedro Díaz Jiménez & A . Garduza 1093 (MO!). Mun. Comalcalco, R / a. Independencia 2da. Sección (cultivated), 18º17’N, 93º09’W, 8 m, 09 Mar 2021, Pedro Díaz Jiménez 1496 (UJAT!). Notes: — Spathiphyllum wilfridianum had been mistakenly identified as S. cochlearispathum. However, S. wilfridianum has a petiole almost twice as long as the blade and is sheathed almost to the middle, the margin of the sheath is entire and not wrinkled, its blades are narrower with an attenuated base (rarely sub-rounded), the angle of the primary veins is less than 60°, and the number of ovules per ovary is less than that recorded in S. cochlearispathum (Bunting 1960, Díaz Jiménez et al. 2021a). Spathiphyllum wilfridianum is a rare species, only known from its type locality, growing below 10 m asl in tropical forests, while S. cochlearispathum has been collected mostly above 800 m asl in coffee crops and montane cloud forests (Díaz Jiménez et al. 2021a). The new species represents the fourteenth species for Mexico and the third species for Tabasco (Díaz Jiménez et al. 2021a, Croat et al. unpubl.). On the other hand, unlike S. maldonadianum, S. wilfridianum has entire sheath margins, shortest geniculum, narrower blades with attenuated base, fewer pairs of primary veins per side, shortest pistil, and fewer ovules per ovary. We strongly recommend that all specimens identified under S. cochlearispathum in Mexico require a detailed review, being revealed as a complex of several species morphologically similar, but with distinct floral scent composition. Initially, Liebmann (1849) published Hydnostachyon cochlearispathum Liebmann (1849: 24) and H. longirostre Liebm. (1849: 24), and Schott (1853), transferred them to Spathiphyllum. Engler (1879) published S. cochlearispathum and S. cochlearispathum var. longirostre (Liebm.) Engler (1879: 221). Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum var. longirostre, a taxon that is currently a synonym of S. cochlearispathum, has similar characteristics to the latter species as referred to by Bunting (1965). However, S. lacustre, also considered a synonym of S. cochlearispathum by Bunting (1965), has characteristics that separate it from S. cochlearispathum, therefore, it is considered a different species (Díaz Jiménez et al. unpubl.). Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum was formerly considered a species with a wide morphological variation, growing from sea level to 1600 m in different types of vegetation in the south of Mexico, in the states of Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Veracruz, and Yucatán (Croat & Acebey 2015), and the only species reported for Tabasco (Díaz Jiménez et al. 2015), but our detailed review of herbarium specimens and the collection of specimens from different populations, revealed that none of the studied specimens corresponds to S. cochlearispathum. Therefore, its presence in the state of Tabasco is currently doubtful (Díaz Jiménez et al. unpubl.). So far, the use of floral scent composition has been scarcely used to distinguish botanical species but is becoming more used in recent years to separate species (Peakall & Whitehead 2014, Chen et al. 2017, Gervasi et al. 2017, Powers et al. 2020), even in sympatric and morphologically similar species (Okamoto & Su 2021). These new species of Spathiphyllum have different odors, and whether these differences have any impact on their pollinator´s spectrum is still to be determined (see for example Díaz Jiménez et al. 2019). In this sense, at least with scented aroids, we consider it important to, when possible, reinforce species description with ecological data such as the volatile composition of floral scents and pollinators, especially for closely related aroids., Published as part of Jiménez, Pedro Díaz, Dötterl, Stefan, Fuchs, Roman, Hentrich, Heiko, Pérez-Farrera, Miguel Ángel, Vega, José Padilla & Aguilar-Rodríguez, Pedro A., 2022, Two new species of Spathiphyllum (Araceae) from Tabasco, Mexico with notes on their floral scent, pp. 121-132 in Phytotaxa 566 (1) on pages 126-128, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.566.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7103538, {"references":["IUCN (2012) The IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Version 3.1, 2 nd ed. IUCN Species Survival Commission. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Available from: https: // portals. iucn. org / library / sites / library / files / documents / RL- 2001 - 001 - 2 nd-Es. pdf (accessed 22 March 2022)","Hentrich, H., Kaiser, R. & Gottsberger, G. (2010) Floral biology and reproductive isolation by floral scent in three sympatric aroid species in French Guiana. Plant Biology 12: 587 - 596. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1438 - 8677.2009.00256. x","Diaz Jimenez, P., Hentrich, H., Aguilar-Rodriguez, P. A., Kromer, T., Chartier, M., MacSwiney-G., M. C. & Gibernau, M. (2019) A review on the pollination of aroids with bisexual flowers. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 104: 83 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.3417 / 2018219","Diaz Jimenez, P., Hentrich, H., Dotterl, S., Kromer, T., MacSwiney-G., M. C. & Aguilar-Rodriguez, P. A. (2021 b) Reproductive biology of two Spathiphyllum (Araceae) species in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. Flora 285: 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. flora. 2021.151958","Bunting, G. S. (1960) A revision of Spathiphyllum (Araceae). Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 10: 1 - 53.","Diaz Jimenez, P., Perez-Farrera, M. A., Hentrich, H., Gomez-Dominguez, H., Ameca-Juarez, E. O. & Aguilar-Rodriguez, P. A. (2021 a) Mistaken identity: a new Spathiphyllum (Araceae) from Veracruz, Mexico. Phytotaxa 522: 056 - 062. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 522.1.6","Liebmann, F. M. (1849) Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i KjObenhavn (1 - 2): 1 - 120.","Schott, H. W. (1853) Aroideae 1. Gerold, Vienna, 2. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118627","Engler, A. (1879) Araceae. In: De Candolle, A. & De Candolle, C. (eds.) Monographiae Phanoerogamorum 2: 1 - 681.","Bunting, G. S. (1965) Commentary on Mexican Araceae. Gentes Herbarum 9: 291 - 382.","Croat, T. B. & Acebey, A. (2015) Araceae. In: Flora de Veracruz. Fasciculo 164. Instituto de Ecologia A, C., Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, 211 pp.","Diaz Jimenez, P., Guadarrama-Olivera, M. A. & Croat, T. B. (2015) Diversidad floristica de Araceae en el estado de Tabasco, Mexico. Botanical Sciences 93: 131 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.17129 / botsci. 238","Peakall, R. & Whitehead, M. R. (2014) Floral odour chemistry defines species boundaries and underpins strong reproductive isolation in sexually deceptive orchids. Annals of Botany 113: 341 - 355. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aob / mct 199","Chen, G., Gong, W. - G., Ge, J., Schinnerl, J., Wang, B. & Sun, W. - B. (2017) Variation in floral characters, particularly floral scent, in sapromyophilous Stemona species. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 59: 825 - 839. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jipb. 12580","Gervasi, D. D. L., Selosse, M-A., Sauve, M., Francke, W., Vereecken, N. J., Cozzolino, S. & Schiestl, F. P. (2017) Floral scent and species divergence in a pair of sexually deceptive orchids. Ecology and Evolution 7: 6023 - 6034. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.3147","Powers, J. M., Seco, R., Faiola, C. L., Sakai, A. K., Weller, S. G., Campbell, D. R. & Guenther, A. (2020) Floral scent composition and finescale timing in two moth-pollinated hawaiian Schiedea (Caryophyllaceae). Frontiers in Plant Science 11: 1 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fpls. 2020.01116","Okamoto, T. & Su, Z. - H. (2021) Chemical analysis of floral scents in sympatric Ficus species: highlighting different compositions of floral scents in morphologically and phylogenetically close species. Plant Systematics and Evolution 307: 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00606 - 021 - 01767 - y"]}

Spathiphyllum maldonadianum Díaz Jim., sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Spathiphyllum maldonadianum can be confused with S. cochlearispathum, but it differs from that species in having the petiole longer than the blades and not sheathed up to the geniculum (vs. as long as the blade and sheathed near or up to the geniculum), blade of up to 47 primary veins per side (vs. less than 40), pistils up to 15 mm long (vs. less than 10 mm) and up to 11 ovules per ovary (vs. up to 16). Type: — MEXICO. Tabasco: Municipio Teapa, Sierra el Madrigal, San José Puyacatengo, 17°31’N, 92°55’W, 188 m asl, 13 Aug. 2008, Pedro Díaz Jiménez 604 (holotype UJAT!) Terrestrial; understory herb, frequently growing scattered in low densities. Up to 2.3 m tall; internodes short, up to 5.0 cm diam. LEAVES 166–250 cm long; petioles up to 1.80 times longer than the blades, 65–148 cm long, 8–10 mm diam., sheathed near the middle, or above to 11.5–60.0 cm from the geniculum, free portion terete, the sheath and free portion pale green and covered in white dots, sheath margins strongly wrinkled with a white edge up to 5 mm wide, straight or wavy, sometimes inrolled, light green; geniculum 3.5–7.5 cm long, 9–12 mm diam., yellowish-green and weakly covered in white dots; blades oblong, oblong-ovate or oblong-elliptic, widest at or just below the middle, 52–83 cm long, 22–32.3 cm wide, approx. 2.5–3 times longer than wide, cuspidate at apex, sometimes inrolled apically and forming a thin elongated tip of up to 5 cm, obtuse or rounded at base, subcoriaceous, dark green and glossy above, light green semi-glossy below, drying green to dark brown above, light brown below; midrib sunken and weakly covered in white dots, thicker than broad, dark green and glossy above, and light green to whitish below; primary lateral veins, 38–47 pairs, separated 6.5–25.0 mm, arising at an 60–80° angle, sunken and dark green above, light green below; minor veins dark green below. INFLORESCENCE erect, equal or taller than the leaves; peduncle 119–170 cm long, 7.2–13.0 mm diam., covered in white dots, green to light yellowish-green; spathe cucullate, oblanceolate or elliptic, 21–44 cm long, 15.3–17.4 cm wide, acuminate to narrowly acuminate apex, subcuneate, attenuate, oblique or sub-rounded at the base, decurrent up to 18 mm at the base, yellowish-green at anthesis, dark green at post-anthesis; spadix 10–21 cm long, 2.3–2.8 cm diam., cream-yellowish, emitting a strong and pleasant floral scent at anthesis, stipe 5–15 mm long, 8–10 mm diam., light green to yellowish-green at anthesis, dark green at post-anthesis; perianth with 6 free tepals, 2.2–3.0 mm long; up to 6 anthers, 1.8–2.1 mm long, thecae oblong, 1.0– 1.5 mm long; the pistils, sharply emergent, elongate-conic, 5–15 mm long, style 4.6–5.5 mm long, 1.5–2.0 mm diam. at the base; ovary 3-locular, 3–5 ovules per locule, 6–11 ovules per ovary. INFRUCTESCENCE 18–21 cm long, 2.7–3.3 cm diam.; berries obovoid to oblong, rostrate, 10–17 mm long, 3.3–6.0 mm wide, yellowish at maturity; seeds oblong, obovoid or oblique-ovoid, 2.3–3.8 mm long, light brown or dark brown and glossy when fresh. Distribution, habitat, and conservation status: — Spathiphyllum maldonadianum is endemic to Mexico, known only from the Sierra region of the state of Tabasco (Fig. 1). It grows mainly as an understory species in evergreen tropical forests, sometimes on riverbanks, often scattered or in small populations of few individuals, between 40 and 800 m asl. Due to its proximity to the northern highlands of Chiapas, S. maldonadianum may be also present in the state of Chiapas. By its distribution area (according to the GeoCAT program) and applying the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (B1 and B2), S. maldonadianum is not considered in any endangered status (IUCN 2012). However, we believe that due to the accelerated deforestation in the area, the species could be considered a threatened species. Phenology, floral scent and floral visitors: —According to the specimens reviewed and collected at anthesis and post-anthesis, flowering occurs in February and March, and from June to September. From the early hours of the morning, the spadices of S. maldonadianum emitted a strong and pleasant floral scent, sometimes perceptible several meters away. In the afternoon, the scent was less intense. The scented bouquet contained overall 41 volatile compounds (12 aromatics, 10 terpenoids, four nitrogen-containing compounds, and 15 unknown compounds, Appendix 1). The main compounds (> 5% in any of samples) were (R)-Linalool, Methyl p -anisate, Methyl salicylate, Methyl benzoate, and Methyl (E)-cinnamate (Appendix 1). Three thereof ((R)-Linalool, Methyl p -anisate, Methyl (E)-cinnamate) are reported for the first time as part of the floral bouquet in a member of Spathiphyllum (Hentrich et al. 2010, Díaz Jiménez et al. 2019, 2021b). In the morning, when the scent is most intense, the spadices of S. maldonadianum are visited by male euglossine bees (Euglossa sp.; Fig. 3A) and stingless bees (Plebeia sp.; Fig. 3B). Eponymy: —The species is named in honor of the Mexican botanist, M. C. Francisco Maldonado Mares, who died on December 6, 2017. The “Magister”, as he was affectionately named, was a professor of botany at the Universidad Juarez Autónoma de Tabasco where he was always eager to support his students. Among his publications we can find the “Frutales Tropicales de Tabasco ”, “Cercos Vivos de Tabasco ”, and “Plantas Medicinales de Tabasco ”. Additional specimens examined (paratypes):— MEXICO. Tabasco: Mun. Tacotalpa: Ejido Lázaro Cárdenas, 12 May 80, C . Cowan 2989 (CSAT!); 0.2 km abajo (NW) de, y antes de entrar a Tapijulapa. Hasta 0.5 km arriba del camino por el arroyo a pie, 17°28’N, 92°46’W, 43 m, 30 May 1982, C. P . Cowan et al. 3531 (CSAT!); A 1 km al NE del ejido Xicotencatl, ladera exposición W. Sierra Poaná, 22 May 1985, E. S . López-Hernández 153 (UJAT!); A 3 km después de Tapijulapa por el camino a la Provincia, 28 Jun. 1985, E. S . López-Hernández 273 (UJAT!); Selva cuesta chica, 10 Jun. 2004, N. H . García 19 (UJAT!); ejido Agua Blanca, 31 Mar. 2004, N. H . García & S. G. Ramírez H. 31 (UJAT!); R/ a. Madrigal 5a. Secc., Sierra el Madrigal, 17°30’N, 92°49’W, 200 m, 23 Mar. 2009, P . Díaz Jiménez & A. M. de la Cruz López 726 (MO!, UJAT!); ejido Pomoquita, 17°22’N, 92°43’W, 109 m, 05 Jun. 2021, P . Díaz Jiménez & P. A. Aguilar-Rodríguez 1582 (UJAT!); ejido Pomoquita, 17°22’N, 92°43’W, 109 m, 23 Jul. 2021, P . Díaz Jiménez 1586 (UJAT!). Mun. Teapa: parte W del cerro El Madrigal, 16 May 1981, G . Ramos et al. 699 (UJAT!); A 2 km del ejido Sta. Rosa hacia el ejido Lázaro Cárdenas, 17°32’N, 92°08’W, 40 – 50 m, 25 Feb. 1983, M. A . Magaña et al. 1020 (CSAT!, MO, UJAT!); Cerro del Madrigal, arriba del Centro Puyacatengo, Chapingo, al lado del Río Puyacatengo, 3 km de la carretera Teapa-Tacotalpa, 17°31’N, 92°55’W, 330 m, 18 Jun. 1983, C. P . Cowan et al. 3968 (MO!); 7 km SE of Teapa on road to Tacotalpa; Rancho San Eneas, Sierra el Madrigal, 17°35’N, 92°50’W, 70 m, 30 Sep. 1986, B. E . Hammel & M. Merello 15522 (MO!); Vicinity of Teapa, along road between Teapa and Tacotalpa, 3.1 m; E of Teapa, ca. 0.25 miles S of Highway, 17°33’N, 92°58’W, 150 m, 19 Feb. 1987, T. B . Croat & D. P. Hannon 65372 (MO!); San José Puyacatengo, evergreen tropical forest, 17°31’N, 92°55’W, 188 m, 14 May 2008, P . Díaz Jiménez 539 (MO!); Sierra el Madrigal, San José Puyacatengo, 17°31’N, 92°55’W, 237 m, 28 May 2008, P . Díaz Jiménez 562 (XAL!). Notes: — Spathiphyllum maldonadianum represents the thirteenth species of the genus Spathiphyllum for Mexico, and the fourth species of Araceae recently described for Tabasco (Croat et al. 2019, Díaz Jiménez et al. 2020, PérezFarrera et al. 2022). All specimens collected in the type locality of S. maldonadianum and its surroundings, Sierra del Madrigal between Teapa-Tacotalpa, were mistakenly determined and for a long time reported as S. cochlearispathum (Cowan 1983, Pérez et al. 2005, Díaz Jiménez 2006, Díaz Jiménez et al. 2015, Tropicos 2022). However, unlike the latter, in S. maldonadianum the petiole sheath does not reach the geniculum, its blades are almost twice as wide, its pistils are longer, and have fewer ovules per ovary. Bunting (1965) mentioned that a specimen collected near Teapa and cultivated in a greenhouse, with a light green spathe in anthesis and up to 42 cm long, could represent a new species. That specimen actually corresponds to S. maldonadianum. Furthermore, no specimen from the Sierra del Madrigal was included in his revision under the name of S. cochlearispathum (Bunting 1960). The only specimen he included as S. cochlearispathum from Tabasco was S. lacustre Lundell (1941: 4–5), considered synonymous with that species, but representing a different species than S. cochlearispathum (Díaz Jiménez et al. unpubl.)., Published as part of Jiménez, Pedro Díaz, Dötterl, Stefan, Fuchs, Roman, Hentrich, Heiko, Pérez-Farrera, Miguel Ángel, Vega, José Padilla & Aguilar-Rodríguez, Pedro A., 2022, Two new species of Spathiphyllum (Araceae) from Tabasco, Mexico with notes on their floral scent, pp. 121-132 in Phytotaxa 566 (1) on pages 123-126, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.566.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7103538, {"references":["IUCN (2012) The IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Version 3.1, 2 nd ed. IUCN Species Survival Commission. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Available from: https: // portals. iucn. org / library / sites / library / files / documents / RL- 2001 - 001 - 2 nd-Es. pdf (accessed 22 March 2022)","Hentrich, H., Kaiser, R. & Gottsberger, G. (2010) Floral biology and reproductive isolation by floral scent in three sympatric aroid species in French Guiana. Plant Biology 12: 587 - 596. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1438 - 8677.2009.00256. x","Diaz Jimenez, P., Hentrich, H., Aguilar-Rodriguez, P. A., Kromer, T., Chartier, M., MacSwiney-G., M. C. & Gibernau, M. (2019) A review on the pollination of aroids with bisexual flowers. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 104: 83 - 104. https: // doi. org / 10.3417 / 2018219","Diaz Jimenez, P., Hentrich, H., Dotterl, S., Kromer, T., MacSwiney-G., M. C. & Aguilar-Rodriguez, P. A. (2021 b) Reproductive biology of two Spathiphyllum (Araceae) species in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. Flora 285: 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. flora. 2021.151958","Croat, T. B., Delannay, X., Ortiz, O. O. & Diaz Jimenez, P. (2019) A review of the aroid tribe Caladieae with the description of three new species of Caladium and seven new species of Syngonium (Araceae). Novon 27: 38 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.3417 / 2018283","Diaz Jimenez, P., Aguilar-Rodriguez, P. A., Croat, T. B., Cedeno-Fonseca, M., Alarcon-Montano, M., Yovel, Y. & MacSwiney-G., M. C. (2020) Philodendron guadarramanum (Araceae), a new species from Tabasco, Mexico. Phytotaxa 468: 296 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 468.3.5","Cowan, C. P. (1983) Listados floristicos de Mexico. I. Flora de Tabasco. Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico. 123 pp.","Perez, L. A., Sousa, S. M., Hanan-Alipi, A. M., Chiang, F. & Tenorio, P. (2005) Vegetacion terrestre. In: Bueno, J., Alvarez, F. & Santiago, S. (Eds.) Biodiversidad del Estado de Tabasco. Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Mexico, pp. 65 - 110.","Diaz Jimenez, P. (2006) Composicion floristica de la familia Araceae en el desarrollo Ecoturistico Kolem jaa' en Tacotalpa, Tabasco, Mexico. Kuxulkab' 12: 17 - 20.","Diaz Jimenez, P., Guadarrama-Olivera, M. A. & Croat, T. B. (2015) Diversidad floristica de Araceae en el estado de Tabasco, Mexico. Botanical Sciences 93: 131 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.17129 / botsci. 238","Tropicos (2022) Missouri Botanical Garden. Available from: https: // www. tropicos. org / home (accessed 16 March 2022)","Bunting, G. S. (1965) Commentary on Mexican Araceae. Gentes Herbarum 9: 291 - 382.","Bunting, G. S. (1960) A revision of Spathiphyllum (Araceae). Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 10: 1 - 53.","Lundell, C. L. (1941) Studies of American spermatophytes I. Contributions from the university of Michigan herbarium 6: 1 - 66."]}

Anthurium tacotalpense Díaz Jim. & Pérez-Farr. sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Anthurium tacotalpense is morphologically similar to A. cerrobaulense, but differs from that species in having adaxially flat petioles (vs. sharply sulcate), longer spadix (7–8 vs. 4.0– 4.4 cm) and immature green berries (vs. dull violet-purple), orange when mature (vs. red to red-orange). Type:— MEXICO. Tabasco: Municipio Tacotalpa, ejido Poaná, Selva altaperennifolia, 17°32’09”N 092°44’12”W, 60 m, 03 November 2009, Pedro Díaz Jiménez, A . Garduza & M. E. Sosa 1009 (holotype UJAT!, isotypes MO!, HEM!). Terrestrial on rocky, steep slopes or epipetric, to 0.65 m tall; stems 10–20 cm long, 1.5–3.0 cm diam.; leaf scars ca. 1.5 cm wide; roots 1.5–3.0 mm thick, directed downward; cataphylls subcoriaceous, (3) 5–7 cm long, acute at apex, light green, drying light brown, persisting intact at apex, splitting into linear fibers at the base. Leaves erect to spreading; petioles 26–56 cm long, 3–5 mm diam., D–shaped, flattened adaxially; geniculum 1.0– 2.3 cm long, 5.0– 6.5 mm diam., flattened adaxially; blades ovate-triangular, acute at apex, broadly lobed at base, 21–43 cm long, 14–33 cm wide, broadest at point of petiole attachment; anterior lobe 9.0– 18.5 cm long; margins entire or undulate, straight or convex from base to apex; posterior lobes 9–24 cm long, 6.5–14.5 cm wide, directed outward, straight or overlapping; sinus triangular to spathulate, sometimes parabolic or hippocrepiform; upper surface dark green and semiglossy; lower surface light green, semiglossy, drying brown, semiglossy on both surfaces; midrib narrowly raised above, acute below; basal veins 4–5 pairs, the 1st free to base, departing midrib ca. 60° angle, 2nd to 3 rd fused 0.5–1.0 cm, 3 rd to 4 th fused 2.0– 2.5 cm, raised in weak valleys above, raised and light green to whitish below; posterior ribs naked; primary lateral veins 5–7 pairs, departing midrib at 55°–75° angle, weakly raised or flat above, raised below; collective veins arising from 1 st pair of basal veins, flat and slightly visible above, weakly raised below, 7–12 mm from the margin. Inflorescence erect-spreading, about as long as the leaves; peduncle 34–67 cm long, 2–4 mm diam.; spathe reflexed, lanceolate, thin, light green, 6–10 cm long, 1.3–2.5 cm wide, acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base, inserted ca. 40–50° angle on peduncle; spadix tapered, green at anthesis, light brown-matte and semi-glossy in post-anthesis, 7–13 cm long, 5–7 mm diam. at the base, 3.0– 3.5 mm diam. at the apex; flowers square or rhombic, 1.5–1.8 mm long, 3–4 mm wide, the sides ± straight; 2–5 flowers visible in either spiral; tepals light green, papillate minutely, sparse droplets appearing at anthesis, the lateral tepals 0.3–1.5 mm wide, the inner margin ± straight; pistil weakly emergent, matte; stigma oblong, 0.1–0.3 mm long, presence of small-transparent droplets in the female phase; anthers yellow; thecae ellipsoid; pollen yellow. Infructescence pendent; spadix to 8–10 cm long, ca. 1.5 cm diam.; berries orange at maturity, broadly obovoid or subglobose, truncate or sunk at apex, 5–10 mm long, 5.0– 7.5 mm wide; seeds 1 or 2, flattened on one side if 2, round or oblong, white-yellowish, 5–7 mm long, 4–7 mm wide. Distribution, habitat and conservation status: — Anthurium tacotalpense is endemic to the municipality of Tacotalpa, state of Tabasco, Mexico. It grows in the understory or edge of the forest, between 50 and 150 m, on karstic rocks in “bosque tropical perennifolio” (sensu Rzedowski 1978) or lower montane rain forest (sensu Breedlove 1981). The habitat has irregular topography with slopes of up to 70% and cliffs. The geology of this region comprises Eocene continental marine strata with Oligocene marine inclusions. Its limestone rock has eroded to form a karst topography (López-Mendoza 1980; López-Hernández 1994), and the soil is a shallow tropical rendzina. According to the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy, the new species is considered critically endangered (CR; IUCN 2001). Phenology: —Its flowering and fruiting has been recorded in February, July, June, August, September, October and November. Eponymy: — This species is named for the municipality of Tacotalpa, Tabasco, where the type locality is located. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — MEXICO. Tabasco: Municipio Tacotalpa, Cerro al noroeste del Ej. Lázaro Cárdenas, a 1.5 km del Ejido., 17°33’04”N 092°45’34”W, 130 m, 08 July 1981, Clark P . Cowan, Sergio Zamudio R. & M.A. Magaña A. 3402 (CSAT!, MO!); Municipio Tacotalpa, Kolem Chen, 17°26’32”N 092°45’30”W, 79 m, 16 March 2008, Pedro Díaz Jiménez 438 (MO!, UJAT!); Kolem Chen, 17°26’31”N 092°45’31”W, 92 m, 03 June 2021, Pedro Díaz Jiménez 1577 (UJAT!). Notes: — Anthurium tacotalpense represents the thirty-second taxa of Anthurium sect. Andiphilum in Mexico (Croat et al. unpubl. data). It is recognized for its terrestrial and epipetric habit, D–shaped and adaxially flattened petioles, ovate-triangular blades, green spadix at anthesis and orange berries at maturity. It can be easily confused with A. cerrobaulense, an epiphytic or epipetric (rarely terrestrial) species from Chiapas and Oaxaca, Mexico. However, A. cerrobaulense has sharply sulcate adaxially petioles, shorter spadix and immature dull berries violet-purple. Furthermore, A. cerrobaulense grows in Quercus -Pinus forests, between 830–1,600 m (Croat 1983). All specimens of Anthurium tacotalpense collected in southern Tabasco had previously been identified as A. berriozabalense (Díaz Jiménez et al. 2015), a species described by Matuda (1951) from Las Vistas, north of Berriozabal, Chiapas, but the latter species is characterized by having blades with the entire margins, straight or concave from the base to the apex, the anterior lobe and posterior lobes narrower, and the posterior lobes directed outward (Croat 1983), while in A. tacotalpense the blades have margins entire or undulate, either straight or convex from the base to apex, the anterior lobe and posterior lobes are almost twice as wide, and the posterior lobes directed outward, straight or overlapping.