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A checklist of Orchidaceae from Caquetá, Colombia is presented here. We recorded 98 genera and 418 species, exceeding a previous inventory by 276 species. The checklist is conservative in the number of genera and species by including only taxa that were fully and reliably identified and that are either linked to a corresponding herbarium voucher, a living collection specimen or a photo taken in the field and published in iNaturalist by one of the authors or a collaborator. The documented species diversity in the region could dramatically increase in the next few years with additional collecting efforts in the eastern slopes of the Andes nested in Caquetá. About 9% (418/4600) of all Orchidaceae species recorded for Colombia are reported for this area, showing the important contribution to orchid diversity of Andean-Amazonian foothills of Caquetá.

Key to the Species 1. Mature leaves with upturned rim, rim moderate to high (8– 10% of blade length), sigmoid in cross- section; mature bud concave towards apex; carpellary appendages with a cuneate base, arising 45 ◦ from the point of attachment (see Figure 2); prickles associated with the flowers tapering abruptly to a point, covering ovary and either absent, or covering the basal 1/3 of abaxial surface of the outer tepal, prickles 0 – 100 per tepal; seeds globose, raphe faintly visible. Paraná river basin, lower course of Paraguay river V. cruziana (Figure 6) 1. Mature leaves with no upturned rim, or where present the upturned rim low to moderate (4–7% of blade length), sigmoid or vertical in cross-section; mature bud convex towards apex; carpellary appendages with an auriculate or subauriculate base, arising 45 ◦ from point of attachment or not (see Figure 3); prickles associated with the flowers tapering smoothly or abruptly to a point, covering both the ovary and entire abaxial surface of the outer tepal, or only the ovary, 0–1000 prickles per tepal; seeds ellipsoid or globose, raphe faintly visible or prominent. Amazon river basin, Pantanal 2 2. Mature leaves with no or moderate upturned rim, which, where present, is vertical in cross-section. Prickles associated with the flowers tapering smoothly to a point and covering both ovary and entire abaxial surface of the outer tepals, 55–300 prickles per tepal; stigmatic chamber deeply concave, obdeltate in longitudinal profile, carpellary appendage auriculate and hanging free from, not arising 45 ◦ from point of attachment (see Figures 2, 3); seeds ellipsoid, the raphe faintly visible. Amazon river basin excluding V. amazonica (Figure 4) 2. Mature leaves with a moderate upturned rim, which is sigmoid in cross-section. Prickles associated with the flowers tapering abruptly to a point, covering both the ovary and entire abaxial surface of the outer tepals, or only the ovary, 0–1000 prickles per tepal; stigmatic chamber shallowly concave and oblong in longitudinal profile, carpellary appendage subauriculate at point of attachment not arising 45 ◦ from point of attachment (see Figure 3) (not known for V. cruziana f. mattogrossensis); seed ovoid, the raphe prominent. Llanos de Moxos or Pantanal 3 3. Prickles associated with the flowers covering the ovary and either absent from or sparsely distributed over the abaxial surface of the outer tepals, 0–10 per tepal; apical portion of the carpellary appendage longer than the basal portion. Llanos de Moxos V. boliviana (Figure 5) 3. Prickles associated with the flowers covering the ovary and distributed densely and evenly over the abaxial surface of the outer tepals, 500–1000+ per tepal; apical portion of the carpellary appendage shorter than the basal portion. Pantanal V. cruziana f. mattogrossensis taxon incertum taxon incertae Victoria R. H. Schomb., Athenaeum (London) 1837 (No. 515): 661 (September 9 1837). Victoria Lindl., Monog. 3 (October 16 1837). Victoria J. E. Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. 2(10): 373 (December 1 1837). Aquatic perennial herb, rhizome erect, tuberous, elongate to cylindrical, roots adventitious. Leaves floating, orbicular, peltate, perforated by stomatodes, adaxial surface of lamina glabrous, lacking prickles, green; abaxial surface of lamina with prominent radial and reticulate ribs, juvenile leaves sagittate; leaf margins flat or upturned; prickles covering petiole and ribs. Inflorescences uniflorate, bracteate. Flowers axillary, solitary, multiple buds per plant; pedicel with 4 primary air chambers, 8 minor chambers, covered in prickles; flowers opening one at a time, projecting above water surface shortly before anthesis, projecting above or resting on water surface at anthesis, each flower opening over two nights and partially closing in between, protogynous. Epigynous, ovary globose, covered in prickles externally, ovules parietal, attached by short funiculi, globose. Outer tepals 4, triangular, apex acute to rounded. Inner tepals 40–c.100, arranged in spiral series, creating a torus (attachment point of tepals forming a ring of tissue), tepals gradually reducing in size towards the center and changing shape from apically rounded to acute from outer to innermost; outer staminodia in 1 or 2 whorls, thick, rigid, apiculate; stamens> 100, borne in c. 3 series, subulate, introrse; anthers linear-elongate; inner staminodia,>50, sigmoid, subulate, partially adnate to carpellary appendages, detaching at second-night anthesis; carpellary appendages L-shaped, arising from extension of stigmatic surface, lower parts adnate to tissue extending from tepal base attachment, corresponding in position and number with stigmatic surface ridges and locules. Fruit ripening just below surface of water, 10–15 cm in diameter (excluding prickles) at maturity, fleshy, oblate, topped by a shallow cylinder-shaped mass of dark reddish to maroon ring of persistent hard tissue formed by the remnant bases of tepals; inner staminodia persistent and curved over concave stigmatic surface while ripening; outer layers of pericarp disintegrating to release seeds. Seeds smooth, surrounded by a mucilaginous aril. Three, possibly four species, tropical and temperate South America., Published as part of Smith, Lucy T., Magdalena, Carlos, Przelomska, Natalia A. S., Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A., Melgar-Gómez, Darío G., Beck, Stephan, Negrão, Raquel, Mian, Sahr, Leitch, Ilia J., Dodsworth, Steven, Maurin, Olivier, Ribero-Guardia, Gaston, Salazar, César D., Gutierrez-Sibauty, Gloria, Antonelli, Alexandre & Monro, Alexandre K., 2022, Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation, pp. 1-31 in Frontiers in Plant Science 13 on pages 19-20, DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.883151, http://zenodo.org/record/7576624