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Agroforestry are sustainable land management systems able to increase the production considering both the woody and herbaceous component. The Woody component economic return is usually produced when the stand is thinned and in the final harvest. However, the herbaceous production is usually negatively affected by the shade, but it also depends of the type of understory that it is grown. Yield SAFE is a biophysical model that allow to compare different crop production under different tree management options. The aim of this paper was to compare the herbaceous production of wheat and grassland in a tree less situation and a silvopasture system with low tree density (600 trees ha-1) developing four different scenarios. Wheat and grassland were sown at the beginning. Under treeless situation (Figure 1), wheat produces more than grasslands, but in extreme years with a high leve lof drougth the production of pasture is reduced in a lower degree or even not reduced. When the herbaceous component grows up under the tree, wheat diminishes more its productivy than grasslands. As a mean pasture under tree is able to maintain the 20% of the full sunlight situation grassland production, while the whea is below 5%. We can conclude that having grassland as part of the understory of a pinus radiata silvopastoral systems, farmers are able to have more forage than having wheat. Moreover, the resilience of pasture availability is higher when grassland is used in silvopastoral systems

Silvoarable practices are a type of agroforestry systems that allows combining a crop with a Woody component. Tree layout designs considering distribution but also density modify the productivity of both components. Yield safe was used to compare two tree densities of a Pinus radiate stand considering the productivity of the tree and of wheat. Low initial tree density (600 trees ha-1) aiming at high value timber production was compared with high initial density (1333 trees ha-1) aiming at to produce a higher volume per hectare. Two different thinning were programmed being the first the extraction of 20% of the trees in years 10, 15 and 20 and the second a 20 and a 10% in years 10 and 15. Stand volume was reduced when low tree density were implemented compared with high tree density, while the contrary happened with the tree volume and diameter. Tree diameter was higher when 20:20:20 thinning program was carried out in both tree densities, being the effect more noticeable when low tree density was evaluated.

In this paper, we present a high speed electronic speckle pattern interferometer (HSESPI) for the experimental analysis of a semisolid and rectangular membrane fully supported on its 4 edges. This system is based on an out of plane interferometer setup that integrates a continuous wave and a fast camera with an acquisition rate of 5000 frames/s. The acquired data is a set of temporal and full-field spatial samples of the surface deformation that have an optical phase change due to free vibrations coming from an external and random vibration frequency. Several fringe patterns of interference are contended all over the 5000 recorded frames. Each fringe pattern is processed by a phase extraction of a single fringe pattern algorithm. With this information, it is possible to do a spatiotemporal characterization of the membrane. The results shown graphics of a couple of points of the membrane followed along the time and the spatial evolution of a couple of profiles inside the membrane.

From the beginning of the 1970s to the present day, significant changes have taken place in the competitive and organizational behavior of small and medium-sized companies (SMEs). Recently, some of these factors have applied more intensively, and this has given rise to growth in the number of new companies that undertake overseas operations almost immediately (known as born globals). The phenomenon of early internationalization is relatively recent, so there are still many aspects that need to be studied. The objective of this study is to contribute to the scarce empirical literature existing in Spain on this topic, by providing evidence on the possible differences in character of the born-global firms compared with the rest of exporting companies. To this end, the focus of the study is on the analysis of variables such as the size and sector of activity of these companies, and their principal economic and financial magnitudes. A sample of 1,324 Spanish SMEs that were exporting in 2007 was surveyed; of this total approximately 12% identified themselves as having adopted early internationalization. The results obtained indicate that the born-global firms are, on average, smaller; they are classified mostly to the services sector; and they are much more leveraged than the rest of Spanish SMEs that export.

Objetivo. En el presente trabajo analizamos las causas por las que se ha debido reintervenir a pacientes diagnosticados de estenosis de canal que habían sido tratados mediante descompresión quirúrgica y fijación lumbar. Material y métodos. Seleccionamos 74 pacientes entre enero de 1996 y diciembre de 2000 con un seguimiento mínimo de 4 años. Resultados. 16 (21,1%) fueron sometidos a una nueva intervención quirúrgica. La principal causa fue la estenosis de niveles adyacentes superiores a la instrumentación (en el 50%). Otras causas fueron la fibrosis perirradicular, la persistencia de estenosis tras la cirugía, el dolor neuropático, la desconexión del sistema de fijación, la compresión radicular por tornillos transpediculares y la rotura de tornillos. Conclusiones. Las complicaciones relacionadas con la técnica quirúrgica son bajas ya que la mitad de las reintervenciones en pacientes con estenosis del canal lumbar está producida por la estenosis del segmento superior a la fijación. Objective. In present study we analyzes the causes leading to reoperation patients treated for lumbar spinal stenosis with laminectomy and lumbar instrumentation. Material and methods. 74 patients operated between January of 1996 and December of 2000 with a minimum 4 year follow-up were seleted for the study. Results. 16 patients (21 1%) underwent a new surgical intervention. The main cause for reoperation was stenosis of the adjacent level superiorly to the instrumentation (in 50%). Other causes were radicular fibrosis, persistence of stenosis after the surgery, neuropatic pain, failure of the instrumentation system, transpedicular screws misplacement and break of screws. Conclusions. Complications related with the initial surgical procedure are low, as half of the reoperations were due to stenosis of the segment superior to the fixation.

To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy (in terms of overall survival [OS] and progression-free survival [PFS]) of a high-dose chemotherapy protocol including four drugs and peripheral stem cell rescue (PSCR) plus posttransplant G-CSF (filgrastim) in disseminated breast cancer patients.Fifty-three metastatic breast cancer patients were treated with a four-drug program of high-dose chemotherapy including cyclophosphamide (6 g/m2), thiotepa (500 mg/m2), carboplatin (800-1,600 mg/m2) and mitoxantrone (20-60 mg/m2) with autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell support followed by filgrastim. Most cases (92%) had previously received conventional induction chemotherapy with anthracycline-containing combinations.After a median follow-up of 27 months (range 12-43 months) from transplant, the median survival of the overall group was 25 months, with an OS projected at 43 months of 31%. Patients in complete remission after induction chemotherapy or status NED (no evidence of disease: surgical resection of metastases) presented the best outcome, with a projected PFS of 50% at 43 months. Patients intensified without complete response had a poor outcome. The most important extramedullary toxicity was mucositis. Four patients (7.5%) died as a consequence of treatment (2 with sepsis-associated ARDS, one with venooclussive disease of the liver, one with congestive cardiac failure).The outcome of metastatic breast cancer patients in complete remission after induction chemotherapy or NED status seems to be good with our high-dose chemotherapy including four drug and PSCR. On the other hand, patients intensified without complete response presented a bad outcome and do not seem candidates for future trials with this therapeutic approach.