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Objective(s): Preeclampsia (PE) is a complication of pregnancy that might increase progeny risk of cardiovascular and metabolic problems, mainly in males. Renin angiotensin aldosterone system is known to be involved. (Pro) renin/renin receptor ((P)RR) has been shown to participate in cardiovascular pathology. The aim of this work was to evaluate (P)RR expression and function upon cardiovascular and renal tissues from PE dams' offspring. Materials and Methods: We used offspring from normal pregnant and preeclamptic rats, evaluating body, heart, aorta and kidney weight, length, and blood pressure along 3 months after birth. Subsets of animals received handle region peptide (HRP) (0.2 mg/Kg, sc). Another group received vehicle. Animals were sacrificed at first, second, and third months of age, tissues were extracted and processed for immunoblot to detect (P)RR, PLZF, β-catenin, DVL-1, and PKCα. (P)RR and PLZF were also measured by RT-PCR. Results: We found that offspring developed hypertension. Male descendants remained hypertensive throughout the whole experiment. Female animals tended to recover at second month and returned to normal blood pressure at third month. HRP treatment diminished hypertension in both male and female animals. Morphological evaluations showed changes in heart, aorta, and kidney weight, and HRP reverted this effect. Finally, we found that (P)RR, PLZF, and canonical WNT transduction pathway molecules were stimulated by PE, and HRP treatment abolished this increase. Conclusion: These findings suggest that PE can induce hypertension in offspring, and (P)RR seems to play an important role through the canonical WNT pathway and that gender seems to influence this response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: There are patients with breast cancer which will never metastasize. Tumor palpability is a prognostic variable for lower risk of developing metastases. PAM50 intrinsic subtypes were independently prognostic for long-term survival. In our study, patients with non-palpable, luminal tumors, <1 cm, diagnosed on breast screening, never develop metastases. De-escalation of treatment should be considered. Background. Implementing mammogram screening means that clinicians are seeing many breast cancers that will never develop metastases. The purpose of this study was to identify subgroups of breast cancer patients who did not present events related to long-term breast cancer mortality, taking into account diagnosis at breast screening, absence of palpability and axillary involvement, and genomic analysis with PAM50. Patients and Methods. To identify them, a retrospective observational study was carried out selecting patients without any palpable tumor and without axillary involvement, and a genomic analysis was performed with PAM50. Results. The probability of distant metastasis-free interval (DMFI) of 337 patients was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.90–0.93) at 20 years and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.92–1.00) in 95 patients (28%) with available PAM50 tests. In 22 (23.15%) luminal A tumors and in 9 (9.47%) luminal B tumors smaller than 1 cm, and in HER2 and basal type tumors, there were no metastatic events (20-year DMFI of 1.00). Conclusion. Patients with nonpalpable breast cancer found at screening with negative nodes are at very low risk. It is possible to identify subgroups without metastatic events by determining the intrinsic subtype and tumor size less than 1 cm. Therefore, de-escalation of treatment should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cationic surfactants based on phenylalanine (CnPC3NH3Cl) and tryptophan (CnTC3NH3Cl) were synthesized using renewable raw materials as starting compounds and a green synthetic procedure. The synthesis, acid-base equilibrium, aggregation properties, and antibacterial activity were investigated. Conductivity and fluorescence were used to establish critical micelle concentrations. Micellization of CnPC3NH3Cl and CnTC3NH3Cl occurred in the ranges of 0.42–16.2 mM and 0.29–4.6 mM, respectively. Since those surfactants have some acidic character, the apparent pKa was determined through titrations, observing increasing acidity with increasing chain length and being slightly more acidic with the phenylalanine than the tryptophan derivatives. Both families showed promising antibacterial efficacy against eight different bacterial strains. Molecular docking studies against the enzyme peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase (PDB ID:2OQO) were used to investigate the potential binding mechanism of target surfactant molecules. According to small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) results, the surfactants incorporate into DPPC (Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidyl Choline) bilayers without strong perturbation up to high surfactant concentration. Some of the C12TC3NH3Cl/DPPC formulations (40%/60% and 20%/80% molar ratios) exhibited good antibacterial activity, while the others were not effective against the tested bacteria. The strong affinity between DPPC and surfactant molecules, as determined by the DFT (density functional theory) method, could be one of the reasons for the loss of antibacterial activity of these cationic surfactants when they are incorporated in vesicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cationic surfactants carry antimicrobial activity, based on their interaction and disruption of cell membranes. Nonetheless, their intrinsic toxicity limits their applicability. To overcome this issue, a feasible strategy consists of using solid nanoparticles to improve their delivery. The zein nanoparticles were loaded with four cationic arginine-based surfactants: one single chain Nα-lauroyl-arginine (LAM) and three Gemini surfactants Nα Nω-Bis (Nα-lauroyl-arginine) α, ω—diamide) (C3(LA)2, C6(LA)2 and C9(LA)2). Blank and loaded zein nanoparticles were characterized in terms of size, polydispersity and zeta potential. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts and the hemolytic activity were investigated and compared to the surfactants in a solution. Nanoparticles were found to be monodisperse, presenting a size of between 180–341 nm, a pdI of <0.2 and a positive zeta potential of between +13 and +53 mV, remaining stable over 365 days. The nanoencapsulation maintained the antimicrobial activity as unaltered, while the extensive hemolytic activity found for the surfactants in a solution was reduced drastically. Nuclear Magnetic Ressonance (NMR), molecular docking and monolayer findings indicated that zein entraps the surfactants, interfering in the surfactant–membrane interactions. Accordingly, the nanoepcasulation of arginine surfactants improved their selectivity, while the cationic charges were free to attack and destroy bacteria and fungi; the aliphatic chains were not available to disrupt the cellular membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cationic surfactants have great potential as drug vehicles and for use in gene therapy (cationic vesicles made from cationic surfactants can encapsulate RNA or DNA for cellular transfer). They can also be used as antimicrobial and antifungal agents to treat human infections. In an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, the development of new biocompatible surfactants suitable for application as antimicrobial agents is of high interest. In this work, a library of amino acid-based surfactants was synthesized, characterized and tested for antimicrobial activity. The head group architecture (number and type of amino acids, density of cationic charge, ionic character) and the hydrophobic moiety (alkyl chain length and position of the hydrophobic group) were systematically modified, and the effect on the surfactant biological and aggregation behavior was studied. Thus, the pKa values, micellization process, antimicrobial efficiency and biodegradability were evaluated. The critical micelle concentration values of the surfactants depended on their hydrophobic character, but changes in the polar head as well as the position and length of the alkyl chain also significantly affected activity against some of the tested microorganisms. Moreover, biodegradability was closely related to the hydrophobic character of the surfactant and attachment of the alkyl chain to the polar head. The structure–activity relationships established here may open perspectives for the design of effective biodegradable antimicrobial materials that can overcome emerging resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in the concept of smart cities and the process of smartization has increased in recent years, as reflected in the number of studies published in academic journals. Research has offered multiple perspectives to understand the risks and challenges posed by the growing population in urban areas, highlighting plans and actions that need to be undertaken. In contrast to smart cities, smartization in rural areas has received only scarce attention, despite the beneficial effect that the transformation of rural areas could have for society. Smart villages face different issues such as depopulation and the need to attract young people if they are to survive. Consequently, we need to rethink the impact of technology and the overall idea of becoming "smart" in this context. Therefore, this paper aims to define "smart" in the context of rural areas. In terms of methodology, the research takes the Smart Rural 21 project as case study. The results consider related aspects of sustainability, governance, the role of technology and the need to use a strategic approach that ensures quality of life in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 14 November 2018, Poland's Ministry for Agriculture and Rural Development notified the European Commission (hereinafter, Commission) of its intention to introduce mandatory country of origin labelling (hereinafter, COOL) for potatoes on the basis of a Draft Regulation of the Minister for Agriculture and Rural Development amending the Regulation on the labelling of certain foodstuffs (hereinafter, Draft Regulation).1 Poland's notification is the most recent example of the continuously increasing number of EU Member States' measures on COOL for foodstuffs. While the EU already provides COOL requirements for fruits and vegetables in Regulation (EU) No 543/2011 of 7 June 2011 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 in respect of the fruit and vegetables and processed fruit and vegetables sectors2 (hereinafter, Regulation (EU) No 543/2011), they do not apply to fresh potatoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How much the excellent science uses web 2.0 tools to encourage public engagement in the research process is analyzed. Understanding participation, from the perspective of responsible research and innovation, not only as the communication of scientific results, but also the involvement of society in scientific development. For the analysis, an ad-hoc questionnaire developed using the Delphi method was designed and validated. The study sample is constituted by Spanish projects financed by the European Research Council in 2015. Among the results obtained, the reduced use of digital applications stands out. In fact, only 23.9% of projects have a website and less than 15% have a social profile. Regarding participation mechanisms, a limited 3% uses web 2.0 to involve citizens. With reference to the characteristics of the communication, it can be concluded that it is unidirectional from the institution responsible for the project to society -97% of the cases- and presents a high level of specialization -in more than 80% of the cases a technical language is used and the messages posted are aimed solely at experts-. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural capability shown by cationic vesicles in interacting with negatively charged surfaces or biomolecules has recently attracted increased interest. Important pharmacological advantages include the selective targeting of the tumour vasculature, the promotion of permeation across cell membranes, as well as the influence of cationic vesicles on drug delivery. Accordingly, cationic amphiphiles derived from amino acids may represent an alternative to traditional synthetic cationic surfactants due to their lower cytotoxicity. The importance of a synthesized lysine-based gemini surfactant (labelled C 6 (LL) 2 ) was evaluated in drug delivery by designing cationic niosomes as usable pharmaceutical tools of chemotherapeutics and antibiotics, respectively like methotrexate and tetracycline. The influence of formulation factors on the vesicles’ physical-chemical properties, drug entrapment efficiency, in vitro release and ex-vivo skin permeation were investigated. A niosomal gel containing the gemini surfactant was also tested as a viable multi-component topical formulation. Results indicate that in the presence of cholesterol, C 6 (LL) 2 was able to form stable and nanosized niosomes, loading hydrophilic or hydrophobic molecules. Furthermore, in vitro release studies and ex-vivo permeation profiles showed that C 6 (LL) 2 -based vesicles behave as sustained and controlled delivery systems in the case of parenteral administration, and as drug percutaneous permeation enhancers after topical application. Finally, cationic C 6 (LL) 2 acts as a carrier constituent, conferring peculiar and interesting functionality to the final formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reduce the damages granivorous birds cause to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) in the province of Villa Clara, Cuba, research based on the determination of the major endemic, migratory birds and their relationship with the distribution were made space of historical meteorological variables in the province in the seasonal behavior of birds in different climatic regions. Population to sorghum producers grouped in different forms surveys were conducted, which yielded a large database, such as the determination of the main grain-eating birds percentage damage incurred, varieties, grain color, growth stage and other indicators. Nine main species affecting sorghum grain-eating birds in our province were recorded; Passer domesticus, Lonchura malacca, Lonchura punctulata, Dives atroviolaceus, Passerina cyanea, Zonotrichia leucophrys, Columbina passerine, Zenaida macroura y Zenaida asiatica. The spatial distribution of meteorological variables and their relation to the seasonal behavior of birds in different climatic regions of the province was determined, based on record four preferential habitat areas. The results allowed us to provide companies and different forms of production in Villa Clara, the possibility of a varietal structure planting of sorghum on the basis of different preferential areas granivorous birds, together with the morphological and physiological characteristics of different genotypes introduced in agricultural production of the province and nationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the use that the Spanish National Research Council centers (CSIC, by its Spanish abbreviation) and Spanish public universities make of web 2.0 in disseminating their research. The methodology used is based on an ad hoc checklist design for collecting data, focusing on three areas: the use of web 2.0 tools; connectivity (number of followers); and intensity (number of comments published). One significant finding was that both types of organizations made little use of social networks to disseminate their research. In the case of universities in 2014, around 40% were present on Facebook and Twitter, 22% on YouTube, and only 22% had blogs. In regard to CSIC centers, around 30% had Facebook and Twitter profiles, 18.9% were on YouTube, and 6.8% had informative blogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of scientific information is analysed in the digital edition of the most-read newspapers in Spain: El país, El mundo, ABC and 20 minutos in December 2012, 2013 and 2014. The subject of inquiry is the published news, of which the quantity has been determined, the sources identified, and each issue categorized by the area of science to which it refers. The data obtained leads to the conclusion that the online editions, rather than overcoming the disadvantages of homogenisation and selectivity, have accentuated them. Biology and biomedicine, along with astrophysics, are the most high-profile areas. Furthermore, they rely fundamentally on two types of source: high-impact journals and research centres, most of them international. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first stages of the transformation process of hides into leather (beamhouse process) generate an important waste in the tanning industry, since a considerable fraction of solubilized proteins ends up in waste water with the corresponding increase in contamination parameters, especially when the process is carried out without hair recovery (hair-pulping process). The objective of this work was the valorisation of this waste (the separated protein fraction) which conveniently hydrolyzed to amino acid level constituted the starting material for the production of biodegradable surfactants. The lipoamino acid surfactants were obtained by acylation of the amino acids from the protein hydrolysate. These surfactants were characterized and their physico-chemical and biological properties evaluated. They exhibit very low cmc values (about 40 mg/L). These surfactants are readily biodegradable and present an aquatic toxicity significantly lower than many common commercial surfactants derived whether from renewable or petrochemical feedstock. The mixtures of surfactants obtained are able to form oil/water emulsions that remain stable for at least 1 year. The results obtained in this work confirmed that it is possible the production of biodegradable and efficient lipoamino acid surfactant mixtures from the protein fraction present in beamhouse process wastewaters. This study constitutes a promising approach for the reduction of the pollution load from industrial tannery wastes and its valorisation as raw material for the production of surfactants with excellent environmental properties and good technical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this review, we report the most important contributions in the structure, synthesis, physicochemical (surface adsorption, aggregation and phase behaviour) and biological properties (toxicity, antimicrobial activity and biodegradation) of Gemini natural amino acid-based surfactants, and some potential applications, with an emphasis on the use of these surfactants as non-viral delivery system agents. Gemini surfactants derived from basic (Arg, Lys), neutral (Ser, Ala, Sar), acid (Asp) and sulphur containing amino acids (Cys) as polar head groups, and Geminis with amino acids/peptides in the spacer chain are reviewed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction and Objective: There is a high incidence of cardiovascular conditions among the patients who visit the ophthalmology offices, and many of drugs used for these conditions may cause undesirable effects on the eyeball. The objective of this research was to determine the adverse reactions caused by the consumption of these drugs in the visual organ, and highlight their contraindications in people affected by eye disease. Method: A literature search was performed using specialized texts, and the drugs that could produce ocular adverse reactions were identified, as well as those that were contraindicated in ophthalmic diseases. Results: A total of 276 medications were reviewed and 72 (26.08%) were selected. Blurred vision (38/72), decreased visual acuity (21/72) and dizziness (16/72) were the most common adverse reactions associated with the use of cardiovascular drugs. The six medications that are contraindicated in these patients are exposed, as well as the 14 that should be prescribed with extreme caution in diseases such as glaucoma, optic atrophy, hypertensive retinopathy and migraine, among others. Conclusions: It was found that 72 drugs (26.08%) used in cardiovascular disease may produce some ocular symptoms as an adverse reaction. Blurred vision, decreased visual acuity and dizziness were predominant. It is extremely important to conduct a good medical interview to know the patient's medical history and avoid the use of drugs that are useful for a disease but harmful for another one. The doctor, knowingly, will weigh the risk/benefit of those drugs that are essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three cationic surfactants of the type Nε-acyllysine methyl ester hydrochloride have been studied with respect tosolution behavior and adsorption on the air/water interface, as wellas the thermolyotropic behavior. The self-assembly of these surfactants,which have the cationic charge on amine protonated groups, was assessedby different physicochemical methods. Depending on the pH value, thesesurfactants can dissociate in aqueous solutions, losing the cationiccharge. Therefore, knowledge of the pKaof these compounds is essential to explain their behavior in aqueoussolutions. The bulk techniques, conductivity, and nuclear magneticresonance diffusion (NMR) obtained similar critical micellar concentration(CMC) values, which were well above those obtained from surface tension.Surface tension measurements were strongly dependent on the techniqueused, namely, Wilhelmy plate and pendant drop. The phase behaviorat medium to high concentrations has been studied by optical polarizingmicroscopy and small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). The X-ray studiesshowed that the lysine-based surfactants at low hydration have richthermotropic liquid crystalline behavior. The results are discussedin terms of the structure of the compounds and the cationic chargeof the molecule. We will show how apparently small changes in moleculestructure have a large influence on phase behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of β-galactoside α2,6sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal I) mRNA, encoded by the gene siat1, is increased in malignant tissues. Expression is regulated by different promoters - P1, P2 and P3 - generating three mRNA isoforms H, X and YZ. In cervical cancer tissue the mRNA isoform H, which results from P1 promoter activity, is increased. To study the regulation of P1 promoter, different constructs from P1 promoter were evaluated by luciferase assays in cervical and hepatic cell lines. Deletion of a fragment of 1048 bp (−89 to +24 bp) increased 5- and 3-fold the promoter activity in C33A and HepG2 cell lines, respectively. The minimal region with promoter activity was a 37 bp fragment in C33A cells. The activity of this region does not require the presence of an initiator sequence. In HepG2 cells the minimal promoter activity was detected in the 66 bp fragment. Sp1 (−32) mutation increased the promoter activity only in HepG2 cells. HNF1 mutation decreased promoter activity in HepG2 cell line but not in C33A cells. We identified a large region that plays a negative regulation role. The regulation of promoter activity is cell type specific. Our study provides new insights into the complex transcriptional regulation of siat1 gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report on a catanionic vesicles-based strategy to reduce the cytotoxicity of the diacyl glycerol arginine-based synthetic surfactants 1,2-dimyristoyl- rac-glycero-3- O-( N-acetyl- l-arginine) hydrochloride (1414RAc) and 1,2-dilauroyl- rac-glycero-3- O-( N-acetyl- l-arginine) hydrochloride (1212RAc). The behavior of these surfactants was studied either as pure components or after their formulation as pseudo- tetra- chain catanionic mixtures with phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and as cationic mixtures with 1,2-dipalmitoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) used as control. The antimicrobial activity of the negatively charged formulations against Acinetobacter baumannii was maintained with respect to the surfactant alone, while a significant improvement of the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was observed, together with a strong decrease of hemolytic activity. The influence of the net charge of the catanionic vesicles on membrane selectivity was studied using model membranes. The dynamics of surface tension changes induced by the addition of 1414RAc/PG aqueous dispersions into phospholipid monolayers composed of zwitterionic DPPC as model system for mammalian membranes and of negatively charged PG mimicking cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-positive bacteria was followed by tensiometry. Our results constitute a proof of principle that tuning formulation can reduce the cytotoxicity of many surfactants, opening their possible biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the cognitive characteristics of Prader-Willi Syndrome (SPW). Ten SPW patients with WISC-R and ITPA were evaluated. Subjects were divided into three groups using the K-means method and a Kruskal-Wallis analysis was later carried out, in order to characterize the three groups. The characteristics of these three groups are in accordance with those described in the literature for the three main genetic groups of SPW. The first group shows similar characteristics for those described in people with disomy: good verbal abilities, both expressive and comprehensive, as well as dispraxic features. The second group coincides with the characteristics of short deletions, with a homogeneous profile of slight mental retardation and a predominance of praxic abilities; their comprehensive linguistic abilities are higher than their expressive abilities. The third group matches the characteristics of long deletion, with a homogeneous level of average mental retardation and deterioration of expressive and comprehensive abilities. Some principles and strategies are discussed for the purpose of educational intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Biocompatible cationic surfactants from the amino acid lysine (hydrochloride salts of Nɛ-lauroyl lysine methyl ester, Nɛ-myristoyl lysine methyl ester and Nɛ-palmitoyl lysine methyl ester) have been prepared in high yields by lysine acylation in ɛ position with three natural saturated fatty acids. The micellization process of these surfactants has been studied using the PGSE-NMR technique. The compounds were tested as antimicrobial agents against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The surfactants show moderate antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria but Gram-negative bacteria are resistant to these surfactants in the concentration range tested. The haemolytic activity is considerably lower than those reported for other cationic Nα-acyl amino acid analogues. The acute toxicity against Daphnia magna and biodegradability was studied. The toxicity is clearly lower than that reported for conventional cationic surfactants from quaternary ammonium and the three surfactants from lysine can be classified as ready biodegradable surfactants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • Synthesis of cationic arginine surfactants meets green chemistry requirements. • pKa shift were observed for the guanidinium and for the primary amino group. • Cationic arginine surfactant aggregate in cylinders that pack in hexagonal phases. • Cationic Arginine surfactants interact strongly with DPPC monolayer. • Arginine surfactants have activity against Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) Green surfactants are compounds derived from renewable sources of raw material that exhibit biodegradability and low toxicity. In this work the synthesis, solution, aggregation and biological properties of two families of green cationic arginine based surfactants have been investigated, Nα-acyl arginine methyl ester and arginine N-alkyl amide. Specifically we study: (i) the effect of self-aggregation on the cationic character, (ii) Liquid crystalline phases applying SAXS, (iii) surfactant ability to interact with biological membranes using Langmuir DPPC monolayers as a simple membrane model, (iv) biological profiles obtained by evaluation of antibacterial, anti-yeast and antibiofilm properties and, (v) the hemolytic activity on erythrocytes. The experiments conducted showed that the biological properties of arginine based surfactants were outstanding. These along with the fact that they are derived from green raw materials confer to these surfactants an outstanding potential in the field of green antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X-ray radiography plays an important role in the study of artworks. It particularly provides information on the origin, authenticity, painting technique, material conditions and its conservation history. This article describes a system based on semiconductor microstrip detector for acquisition X-ray images using the k-edge logarithmic substraction technique. The system has been characterized and the first images of its application for pigment detection are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circuits that carry out the signal acquisition and processing by multiple channels are required in digital radiography. These circuits should be tested in order to characterize their performance. This paper describes an automated system to control (by a software, from a personal computer) the characterization of a system based on RX64DTH specific integrated circuits with microstrip detectors. The results are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quenching and product studies have been performed to demonstrate the suitability of hyperbranched polyethers with a tetrafunctionalized benzophenone core as photocatalysts. The triplet photosensitized transformation of an unsaturated diazo compound has been used as the model reaction. The polymer with highest molecular weight led to a similar product distribution even after several catalytic cycles, which evidences its excellent photostability under prolonged irradiation time. We attribute this to the stabilizing effect of the hyperbranched polymer shell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the performance of a group of 96 mentally handicapped persons in the WISC-IV. The statistical descriptive analysis shows an anomalous distribution with accumulation in the lower values both in the four indexes and in the IQ. Since the IQ for those with no matches is 40 and those who score 0 in Working Memory and Processing Speed get 50, a significant group of mentally handicapped persons are left out of score. There is a factor explaining 52.8% of the total variance, which can be interpreted as factor g. After rotation, four orthogonal factors are obtained which differ from those from a normal population in which Arithmetic goes to Verbal Comprehension and Concepts goes to Working Memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aromatic ketone 2,2′,4,4′-tetramethoxybenzophenone has a strong absorption band between 300 and 375 nm, and its ,π* triplet excited-state is selectively populated in methanol. Both facts make this aromatic ketone a versatile and efficient triplet photocatalyst for the transformation of α-diazo carbonyl compounds into mainly the cyclopropanation product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a pressing need for developing efficiently surfactants that are biodegradable and biocompatible. Surfactant molecules from renewable raw materials that mimic natural lipoamino acids are one of the preferred choices for food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Given their natural and simple structure they show low toxicity and quick biodegradation. The value of amino acids and vegetable oil derivatives as raw materials for the preparation of surfactants was recognized as soon as they were discovered early in the last century. The combination of polar amino acids/peptides (hydrophilic moiety) and non-polar long-chain compounds (hydrophobic moiety) for building up the amphiphilic structure has produced molecules with high surface activity. Our group has a wide experience in synthesis (chemical, enzymatic or, usually, by a combination of both methodologies) of amino acid-based surfactants obtained from the combination of natural saturated fatty acids, alcohols and amines with different amino acid head groups through ester and amide linkages. Thus, saturated single-chain, double-chain, and gemini surfactants of different ionic character have been found to be in all cases highly biodegradable, with low toxicity, ecotoxicity and irritation effects. Water solubility and self-aggregation properties were directly associated with the chemical structure of the molecule and only cationic lipoamino acids possessed antimicrobial activity. To cite this article: M.R. Infante et al., C. R. Chimie 7 (2004). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Biological properties of novel gemini (double-chain/double-head) cationic surfactants, Nα,Nω-bis(Nα-acylarginine)a,valkylendiamides, so-called bis(Args), are reported. The effect of both the alkyl (10 and 12 carbon atoms) and the spacer chain (from 2--10 methylene groups) of bis(Args) on their antimicrobial activity, acute toxicity on Daphnia magna and Photobacterium phosphoreum, and aerobic biodegradability is studied. These surfactants constitute a novel class of chemicals of low toxicity with excellent surface properties and considerable antimicrobial activity. The aquatic toxicity of these compounds is lower than that of the conventional Monoquats. As regards the biodegradation test, the molecules with a spacer chain #6 methylene groups can be considered as ready biodegradable. The increase of hydrophobicity in the bis(Args) is a negative structural parameter for their environmental behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gemini compounds of the type Nα,Nω-bis(Nα-lauroyl arginine)α,ω-alkylenediamides or bis(Args) bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide and neutralize endotoxic activity in in vitro tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide release assays. Sequestration of lipopolysaccharide results in protection in a murine model of endotoxemia. However, the bis(Args) compounds are cytotoxic by virtue of being highly membrane-active. The development of less surface-active analogues may yield potentially therapeutically useful compounds for the treatment of Gram-negative sepsis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: This work proposes the development of new vesicular systems based on anesthetic compounds (lidocaine (LID) and capsaicin (CA)) and antimicrobial agents (amino acid-based surfactants from phenylalanine), with a focus on physicochemical characterization and the evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Method: Phenylalanine surfactants were characterized via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Different niosomal systems based on capsaicin, lidocaine, cationic phenylalanine surfactants, and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) were characterized in terms of size, polydispersion index (PI), zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency using dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmitted light microscopy (TEM), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Furthermore, the interaction of the pure compounds used to prepare the niosomal formulations with DPPC monolayers was determined using a Langmuir balance. The antibacterial activity of the vesicular systems and their biocompatibility were evaluated, and molecular docking studies were carried out to obtain information about the mechanism by which these compounds interact with bacteria. Results: The stability and reduced size of the analyzed niosomal formulations demonstrate their potential in pharmaceutical applications. The nanosystems exhibit promising antimicrobial activity, marking a significant advancement in pharmaceutical delivery systems with dual therapeutic properties. The biocompatibility of some formulations underscores their viability. Conclusions: The proposed niosomal formulations could constitute an important advance in the pharmaceutical field, offering delivery systems for combined therapies thanks to the pharmacological properties of the individual components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ellagic acid loaded-zein nanoparticles demonstrated a sustained release profile under different pH. • The nanoparticles presented an inhibitory potential against hyaluronidase, lipoxygenase, elastase, collagenase and tyrosinase. • The nanoparticles showed limited cytotoxicity over keratinocytes and did not present hemolytic activity. • Nanoparticles presented a remarkable sun protection factor. Zein has demonstrated the ability to carry different therapeutic molecules in the form of nano delivery systems. Ellagic acid (EA) has improved its biological properties when associated with zein. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the biopharmaceutical and in vitro pharmacological potential on skin maintenance and repairing processes, sun protection and cytotoxicity. The nanoparticles were produced by nanoprecipitation and characterized in terms of morphology, size, polydispersity, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, drug loading and release efficiency. The effect of ellagic acid loaded-zein nanoparticles over enzymes related to the skin protective and repairing processes was accessed. Anti-hyaluronidase, anti-lipoxygenase, anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, anti-tyrosinase and photoprotective activities were determined spectrophotometrically, while the hemolytic activity was evaluated using erythrocytes and MTT and NRU assays were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity over immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and squamous carcinoma cells (A431). The chemical interactions between EA and zein were studied by steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. EA-loaded zein nanoparticles (NE) were spherical, homogeneous and monodisperse, with a size of 370 nm, encapsulation efficiency over 82%. The nanoparticles demonstrated a sustained release profile under different pH. Regarding the anti-enzymatic activities, NE presented an inhibitory potency over 38% for all enzymes tested. NE did not present hemolytic activity and showed limited cytotoxicity over HaCaT cells. Moreover, NE also presented an SPF of 29.88. The interaction between zein and EA was driven by a dynamic quenching mechanism. Therefore, NE present a great potential to aid in skin protection/repairing processes, such as wound treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of arginine-based surfactants have been evaluated. These two biological properties depend on both the alkyl chain length and the spacer chain nature. These gemini surfactants exhibit good activity against a wide range of bacteria, including some problematic resistant microorganisms such us methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, surfactants with a C10 alkyl chain and C3 spacer inhibit the (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation at concentrations as low as 8 µg/mL and are able to eradicate established biofilms of these two bacteria at 32 µg/mL. The inhibitory activities of the surfactants over key enzymes enrolled in the skin repairing processes (collagenase, elastase and hyaluronidase) were evaluated. They exhibited moderate anti-collagenase activity while the activity of hyaluronidase was boosted by the presence of these surfactants. These biological properties render these gemini arginine-based surfactants as perfect promising candidates for pharmaceutical and biological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholinium-based ionic liquids are compounds increasingly studied in pharmaceutics and biomedicine to enhance bioavailability in drug delivery systems and as bioactive ingredients in pharmaceutical formulations. However, their potential as antimicrobial agents has scarcely been investigated. Herein, we explored the antimicrobial activity of a series of surface-active cholinium-based ionic liquids (Chol-ILs). For this purpose, Chol-ILs with alkyl chains of 10–16 carbon atoms were synthesized and their self-assembly in aqueous medium was investigated. Subsequently, their antimicrobial activity against a panel of clinically relevant bacteria and their ability to eradicate MRSA and P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms was evaluated. Finally, we analyzed the ecotoxicological profile of Chol-ILs in terms of susceptibility to aerobic biodegradation and acute aquatic toxicity against D. magna and V. fisheri. Our results reveal that cholinium-based ILs with alkyl chain lengths ≥12 C show a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Their antimicrobial efficacy depends on their hydrophobicity, with the C14–C16 homologs being the most effective compounds. These ILs exhibit antimicrobial activity similar to that of imidazolium ILs and quaternary ammonium antiseptics. Moreover, the longer alkyl chain Chol-ILs are able to eradicate established biofilms at concentrations as low as 16–32 µg/mL. The biodegradation rate of cholinium-based ILs decreases with alkyl chain elongation. Our results reinforce the suitability of Chol-ILs as promising multifunctional compounds for application in pharmaceutical and biomedical formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is uncommon that literary work is used to reflect on the healthy lifestyles of men, since that is not an objective of this artistic branch; however, the literary analysis can serve to value elements that go beyond those Literature Theory studies, such as health education. The objective of this work is to describe the interdisciplinary relatonships which can be stablished between universal literature and Health Education, by means of literary works and teaching guides, in the Technical and Professional Education inserted at the Medical Universities in Cuba, who recieve the subject Spanish-Literature. This is a current imperative originated from the scietific development which education should incorporate to the teaching process. In this way, in addition, the Program for the Health Promotion and Education provided by the Ministries of Education and Health in Cuba is also accomplished. Current and important topics were addressed: collective - personal hygiene and sexual education, by selecting work fragments from different countries and times, from Greco-Latin culture until to the nineteenth century; didactic guides are presented which make it possible to enrich and deepen the study of a work beyond an exclusively literary perspective, contributing to increase health education and strengthen interdisciplinary links. It can be used by professors of the specialty or any other subject which addresses these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently it has been demonstrated that catanionic mixtures of oppositely charged surfactants have improved physicochemical-biological properties compared to the individual components. Isotherms of mixtures of an anionic biosurfactant (lichenysin) and a cationic aminoacid surfactant (C 3 (LA) 2 ) indicate a strong interaction suggesting the formation of a new “pseudo-surfactant”. The antimicrobial properties of the mixture lichenysin and C 3 (LA) 2 M80:20, indicate a synergistic effect of the components. The mechanism of action on the bacterial envelope was assessed by flow cytometry and Transmission Electron Microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to assess fungicides to combat Sansevieria trifasciata var. Hahnii anthracnose. Twelve fungicides (alone or in mixture) were evaluated on the infection and severity of C. sansevieriae on a detached- leaf system. Fungicides used were azoxystrobin, boscalid + pyraclostrobin, carbendazim + mancozeb, difenoconazole, epoxiconazole + carbendazim, folpet, imazalil, thiophanate-methyl + mancozeb, myclobutanil, and prochloraz. The study was carried out at the Plant Biotechnology Laboratory of the Agricultural Research Center of the University of Costa Rica, during the first semester of 2012. Each chemical treatment was applied by aspersion on the day of inoculation (0 dai) or three days after it (3 dai). The number and diameter of the lesions were evaluated after seven, eleven and fifteen dai. Fungicide, application moment, fungicide x application moment interaction and fungicide x evaluation moment interaction significantly affected (p<0,0001) both evaluated variables. Azoxystrobin, boscalid + pyraclostrobin, carbendazim + mancozeb, epoxiconazole + carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl + mancozeb provided 100% protection to Sansevieria leaves throughout the evaluation period (15 days) when applied the same day of inoculation (0 dai). After three days of inoculation (3 dai) only epoxiconazole + carbendazim completely inhibited the pathogen establishment (zero incidence) in the three evaluations when applied azoxystrobin and carbendazim + mancozeb, the incidence was 0% after seven and eleven days for the first treatment and after seven days for the second one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Amino acid glycerolipid conjugates constitute a novel class of lipoamino acids, which can be considered analogues of partial glycerides and phospholipids. They consist of one or two aliphatic chains and one amino acid polar head, linked together through a glycerol moiety. In this article, a description of diacyl glycerolipid conjugates from acetyl-arginine including preparation, physicochemical properties, membrane interaction and its relation with biological properties are described. In particular, we will give details about the following compounds: 1,2-dilauroyl-rac-glycero-3-O-(N α-acetyl-l-arginine) (1212RAc), with 12 carbon atoms in the alkyl chains and 1,2-dimiristoyl-rac-glycero-3-O-(N αacetyl- l-arginine) (1414RAc), with 14 carbon atoms in the alkyl chains. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Surfactants are chemical products consumed in large quantities every day on a worldwide scale. The development of less irritant, less toxic, consumer-friendly surfactants is, therefore, of general interest. Amino-acid-based surfactants constitute a novel class of surfactants produced from renewable raw materials and can be seen as an alternative to conventional surfactants. With the aim of testing their applicability in formulations for pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries we have carried out exhaustive studies to elucidate their properties as surfactants. We considered amino acid-based surfactants with one single chain, cystine or arginine gemini surfactants, lysine derivatives, and surfactants with glycerolipid-like structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenges and perspectives of the Higher Education unchained starting from the current demands that it outlines the society of the knowledge, originate a new education form in Cuba "The Universalization of the Higher Education". The new university is presented as alternative that facilitates the attention to the diversity and through which the study doesn't only guarantee bigger justness and equality of conditions for all the people but rather it allows to descend, by means of the own process of teaching learning, until the educational necessities of the students and that inside these the special educational necessities can be identified. The present work approaches the context of the Universalization like mark that facilitates to assist and to identify the student's talent educational necessities. From this perspective we focus the evaluation of the learning like a way for the identification of these students in the analyzed context, it's also carried out, an analysis on their social incomprehension arriving to a valuation of what represents for the student talent the fact of being identified in the context of the Universalization; this point of view originates some questions around the professor's preparation to identify them, as well as that of its own classroom partners to accept them and to establish its interpersonal relationships. The work concludes with a focus on the evaluation of the learning that constitutes a way in our opinion so that the professors emit an approach of more validity in to the moment to identify to this type of students in the professional formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the chemical indicators, textural and sensorial characteristics of the Pastilacid cheese in different formats and its comparison with those of the cheese type Mozzarella. The Pastilacid cheese was elaborated with sour milk by means of enzymatic clotting under industrial conditions and it was modelled in two formats. Chemical indicators, the firmness measured with the penetrometer cone, the texture profile analyzed with the INSTRON texturometer and the melting capacity were evaluated. It was concluded that the Pastilacid is a paste filata fresh cheese that differs of the Mozzarella for its humidity content without fatty matter, fat dry extract and it presents bighest firmness, elasticity, cohesivity and masticability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The response of ten soils of the lithic Rhodoxeralf type to the supply of lead at concentrations of 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 and 6000mgkg−1 was examined in batch sorption–desorption tests. Lead availability in the soils was found to depend on its partitioning between the soil solution and the solid phase as reflected in adsorption isotherms. The isotherms, of the H type, were consistent with a high affinity of the sorbent for the metal, with which it forms stable inner-sphere complexes on the soil surface. Sorption–desorption tests revealed that some properties of the soils such as their pH (mean=8) and high contents in clays (particularly in kaolinite) and crystalline iron oxides significantly influence Pb sorption, the effect being especially marked at high added metal concentrations. Added lead is largely retained by crystalline iron oxides and the soil clay fraction; the pH of the soil favours the release of variably-charged sites from both. The extent of Pb desorption was small, particularly at the lowest added levels (500 and 1000mgkg−1). Desorption increased with increasing added Pb concentration and exceeded 50% at 5000 and 6000mgkg−1; this suggests that Pb is present not only as inner-sphere complexes, but also as outer-sphere complexes and, partly, as precipitates. The desorption isotherms consist of three segments that exhibit significant differences depending on the added Pb concentration, namely: 500–1000, 2000–4000 and 5000–6000mgkg−1. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Diacylglycerol amino acid conjugates constitute a novel class of speciality biocompatible surfactants, which can be considered as analogues of partial glycerides and phospholipids. In this work, an enzymatic procedure for the synthesis of dilauroylated arginine glyceride conjugated is presented. The enzymatic acylations were carried out in solvent-free media. As in conventional glycerides, spontaneous intramolecular acyl-migration reactions are observed for the lauroyl and aminoacyl moieties of the glycerol backbone and both possible regioisomers are obtained. The phase behaviour of pure and regioisomeric mixtures of these compounds were examined by differential scanning calorimetry and small-angle X-ray scattering, both complemented by polarized light microscopy. To cite this article: M.d.C. Mora´n et al., C. R. Chimie 7 (2004) 000–000. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • The encapsulation of EGCG in zein nanoparticles increased its collagenase, elastase and hyaluronidase inhibition. • The nanoencapsulation of EGCG extended its antioxidant activity. • Docking and NRM techniques correlated well to the biological activities studied. • The nanoparticles were found non-toxic to erythrocytes or keratinocytes. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has demonstrated remarkable antioxidant and antienzymatic activities. Nonetheless, its therapeutic use is limited due to its biopharmaceutical characteristics. Zein has become a prominent material for nano delivery systems, providing stability, biocompatibility and biodegradability for therapeutic agents. In this study, zein nanoparticles loaded with EGCG at 288 µg/ml (ZNp-EG 288), produced by nanoprecipitation, were characterized and evaluated regarding their antioxidant (DPPH), antielastase, anticollagenase, anti-hyaluronidase and cytotoxicity activities. An EGCG solution prepared in the same conditions (EGCG 288) was used for comparison purposes. Molecular Docking was performed to understand the mode of interaction between EGCG and zein to form the nanoparticles and also to evaluate the binding affinity over elastase, collagenase and hyaluronidase, while NMR techniques were used to experimentally confirm the binding and to study the hydration of EGCG in its complexes with zein. Also, the hemolytic potential and the cytotoxicity were evaluated over erythrocytes, immortal human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and squamous carcinoma (A431) cells. The obtained ZNp-EG 288 nanoparticles (251.8 nm) were spherical, monodisperse and positively charged (+27.4 mV). ZNp-EG 288 presented an encapsulation efficiency and loading of 98.6% and 28.4%, respectively, together with a sustained release over 48 h. Both ZNp-EG 288 and EGCG 288 demonstrated high antioxidant activity, with an IC 50 of 8.26 and 12.34 μg/mlL after 48 h, respectively. The EGCG nanoencapsulation resulted in a good anticollagenase activity (44.44%) and enhanced the antielastase (94.08%) and antihyaluronidase (22.09%) activities compared to EGCG 288 (74.02 and 13.03%, respectively). The interaction studies both in silico and by NMR reinforced these results and demonstrated that the activity of EGCG was increased due to selective interactions to zein. Finally, ZNp-EG288, BZNp and EGCG 288 were found non-hemolytic, while the treatment with ZNp-EG 288 was less cytotoxic than EGCG 288 in both cell lines studied (∼27%). Therefore, the nanoencapsulation in zein nanoparticles decreased the cytotoxicity of EGCG. Accordingly, EGCG-loaded zein nanoparticles improved key biological properties related to the skin's antiaging and repairing mechanisms and could become a good stretegy for pharmaceutical and/or skin care products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Democracy in Ecuador is based on the election of the highest authorities through popular election and the territorial division over which the elected has functions and powers to fulfill in case of being elected. The candidates make commitments on which they would work, as well as the concrete actions that they would take in office if elected. However, there are inconsistencies between the government plans proposed by the candidates and the obligations that are required by law to comply with the low level of competencies. This research proposes a solution to the posed problem with the development of a method to evaluate the competencies of mayoral candidates in the execution of government plans. The proposed method bases its operation on a multi-expert multi-criteria approach with the use of neutrosophic numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The most important decision after diagnosing terminal cancer is whether to provide active therapy or withhold treatment. Objective: To analyze the aggressiveness of care by evaluating systemic anticancer therapy (SACT) given near to death, describing this care and identifying factors that determine its use. Design: This involves retrospective observational cohorts study. Setting/Subjects: This involves patients with metastatic tumors who died at a University Hospital in Spain between 2015 and 2016. Measurements: Data obtained from prescribing oncologists and patients' clinical records, type of cancer, and information on treatment. The dependent variable used was the interval between the date of the last dose and date of death. Results: Ninety-four (32.60%) of 288 patients received SACT in the last month of life. This cohort had a higher frequency of lung cancer (OR: 1.58; CI 95%: 1.14–2.18), received more care from oncologist 2 (OR: 1.50; CI 95%: 1.08–2.08), had fewer last-line treatment cycles (OR: 1.28; CI 95%: 1.13–1.45), a lower subjective response (OR: 3.13; CI 95%: 1.34–7.29), less clinical benefit (OR: 2.38; CI 95%: 1.04–5.55), more visits to the Emergency Department (OR: 1.59; CI 95%: 1.06–2.38), and less care from the Palliative Care Unit (OR: 4.55; CI 95%: 2.69–7.70). In multivariate analysis, the predictors of having received SACT close to death remained: receiving fewer cycles of treatment (OR: 1.28; CI 95%: 1.12–1.47) and less palliative care (OR: 4.54; CI 95%: 2.56–7.69). Conclusions: A third of cancer patients received SACT in the last month of life with less efficacy and poorer quality of care than patients not receiving it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Multifunctional cationic amino-acid based rhamnolipids prepared using waste oil. • New rhamnolipids show high surface activity and form vesicles at low concentrations. • Arginine rhamnolipids exhibit good antimicrobial activity and DNA binding ability. • New amino-acid based rhamnolipids are readily biodegradable. Rhamnolipids have been intensively studied due to their remarkable properties; however, the biosynthesis of RLs cannot compete commercially with the production of synthetic surfactants. Here, novel cationic rhamnolipids (RLs) derivatives containing arginine and lysine were prepared for the first time using a straightforward synthetic procedure. The RLs used to prepare these new cationic derivatives were produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa using waste frying oil as carbon source. It was found that the amino acid-based RLs form aggregates at very low concentrations, even below the CMC. Biodegradation studies indicate that these cationic RLs can be classified as readily biodegradable. Interestingly, the RL arginine conjugates exhibited notable DNA binding affinity and good antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , which increases the potential applications of these compounds. Consequently, the use of low-cost substrates and the added value of the final product constitute a more cost-effective rhamnolipid production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]