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Copyright of Lubrication Engineering (0254-0150) is the property of Editorial Office of LUBRICATION ENGINEERING and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pyrus (pear) is among the most nutritious fruits and contains fibers that have great health benefits to humans. It is mostly cultivated in temperate regions globally and is highly subjected to biotic and abiotic stresses which affect its yield. Pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO) is an essential component of the chlorophyll degradation system and contributes to the senescence of leaves. It is responsible for opening the pheophorbide a porphyrin macrocycle and forming the main fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite However, this gene family and its members have not been explored in Pyrus genomes. Here we report a pangenome-wide investigation has been conducted on eight Pyrus genomes: Cuiguan, Shanxi Duli, Zhongai 1, Nijisseiki, Yunhong No.1, d'Anjou, Bartlett v2.0, and Dangshansuli v.1.1. The phylogenetic history, their gene structure, conservation patterns of motifs, their distribution on chromosomes, and gene duplication are studied in detail which shows the intraspecific structural conservation as well as evolutionary patterns of Pyrus PAOs. Cis-elements, protein-protein interactions (PPI), and the Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses show their potential biological functions. Furthermore, their expression in various tissues, fruit hardening conditions, and drought stress conditions is also studied. Based on phylogenetics, the identified PAOs were divided into four groups. The expansion of this gene family in Pyrus is caused by both tandem and segmental duplication. Moreover, positive and negative selection pressure equally directed the gene's duplication process. The Pyrus PAO genes were enriched in hormones-related, light, development, and stressrelated elements. RNA-seq data analysis showed that PAOs have varied levels of expression under diseased and abiotic stress conditions. The 3D structures of PAOs are also predicted to get more insights into functional conservation. Our research can be used further to get a deeper knowledge of the PAO gene family in Pyrus and to guide future research on improving the genetic composition of Pyrus to enhance stress tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Derivatives of 2,4-dimethyldihydrocyclopentadiene were prepared, characterized by NMR spectroscopy, which was applied to 1-decene oligomerization. A two-step activation method in which both triisobutylaluminium (TIBA) and methyl aluminoxane (MAO) were co-used in sequence particularly been developed for N-doped ligand catalyst. N-doped catalyst had a very high polymerization conversion at 60–110 °C by varying the reaction temperature at 20 eq. of TIBA and 100 eq. of MAO, reaching 89.95% at 80 °C. In addition, oligomers with different viscosity grades could be obtained by adjusting the temperature. At optimized reaction conditions 75 °C, 10 eq. of TIBA and 50 eq. of MAO activation, the single pass conversion of 91.33% was achieved. The obtained oligomers had a high viscosity index above 170 at KV100 = 6. In addition, the two-step activation method was used to compare with the conventional one-step activation method on catalysts with three different ligands of zirconium chloride. A high catalytic productivity was achieved by the two-step activation process. Depending on the nature of the ligands used, β-hydride elimination, 2,1 insertion and 1,2 rearrangement were detected as main chain release mechanisms. Meanwhile, the pathways of oligomer formation were also summarized. In brief, N-doped complex is promising catalysts for the production of high quality lubricant base oils due to their high catalytic activity and high thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Social media is a popular resource for patients seeking medical information and sharing experiences. periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is the gold-standard treatment for symptomatic acetabular dysplasia with good long-term outcomes. However, little is known regarding the perceived outcomes of PAO on social media. The aims of this study were to describe the perceived outcomes following PAO using three social media platforms: Facebook, Instagram, and X (formerly known as Twitter). Methods: Facebook, Instagram, and X posts were retrospectively collected from 1 February 2023. Facebook posts were collected from the two most populated interest groups: “periacetabular osteotomy” and “PAO Australia.” Instagram and X posts were queried using the most popular hashtags: #PAOwarrior, #periacetabularosteotomy, #periacetabularosteotomyrecovery, #PAOsurgery, and #PAOrecovery. Posts were assessed for demographic data (sex, race, location), perspective (patient, physician, professional organization, industry), timing (preoperative vs postoperative), and perceived outcome (positive, negative, neutral). Results: A total of 1,054 Facebook posts, 1,003 Instagram posts, and 502 X posts were consecutively assessed from 887 unique authors. The majority (63.3%) of these posts were from patients in the postoperative period, with a median of 84 days postoperatively (interquartile range 20 to 275). The longest follow-up timeframe postoperatively was 20 years. Regarding perceived outcomes, 52.8% expressed satisfaction, 39.7% held neutral opinions, and 7.5% were dissatisfied. Most dissatisfied patients (50.9%) reported pain (chronic or uncontrolled acute) as an attributing factor. Conclusion: Most PAO-perceived surgical outcomes on social media had a positive tone. Findings also indicate that a small percentage of patients reported negative perceived outcomes. However, dissatisfaction with PAO primarily stemmed from postoperative pain. Social media posts from other sources (physicians, hospitals, professional organizations, etc.) trend towards neutrality. Healthcare providers must consider the social media narratives of patients following PAO, as they may reveal additional outcome expectations and help improve patient-centred care, create informed decision-making, and optimize treatment outcomes. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(1):53–59.

Abstract The development of the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is based on a structured approach starting with an analysis of the preexisting procedures to improve the coverage of the femoral head and was followed by a list of additional goals and improvements. Cadaveric dissections with a detailed description of the vascular supply of acetabulum and periacetabular bone set the stage for an intrapelvic approach, which offered the largest acetabular correction possible combined with safe intracapsular access. The final composition of osteotomies required the development of several instruments and cutting devices before the feasibility could be tested on a series of cadaveric hips. While the sequence of the osteotomies remained largely unchanged over time (except for the pubic and ischial osteotomies), several propositions for an easier/less invasive approach have been discussed; some made it into standard practice. Efforts were undertaken to optimize the learning curve and minimize failures using video-clips, hands-on courses, fellowships, publications, and ongoing mentoring programs. In retrospect, with almost 40 years of experience, such efforts have promoted a worldwide adoption of the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy.

Osmanthus fragrans 'Yinbi Shuanghui' is a colored leaf variety of O. fragrans. To study the mechanism of leaf color formation in O. fragrans 'Yinbi Shuanghui', we selected green and colored leaves with two different parts, namely yellow and green, as our research materials. We analyzed the expression changes related to leaf color in genes by performing qRT-PCR in the different leaf parts, finding that OfPAO was significantly up-regulated in the yellow part of colored leaves, and we initially determined that OfPAO was the key gene involved in the formation of colored leaves. Then, we constructed an OfPAO overexpression vector, before transforming it into tobacco through an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to obtain transgenic plants. We found that the transgenic tobacco leaf color of OfPAO was lighter than that of the null carrier, the chlorophyll content in leaves decreased, and the expression of genes involved in the chlorophyll degradation pathway in OfPAO transgenic tobacco was up-regulated, suggesting that OfPAO regulates chlorophyll degradation, leading to changes in leaf color. According to the results of transcriptome sequencing and the genome data of O. fragrans 'Rixianggui', we cloned CDS and the promoter sequence of OfPAO, and the promoter regions 901-1307 of the OfPAO were sequenced through bisulfite genomic sequencing PCR (BSP), finding that the methylation level of CHH in the yellow part of colored leaves was lowest in colored and green leaves at 145 bp. The methylation of CHH in the promoter of OfPAO in O. fragrans 'Yinbi Shuanghui' was negatively correlated with the gene expression level, suggesting that the methylation of the promoter of OfPAO may regulate the expression of OfPAO, affecting chlorophyll degradation in the leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is based on a structured approach starting with an analysis of the preexisting procedures to improve the coverage of the femoral head and was followed by a list of additional goals and improvements. Cadaveric dissections with a detailed description of the vascular supply of acetabulum and periacetabular bone set the stage for an intrapelvic approach, which offered the largest acetabular correction possible combined with safe intracapsular access. The final composition of osteotomies required the development of several instruments and cutting devices before the feasibility could be tested on a series of cadaveric hips. While the sequence of the osteotomies remained largely unchanged over time (except for the pubic and ischial osteotomies), several propositions for an easier/less invasive approach have been discussed; some made it into standard practice. Efforts were undertaken to optimize the learning curve and minimize failures using video-clips, hands-on courses, fellowships, publications, and ongoing mentoring programs. In retrospect, with almost 40 years of experience, such efforts have promoted a worldwide adoption of the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is an effective surgical procedure for managing acetabular dysplasia. The purpose of this study was to analyze the biomechanical properties of novel PAO constructs that incorporate orthopaedic trauma techniques. We hypothesize that these fixation methods will create a stiffer construct that tolerates higher loads to failure. Methods: Twenty bio-composite hemi-pelvises underwent PAO with the following fixation configurations: Group A: 4 iliac crest (IC) screws; Group B: 3 IC screws; Group C: 2 IC screws, 1 retrograde anterior column (AC) screw, and 1 lateral compression type-2 (LC2) screw directed from the anterior inferior iliac spine to the posterior inferior iliac spine; Group D: 1 AC screw, 1 LC2 screw, 1 posterior column screw; Group E: 2 LC2 screws, 1 AC screw. Constructs were loaded to failure on a material testing hydraulic press, and ultimate strength, stiffness, and osteotomy displacement were measured. Results: The highest load to failure was seen in group D (2511 N), which was significantly more than groups A (1528 N, P = .0114) and B (1348 N, P < .0001). The stiffest construct was group E (602 N/mm) compared to groups A (315 N/mm, P = .0439) and B (243 N/mm, P = .0008). Failure occurred most often with a fracture in the posterior column. Conclusions: This study supports column fixation methods used in orthopaedic trauma for PAO as biomechanically advantageous to traditional fixation techniques. These constructs may be beneficial to patients with weight-bearing concerns or early rehabilitation needs.

Introduction: Outcomes for patients treated with PAO and subsequent total hip arthroplasty (THA) remain unclear. We evaluated patient-reported outcomes among patients treated with PAO and subsequent THA and investigated differences in the number of additional surgical procedures after PAO among patients treated with PAO and subsequent THA and patients treated with PAO only. Materials and methods: 1378 hips underwent PAO and subsequently 66 hips were treated with THA. We evaluated the Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) and physical activity questions for the 66 hips. Additional surgery after PAO was identified through inquiry to the Danish National Patient Registry. Results: 13% undergoing PAO and subsequent THA reported a HOOS pain score ≤ 50 indicating a clinical failure. The risk difference for hip arthroscopy after PAO within 2 and 4 years was 14% (CI 5–23%) and 26% (CI 15–38%) in favor of hips treated with PAO only. Similarly, the risk difference for screw removal within 2 and 4 years was 19% (CI 8–29%) and 23% (CI 12–34%). Conclusion: 87% of patients undergoing PAO and subsequent THA had little or no hip pain. However, these patients received a high number of additional surgeries after PAO. Surgeons and patients may consider if additional surgery after PAO may be the first choice in a series of actions leading to conversion to THA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AimsAvascular femoral head necrosis in the context of gymnastics is a rare but serious complication, appearing similar to Perthes’ disease but occurring later during adolescence. Based on 3D CT animations, we propose repetitive impact between the main supplying vessels on the posterolateral femoral neck and the posterior acetabular wall in hyperextension and external rotation as a possible cause of direct vascular damage, and subsequent femoral head necrosis in three adolescent female gymnasts we are reporting on.MethodsOutcome of hip-preserving head reduction osteotomy combined with periacetabular osteotomy was good in one and moderate in the other up to three years after surgery; based on the pronounced hip destruction, the third received initially a total hip arthroplasty.ResultsThe described pathology is quite devastating, and extensive joint preserving surgery (which has been shown successful in Perthes’ cases) was less successful in this patient cohort.ConclusionSupraselective angiography may be helpful to improve pathomechanical understanding and surgical decision making.Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(9):666–673.

Background: Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) has become a popular procedure for re-orientation of the acetabulum in patients with a developmental pathomorphology. Since its first description by Reinhold Ganz in 1988, many institutions worldwide have adopted the procedure for the treatment of developmental hip dysplasia (DDH) and have subsequently reported their results. The aim of this study was to provide a meta-analysis of the likelihood of long-term survival of a dysplastic hip after PAO. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using Medline, Cochrane and "Web of Science" databases to identify articles reporting survival estimates for PAO in patients with DDH. To be included in the analysis, studies had to include patient cohorts aged <40 years, with Osteoarthritis grade < Tönnis III and no form of neuromuscular dysplasia. Adjustment for cohort overlap was performed. Quality assessment included level of evidence (LOE) according to the oxford center for LOE criteria and the "Methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS)". After data extraction, a random-effects meta-analytical model was applied to provide weighted mean estimates of survival at 5 years, 10 years, 15 years and 20 years. Results: Nine relevant articles included 2268 dysplastic hips that underwent PAO in 9 institutions. Of the included studies, 5 presented level III evidence and 4 presented level IV evidence. The MINORS score was 11 for 3 studies, 12 for 4 studies and 13 for 2 studies. The 5-year survival after PAO was 96.1% (95% CI, 94.9–97.3), the 10-year survival was 91.3% (95% CI, 87.7–94.8), 15-year survival 85.0% (95% CI, 78.9–91.1), 20-year survival 67.6% (95% CI, 53.9–81.3). Conclusions: The results provide a representative survival estimate of a dysplastic hip after PAO based on global evidence. This should provide clinicians and patients with an adequate reflection of prognostic expectations after this kind of surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of surgical treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) with periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) and determine the values of radiological parameters that would allow us to obtain an optimal clinical result. Radiological evaluation included determining the center-edge angle (CEA), medialization, distalization, femoral head coverage (FHC), and ilioischial angle as measured on a standardized AP radiograph of the hip joints. Clinical evaluation was based on the HHS, WOMAC, Merle d'Aubigne–Postel scales and Hip Lag Sign. The results of PAO presented decreased medialization (mean 3.4 mm), distalization (mean 3.5 mm), and ilioischial angle (mean 2.7°); improvement in femoral head bone cover; an increased CEA (mean 16.3°) and FHC (mean 15.2%); clinically increased HHS (mean 22 points) and M. Postel–d'Aubigne (mean 3.5 points) scores; and a decrease in WOMAC (mean 24%). HLS improved in 67% of patients after surgery. Qualification of patients with DDH for PAO should be based on the following values of three parameters: CEA < 26°, FHC < 75%, and ilioischial angle >85.9°. To achieve better clinical results, it is necessary to increase the average CEA value by 11° and the average FHC by 11% and reduce the average ilioischial angle by 3°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyamine oxidases (PAOs) have been correlated with numerous physiological and developmental processes, as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Their transcriptional regulation is driven by signals generated by various developmental and environmental cues, including phytohormones. However, the inductive mechanism(s) of the corresponding genes remains elusive. Out of the five previously characterized Arabidopsis PAO genes, none of their regulatory sequences have been analyzed to date. In this study, a GUS reporter-aided promoter deletion approach was used to investigate the transcriptional regulation of AtPAO3 during normal growth and development as well as under various inductive environments. AtPAO3 contains an upstream open reading frame (uORF) and a short inter-cistronic sequence, while the integrity of both appears to be crucial for the proper regulation of gene expression. The full-length promoter contains several cis-acting elements that regulate the tissue-specific expression of AtPAO3 during normal growth and development. Furthermore, a number of TFBS that are involved in gene induction under various abiotic stress conditions display an additive effect on gene expression. Taken together, our data indicate that the transcription of AtPAO3 is regulated by multiple environmental factors, which probably work alongside hormonal signals and shed light on the fine-tuning mechanisms of PAO regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess validity, safety, and efficacy of the modified triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) approach for correction of residual acetabular dysplasia. Methods: This is a retrospective case series conducted on 15 hips in 15 patients from 2019 to 2023 with residual acetabular dysplasia treated by modified TPO as described by Tonnis with two modifications. The first modification is using a single medial incision for pubic and ischial cuts (the Vladimirov modification). The second modification is having the ischial cut closer to the acetabulum (Li modification) allowing free movement of the acetabular fragment for better femoral head coverage. The mean age at the time of surgery was 11.85 years, (range 8–23). Cases presenting were 10 males (66.7%) and 5 females (33.3%). The mean follow-up period was 36.533 months (24–60 months). Results: Our study revealed significant clinical and radiological improvement. The CE angle improved from a mean value of 10° (range 2–17) pre-operatively to 32.785° (range 18°–40°) post-operatively. The AI improved from a mean value of 32° pre-operatively to a mean value of 13.89° post-operatively. HHS increased from a preoperative mean value of 74.80° to a post-operative mean value of 90.67°. Also, there was a significant improvement in ROM (abduction and internal rotation). LLD improved from a mean value of 2.60 cm preoperatively to a mean value of 0.37 cm postoperatively. Delayed union was found in 3 cases. No cases of osteonecrosis or neurovascular complication were encountered in our study. Conclusion: The modified TPO technique using dual incisions can be considered safe and effective, providing adequate coverage of the femoral head in acetabular dysplasia with less surgical time, satisfactory functional outcomes, and minimal complications. Level of Evidence: IV

Osmanthus fragrans ‘Yinbi Shuanghui’ is a colored leaf variety of O. fragrans. To study the mechanism of leaf color formation in O. fragrans ‘Yinbi Shuanghui’, we selected green and colored leaves with two different parts, namely yellow and green, as our research materials. We analyzed the expression changes related to leaf color in genes by performing qRT-PCR in the different leaf parts, finding that OfPAO was significantly up-regulated in the yellow part of colored leaves, and we initially determined that OfPAO was the key gene involved in the formation of colored leaves. Then, we constructed an OfPAO overexpression vector, before transforming it into tobacco through an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to obtain transgenic plants. We found that the transgenic tobacco leaf color of OfPAO was lighter than that of the null carrier, the chlorophyll content in leaves decreased, and the expression of genes involved in the chlorophyll degradation pathway in OfPAO transgenic tobacco was up-regulated, suggesting that OfPAO regulates chlorophyll degradation, leading to changes in leaf color. According to the results of transcriptome sequencing and the genome data of O. fragrans ‘Rixianggui’, we cloned CDS and the promoter sequence of OfPAO, and the promoter regions 901-1307 of the OfPAO were sequenced through bisulfite genomic sequencing PCR (BSP), finding that the methylation level of CHH in the yellow part of colored leaves was lowest in colored and green leaves at 145 bp. The methylation of CHH in the promoter of OfPAO in O. fragrans ‘Yinbi Shuanghui’ was negatively correlated with the gene expression level, suggesting that the methylation of the promoter of OfPAO may regulate the expression of OfPAO, affecting chlorophyll degradation in the leaves.

Introduction: Residual developmental dysplasia of hip (RDDH) is a factor of early osteoarthritis of the hip. The main problems are pain and instability of the hip joint due to inadequate coverage of the femoral head by the acetabulum. The purpose of this study was to radiologically evaluate RDDH after Bernese periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) and to compare RDDH to healthy hips. Materials and Methods: The radiological parameters of RDDH treated by PAO were retrospectively evaluated. Digital AP pelvic radiographs were taken, including parameters of central edge angle and femoral head coverage, medialization, distalization, and ilio-ischial angle. Clinical assessment is based on the VAS scale. The study group consisted of patients with RDDH, and the control group consisted of patients without RDDH. Results: After PAO radiological parameters decreased: medialization by 2.68 mm, distalization by 3.65 mm, and ilio-ischial angle by 2.62°. However, there was an increase in the parameters: CEA by 17.61° and FHC by 16.46%. There was a mean 3 point decrease in pain on the VAS scale. There was also a statistically significant radiological difference in the structure of dysplastic hip joints before surgery and healthy hip joints of the control group. Conclusions: Radiological studies confirmed the effectiveness of the PAO method in the treatment of RDDH. Based on all radiological parameters, differences between healthy and dysplastic hip joints were demonstrated. We believe that a thorough understanding of the values of radiological parameters used to describe dysplastic hip joints will allow us to improve the imaging diagnosis of this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well-known that hip disorders are frequently of bony origin related to an underlying pathomorphology. A fundamental understanding of morphology and biomechanics is therefore of essential importance for a targeted approach in defining treatment plans. Treatment is frequently based on altering bony morphology, for which a set of effective techniques have been proposed. Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) allows for reorientation of the acetabulum and powerful correction of acetabular coverage. The revolutionary aspect of PAO compared to prior osteotomies lies in maintenance of the integrity of the posterior column. This allows for a substantial increase in primary stability, a larger bony surface for healing, and simple reorientation of the acetabular fragment that is free of posterior ligamentous restraints. The results for dysplasia are very promising. Indications have been refined by studies revealing that the presence of degenerative changes and age > 40 years at the time of surgery represent prognostic factors of poorer outcome. Indications have also been broadened to include acetabular retroversion (with posterolateral dysplasia) and borderline hip dysplasia. A glimpse at the future would reflect major advances related to individual planning, surgical training, and precise surgical conduction. In the era of digitalization, augmented reality may assist in performing bony cuts and act as an aid for some of the blind ischial and retro-acetabular cuts. Innovations in perioperative management will enhance recovery after the procedure and allow for early recovery programs with optimized protocols of pain management. Considering that the success of PAO in the young is comparable to the success of hip arthroplasty in the old, PAO should be considered one of the pillars of modern orthopedic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphosphate Accumulating Organisms (PAOs) microdiversity is a key factor to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the side-stream enhanced biological phosphorus removal (S2EBPR) systems, which has been shown to improve the process stability over conventional EBPR. However, fast, effective and cost-efficient methods to resolve PAO microdiversity in real-world activate sludge samples is still in absence. In this study, we applied oligotyping analysis following the regular 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing standard operation pipeline (SOP) to resolve subgenus-level PAO oligotypes, which cannot be achieved using traditional 16S rRNA sequencing SOP. The identified oligotype profiles of PAO-containing genera Ca. Accumulibacter, Tetrasphaera and Comamonas showed distinguished community-level differences across 12 water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs), which would not be revealed at the genus level. The WRRF-level differences were observed larger than the temporal differences in the same WRRF, indicating intrinsic sub-genus level microdiversity fingerprint between EBPR/S2EBPR systems. The identified oligotypes can be associated with known PAO clades phylogenetically, suggesting that oligotyping can suffice as a fast and cost-efficient approach for PAO microdiversity profiling. In addition, network analysis can be used to identify coexistence patterns between oligotypes with respect to EBPR/S2EBPR configurations and performance, enabling more detailed analysis between EBPR system performance and PAOs microdiversity. Correlation analyses between oligotype profiles and key EBPR performance parameters revealed potential different biological functional traits among these PAO species with P-removal performance implications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this publication., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Predisposing factors for CAM-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) include acetabular protrusion and retroversion; however, nothing is known regarding development in dysplastic hips. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between CAM-type FAI and developmental dysplastic hips diagnosed using X-ray and rotational computed tomography. In this retrospective study, 52 symptomatic hips were included, with a mean age of 28.8 ± 7.6 years. The inclusion criteria consisted of consecutive patients who suffered from symptomatic dysplastic or borderline dysplastic hips and underwent a clinical examination, conventional radiographs and rotational computed tomography. Demographics, standard measurements and the rotational alignments were recorded and analyzed between the CAM and nonCAM groups. Among the 52 patients, 19 presented with CAM impingement, whereas, in 33 patients, no signs of CAM impingement were noticed. For demographics, no significant differences between the two groups were identified. On conventional radiography, the acetabular hip index as well as the CE angle for the development of CAM impingement were significantly different compared to the nonCAM group with a CE angle of 21.0° ± 5.4° vs. 23.7° ± 5.8° (p = 0.050) and an acetabular hip index of 25.6 ± 5.7 vs. 21.9 ± 7.3 (p = 0.031), respectively. Furthermore, a crossing over sign was observed to be more common in the nonCAM group, which is contradictory to the current literature. For rotational alignment, no significant differences were observed. In dysplastic hips, the CAM-type FAI correlated to a lower CE angle and a higher acetabular hip index. In contrast to the current literature, no significant correlations to the torsional alignment or to crossing over signs were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the pre and postoperative radiographic findings and analyze the complication rate with respect to the laterality in periacetabular osteotomy in right-handed surgeons. Satisfaction rate and radiographic findings were prospectively collected between 2017 and 2019 and retrospectively reviewed. For analysis, all measurements of the CT scans were performed by a musculoskeletal fellowship-trained radiologist. Complications were classified into two categories: perioperative or postoperative. All surgeries were performed by three right-hand dominant hip surgeons. A total of 41 dysplastic hips (25 right and 16 left hips) in 33 patients were included. Postoperatively, a significantly lower acetabular index angle on the left side was observed at −2.6 ± 4.3 as compared to the right side at 1.6 ± 6.5 (p < 0.05). The change in Center edge (CE) angle was significantly lower for the left side 13.7 ± 5.5° than on the right side, measured at 18.4 ± 7.3 (p < 0.001); however, the overall CE angle was comparable at 38.5 ± 8.9° without any significant difference between the operated hips (left side at 37.8 ± 6.1° versus right side at 39.0 ± 10.3; p = 0.340). No significant differences in other radiographic measurements or surgical time were observed. For complications, the right side was more commonly affected, which may also explain a higher satisfaction rate in patients who were operated on the left hip with 92.3%. The change in lateral CE angle was significantly lower for the left side and the right hip seems to be predisposed to complications, which correlate with a lower satisfaction rate in right-handed surgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lubrication Engineering (0254-0150) is the property of Editorial Office of LUBRICATION ENGINEERING and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to evaluate the tribological behavior of polyphthalamide (PPA) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) lubricated with biodegradable synthetic esters. Tribological tests were performed at 23 °C and 100 °C with new and aged samples to assess the effects of increased temperature and polymer aging on friction and wear. The results of tests at room temperature and the SEM images of the wear scars show that synthetic esters provide better wear resistance to PEEK than synthetic mineral oil (polyalphaolefin, PAO). FTIR and XPS analyses suggest the formation of a physisorbed protective film by the esters. Trimethylolpropane-based ester (TMP) was shown to adsorb better to both polymers than propylene glycol-based ester (PG), but this did not translate into a better tribological performance. When compared to room temperature, tests at 100 °C showed a higher wear coefficient for both polymers, irrespective of the oil. However, the friction coefficient increased for PEEK due to a higher adhesion, while it decreased for PPA because of the material's softening. The aging of samples at 100 °C degraded the tribological performance of the polymers, especially aging in PG ester, which caused an increase in friction for PEEK and an increase in friction and wear for PPA. PG ester was found to have caused oxidation of both polymers to a greater extent than PAO or TMP ester. [Display omitted] • The tribological properties of PPA and PEEK lubricated with synthetic esters were assessed. • Synthetic esters provide better wear protection than PAO for PEEK-PEEK contacts. • PG and TMP esters are able to adsorb to the polymer surfaces. • An increase in testing temperature caused an increase of the wear coefficient for both polymers and all oils. • Aging in PG ester resulted in the degradation of the tribological behavior of PPA and PEEK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of surgical treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) with periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) and determine the values of radiological parameters that would allow us to obtain an optimal clinical result. Radiological evaluation included determining the center-edge angle (CEA), medialization, distalization, femoral head coverage (FHC), and ilioischial angle as measured on a standardized AP radiograph of the hip joints. Clinical evaluation was based on the HHS, WOMAC, Merle d’Aubigne–Postel scales and Hip Lag Sign. The results of PAO presented decreased medialization (mean 3.4 mm), distalization (mean 3.5 mm), and ilioischial angle (mean 2.7°); improvement in femoral head bone cover; an increased CEA (mean 16.3°) and FHC (mean 15.2%); clinically increased HHS (mean 22 points) and M. Postel–d’Aubigne (mean 3.5 points) scores; and a decrease in WOMAC (mean 24%). HLS improved in 67% of patients after surgery. Qualification of patients with DDH for PAO should be based on the following values of three parameters: CEA < 26°, FHC < 75%, and ilioischial angle >85.9°. To achieve better clinical results, it is necessary to increase the average CEA value by 11° and the average FHC by 11% and reduce the average ilioischial angle by 3°.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused a worldwide pandemic. The widespread infection of the medical staff has caused great attention from all quarters of society. There is a particular concern when considering intubation treatment in the emergency operating room, where a significant amount of virus droplets are typically spread within the room, exposing the medical staff to a high risk of infection. Hence, there is currently a pressing need to develop an effective protection mechanism for the medical staff to prevent them from being infected during routine work. In order to understand the spread of droplets and aerosols when different oxygen supply devices are used for intubation therapy, this study uses particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology to analyze the airflow distribution between the medical staff and the patient. In the experiment, a simple version of the respirator was established to reproduce the breathing of human lungs. This model used oil to create smoke as a tracer aerosol, then a high-sensitivity camera was used to record the scattering light from this smoke (which is irradiated by the green laser sheet). Ultimately, after applying post-processing techniques, the airflow distribution is analyzed. PAO aerosol is the primary aerosol source in this experiment, and it is used to quantify the patient’s breathing; the concentration of PAO aerosol was measured at three different points: head, trunk, and feet. In addition, flow field visualization can effectively present the flow field distribution of the entire operating room; also, the results can be mutually verified with the PAO concentration measurement results. Aerosol concentrations were measured for six different oxygen supply devices with various tidal volumes of the artificial respirator, and the results were ranked from high to low concentrations for different oxygen supply devices and their operational oxygen supply flowrates: HFNC (70 l/min) > CPAP (40 l/min) > HFNC (30 l/min) > nasal cannula (15 l/min) > NRM (15 l/min) > VAPOX (28 l/min).Highlights: • The effect of different oxygen supply on the droplets exhaled by patients during lung intubation treatment were examined. • the PAO aerosols were released at the mouth of the manikin to simulate the aerosols produced during intubation processes. • variations of concentrations of PAO aerosols and the flow fields were analyzed. • The results could be beneficial to minimize the impact of different oxygen supply equipment on medical staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A 43-year-old female patient reported persistent iliopsoas-related groin pain following periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) combined with femoroplasty via a direct anterior approach due to CAM morphology. Concomitantly with the planned removal of screws, hip arthroscopy was performed, and the iliopsoas tendon was found to run intraarticularly, resulting in the tendon being impaired in its mobility and being entrapped. The tendon was arthroscopically released. The patient reported relief of the groin pain after the arthroscopic tendon debridement. During PAO combined with capsulotomy, the postoperatively observed intraarticular position of the iliopsoas tendon should be prevented by careful closure of the joint capsule.

Biological nutrient removal grows into complicated scenario due to the microbial consortium shift and kinetic competition between phosphorus (P)-accumulating and nitrogen (N)-removing microorganisms. In this study, three sequential batch reactors with constant operational conditions except aeration patterns at 6 h cycle periods were tested. Intermittent aeration was applied to develop a robust nutrient removal system aimed to achieve high energy saving and removal efficiency. The results showed higher correspondence of P-uptake, polymeric substance synthesis and glycogen degradation in intermittent-aeration with longer interval periods compared to continuous-aeration. Increasing the intermittent-aeration duration from 25 to 50 min, resulted in higher process performance where the system exhibited approximately 30% higher nutrient removal. This study indicated that nutrient removal strongly depends on reaction phase configuration representing the importance of aeration pattern. The microbial community examined the variation in abundance of bacterial groups in suspended sludge, where the 50 min intermittent aeration, favored the growth of P-accumulating organisms and nitrogen removal microbial groups, indicating the complications related to nutrient removal systems. Successful intermittently aerated process with high capability of simple implementation to conventional systems by elemental retrofitting, is applicable for upgrading wastewater treatment plants. With aeration as a major operational cost, this process is a promising approach to potentially remove nutrients in high competence, in distinction to optimizing cost-efficacy of the system. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between the 14th and 15th centuries, the secular and ecclesiastical authorities of Castile and Portugal dedicated themselves to establishing laws and rules to stimulate the production of bread, highlighting its material and symbolic importance. From this documentary set, composed mainly of chapters on cuts, ordinances, chronicles and treaties, that is writings that guided and gave meaning to the practices of men, we will question the values associated with the consumption and cultivation of bread in both Iberian kingdoms in order to examine the construction of a common moral.

Copper based particles were synthesized by a wood-powder-template-based process. Wood powders mixed with an aqueous cooper salt solution were heated under N2 gas flow, and then, the mixture of the charcoal powder and copper particles were heated in air to remove charcoal. Finally, oxidized wood-derived copper particles (OWCu) of less than 1 μm were synthesized. Wood powders acted as the template and limited the sizes of the copper particles. In addition, the tribological properties of OWCu in synthetic oil were investigated using a pin-on-plate reciprocating tribometer. Our results revealed that 0.5 mass% OWCu reduced both the friction coefficient (max 45%) and wear volume (max 39%) of SUJ2 lubricated by PAO4. The best reduction effect was obtained for OWCu synthesized at 400°C under N2 gas flow, which had the smallest average particle size, where the coverage of the OWCu layer on the wear track was the largest. These facts suggest that the particle size reduction of OWCu can increase the coverage and improve the friction coefficient and wear volume reduction effects of the lubricant. Control of the wood-powder-template-based synthesized particles to the optimal size for the roughness of the sliding surface would help achieve better tribological performance.

O buritizeiro é uma palmeira de um único caule, com altura aproximada de 28 a 35 metros. O fruto possui tamanho de 4 a 7 cm com polpa de cor alaranjada, rica em vitaminas A, B, C, minerais como cálcio e ferro, além de proteínas, ácidos graxos oléicos, palmíticos, carotenóides e polifenóis. Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa elaborar e caracterizar o pão enriquecido com farinha a base de buriti (Mauritia Flexuosa L). Inicialmente foram coletados frutos in natura no município de Afuá, Pará e transportados para o Núcleo de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos do Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá (IEPA). Efetuou-se o despolpamento dos frutos, produção da farinha e pão e realização da análise físico-química da composição centesimal de (umidade, cinzas, proteínas, lipídeos, carboidratos) e composto químicos (antocianina e flavonóides) da polpa, farinha e pão. Além disso, foram realizadas as análises microbiológicas (Staphylococcus, Salmonella e Coliformes Termotolerantes) da farinha e do pão de buriti. Pela caracterização de análises físico-química do pão obteve-se os seguintes resultados: proteína 11,35 ± 0,02%, lipídeos 7,19 ± 0,01%, carboidratos 43,13,% de umidade35,78 ± 0,03%, cinzas 2,55 ± 0,002%, antocianina 0,130 ± 0,009%, flavonóides 0,03 ± 0,004%. O pão a base de farinha de buriti demonstrou ser apto para o consumo. As análises microbiológicas detectaram valores recomendados por lei.

Polyamine oxidases (PAOs) have been correlated with numerous physiological and developmental processes, as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Their transcriptional regulation is driven by signals generated by various developmental and environmental cues, including phytohormones. However, the inductive mechanism(s) of the corresponding genes remains elusive. Out of the five previously characterized Arabidopsis PAO genes, none of their regulatory sequences have been analyzed to date. In this study, a GUS reporter-aided promoter deletion approach was used to investigate the transcriptional regulation of AtPAO3 during normal growth and development as well as under various inductive environments. AtPAO3 contains an upstream open reading frame (uORF) and a short inter-cistronic sequence, while the integrity of both appears to be crucial for the proper regulation of gene expression. The full-length promoter contains several cis-acting elements that regulate the tissue-specific expression of AtPAO3 during normal growth and development. Furthermore, a number of TFBS that are involved in gene induction under various abiotic stress conditions display an additive effect on gene expression. Taken together, our data indicate that the transcription of AtPAO3 is regulated by multiple environmental factors, which probably work alongside hormonal signals and shed light on the fine-tuning mechanisms of PAO regulation.

Abstract Background Much like academic-industry partnerships, industry financial support of patient advocacy organizations (PAOs) has become very common in recent years. While financial conflicts of interest (FCOI) between PAOs and industry have received more attention in recent years, robust efforts to mitigate these conflicts are still limited. Main body The authors outline the possible benefits and ethical concerns that can result from financial interactions between biomedical companies and PAOs. They argue that the use of novel strategies, such as the creation of a standing ethics committee, could be helpful in managing FCOIs and ensuring the warranted trust of PAO’s constituents. Although ethics committees to address FCOIs are common in the academic context, its use by PAOs is still limited. The authors conclude by describing the process of development and implementation of such an ethics committee at the Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation. Conclusions While collaborations with industry can result in conflicts of interest, PAOs can develop strategies to address those conflicts. One such strategy is the creation of a standing independent ethics committee to guide PAOs on new and/or existing programs and protocols as they pertain to their industry relationships.

Background: The clinical success of periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) for the treatment of symptomatic acetabular dysplasia is well-documented. Conflicting evidence exists regarding the correlation of age with clinical outcomes. Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score - global (HOOSglobal) is a recently validated patient-reported outcome measure following PAO. The purpose of this study is to asses HOOSglobal and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores at early follow-up based on age at the time of PAO.Methods: A prospective multicenter cohort of 391 patients undergoing PAO with minimum 2-year follow-up (average 4.71 years) were identified. Patients were categorized into 4 age groups: <20 years (N = 131), 20-29 (N = 102), 30-39 (N = 65), and ≥40 (N = 34). A 4 × 2 repeated measures analysis of variance (Age Group × Time) was used to compare preoperative and postoperative HOOSglobal and WOMAC scores between age groups. A multiple linear regression was used to identify predictors of postoperative HOOSglobal scores.Results: HOOSglobal and WOMAC scores increased across all age groups; however, a statistically greater increase in preoperative to postoperative HOOSglobal and WOMAC scores was found in those ≥40 years compared to those <20 (P< .002), 20-29 (P = .01), and 30-39 years (P = .02). Higher preoperative HOOSglobal scores were predictive of greater postoperative HOOSglobal scores (P < .001) but age (P = .65), gender (P = .80), body mass index (P = .50), and Tönnis Classification (P = .07) were not independent predictors of 1-year outcomes.Conclusion: The absence of differences in early postoperative patient-reported outcomes across multiple age ranges emphasizes that PAO in the setting of symptomatic acetabular dysplasia can be successful regardless of patient age alone. Therefore, age alone might not be an appropriate selection criterion when evaluating surgical candidates for PAO.Level Of Evidence: II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well-known that hip disorders are frequently of bony origin related to an underlying pathomorphology. A fundamental understanding of morphology and biomechanics is therefore of essential importance for a targeted approach in defining treatment plans. Treatment is frequently based on altering bony morphology, for which a set of effective techniques have been proposed. Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) allows for reorientation of the acetabulum and powerful correction of acetabular coverage. The revolutionary aspect of PAO compared to prior osteotomies lies in maintenance of the integrity of the posterior column. This allows for a substantial increase in primary stability, a larger bony surface for healing, and simple reorientation of the acetabular fragment that is free of posterior ligamentous restraints. The results for dysplasia are very promising. Indications have been refined by studies revealing that the presence of degenerative changes and age > 40 years at the time of surgery represent prognostic factors of poorer outcome. Indications have also been broadened to include acetabular retroversion (with posterolateral dysplasia) and borderline hip dysplasia. A glimpse at the future would reflect major advances related to individual planning, surgical training, and precise surgical conduction. In the era of digitalization, augmented reality may assist in performing bony cuts and act as an aid for some of the blind ischial and retro-acetabular cuts. Innovations in perioperative management will enhance recovery after the procedure and allow for early recovery programs with optimized protocols of pain management. Considering that the success of PAO in the young is comparable to the success of hip arthroplasty in the old, PAO should be considered one of the pillars of modern orthopedic surgery.

Purpose: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a successful procedure. However, in time, heterotopic ossification (HO) can form due to, amongst others, soft tissue damage. This can lead to pain and impairment. This study compares the formations of HO between patients who underwent either THA with the posterolateral approach (PA) or with the direct lateral approach (DLA). Our hypothesis is that patients who underwent THA with a PA form less HO compared to THA patients who underwent DLA. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 296 consecutive patients were included who underwent THA. A total of 127 patients underwent THA with the PA and 169 with the DLA. This was dependent on the surgeon's preference and experience. More than 95% of patients had primary osteoarthritis as the primary diagnosis. Clinical outcomes were scored using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and Harris Hip Score (HHS), radiological HO were scored using the Brooker classification. Follow-up was performed at 1 and 6 years postoperatively. Results: Two hundred and fifty-eight patients (87%) completed the 6-year follow-up. HO formation occurred more in patients who underwent DLA, compared to PA (43(30%) vs. 21(18%), p = 0.024) after 6 years. However, the presence of severe HO (Brooker 3–4) was equal between the DLA and PA (7 vs. 5,p = 0.551). After 6 years the HHS and NRS for patient satisfaction were statistically significant higher after the PA (95.2 and 8.9, respectively) compared to the DLA (91.6 and 8.5, respectively) (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively). The NRS for load pain was statistically significant lower in the PA group (0.5) compared to the DLA group (1.2) (p = 0.004). The NRS for rest pain was equal: 0.3 in the PA group and 0.5 in the DLA group. Conclusion: THA with the PA causes less HO formation than the DLA. Trial registration: Registrated as HipVit trial, NL 32832.100.10, R-10.17D/HIPVIT 1. Central Commission Human-Related research (CCMO) Registry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lubrication of high-performance polymers allows the more widespread use of these materials in mechanical systems. This work aims to study the compatibility of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyphthalamide (PPA) with polar and non-polar lubricant base oils by inducing aging. Polymer discs were kept immersed in two polar synthetic esters, i.e., propylene glycol ester (PG) and trimethylolpropane ester (TMP), as well as in a non-polar synthetic oil, polyalphaolefin (PAO). Aging was carried out at room temperature and at 100 °C for 30 days. Samples were also aged in air at 100 °C to differentiate the effects of chemical and thermal aging. The chemical, morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of the aged samples were measured and compared to the unaged material. The results for aging in oils at 100 °C show the appearance of carbonyl-containing groups on the surfaces of both polymers, with consequent changes in their surface free energy, and an increase in the crystallinity and microhardness. The diffusion of oil molecules induced the oxidation of the polymers. PEEK was less affected by aging than PPA. The aging in PG ester at 100 °C revealed more pronounced effects among all the oils because of its polarity and its smaller molecule size, which led to an easier diffusion into the polymer matrix and plasticization. • The compatibility of PEEK and PPA with lubricant base oils was assessed by an aging study. • An increase in surface hardness and crystallinity were observed. • Lubricant base oils intensified the oxidation of polymers, compared to thermal aging in air. • PG ester caused more significant changes in the polymers than PAO and TMP ester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predisposing factors for CAM-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) include acetabular protrusion and retroversion; however, nothing is known regarding development in dysplastic hips. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between CAM-type FAI and developmental dysplastic hips diagnosed using X-ray and rotational computed tomography. In this retrospective study, 52 symptomatic hips were included, with a mean age of 28.8 ± 7.6 years. The inclusion criteria consisted of consecutive patients who suffered from symptomatic dysplastic or borderline dysplastic hips and underwent a clinical examination, conventional radiographs and rotational computed tomography. Demographics, standard measurements and the rotational alignments were recorded and analyzed between the CAM and nonCAM groups. Among the 52 patients, 19 presented with CAM impingement, whereas, in 33 patients, no signs of CAM impingement were noticed. For demographics, no significant differences between the two groups were identified. On conventional radiography, the acetabular hip index as well as the CE angle for the development of CAM impingement were significantly different compared to the nonCAM group with a CE angle of 21.0° ± 5.4° vs. 23.7° ± 5.8° (p = 0.050) and an acetabular hip index of 25.6 ± 5.7 vs. 21.9 ± 7.3 (p = 0.031), respectively. Furthermore, a crossing over sign was observed to be more common in the nonCAM group, which is contradictory to the current literature. For rotational alignment, no significant differences were observed. In dysplastic hips, the CAM-type FAI correlated to a lower CE angle and a higher acetabular hip index. In contrast to the current literature, no significant correlations to the torsional alignment or to crossing over signs were observed.

The purpose of this study was to compare the pre and postoperative radiographic findings and analyze the complication rate with respect to the laterality in periacetabular osteotomy in right-handed surgeons. Satisfaction rate and radiographic findings were prospectively collected between 2017 and 2019 and retrospectively reviewed. For analysis, all measurements of the CT scans were performed by a musculoskeletal fellowship-trained radiologist. Complications were classified into two categories: perioperative or postoperative. All surgeries were performed by three right-hand dominant hip surgeons. A total of 41 dysplastic hips (25 right and 16 left hips) in 33 patients were included. Postoperatively, a significantly lower acetabular index angle on the left side was observed at −2.6 ± 4.3 as compared to the right side at 1.6 ± 6.5 (p < 0.05). The change in Center edge (CE) angle was significantly lower for the left side 13.7 ± 5.5° than on the right side, measured at 18.4 ± 7.3 (p < 0.001); however, the overall CE angle was comparable at 38.5 ± 8.9° without any significant difference between the operated hips (left side at 37.8 ± 6.1° versus right side at 39.0 ± 10.3; p = 0.340). No significant differences in other radiographic measurements or surgical time were observed. For complications, the right side was more commonly affected, which may also explain a higher satisfaction rate in patients who were operated on the left hip with 92.3%. The change in lateral CE angle was significantly lower for the left side and the right hip seems to be predisposed to complications, which correlate with a lower satisfaction rate in right-handed surgeons.

Abstract In thin-film lubrication (TFL), generally, the viscosity of the lubricant and its coefficient of friction (CoF) increase. Finding a method to reduce the CoF in TFL is a significant challenge for tribologists. In the present work, we report a robust superlubricity attained by using polyalkylene glycols (PAGs, polar molecules) and poly-α-olefins (PAOs, nonpolar molecules) as lubricants on steel/steel friction pairs that have been pre-treated by wearing-in with polyethylene glycol aqueous solution (PEG(aq)). A steady superlubricity state with a CoF of 0.0045 for PAG100 and 0.006 for PAO6 could be maintained for at least 1 h. Various affecting factors, including the sliding velocity, normal load, and viscosity of the lubricants, were investigated. Element analysis proved that composite tribochemical layers were deposited on the worn region after the treatment with PEG(aq). These layers were formed by the tribochemical reactions between PEG and steel and composed of various substances including oxides, iron oxides, FeOOH, and Fe(OH)3, which contributed to the superlubricity. In addition to the tribochemical layers, ordered layers and a fluid layer were formed by the PAGs and PAOs during the superlubricity periods. All the three types of layers contributed to the superlubricity, indicating that it was attained in the TFL regime. Accordingly, a mechanism was proposed for the superlubricity of the PAGs and PAOs in the TFL regime in this work. This study will increase the scientific understanding of the superlubricity in the TFL regime and reveal, in the future, the potential for designing superlubricity systems on steel surfaces for industrial applications.

Datasets of measured viscosity of Polyalpha-Olefin- boron nitride (PAO/hBN) nanofluids are reported. An AR-G2 rheometer (from TA Instruments) experimental setup is used for measuring the rheological property of PAO/hBN nanofluids, which is a combined motor and transducer (CMT) instrument. The test fluid sample size is approximately 1.5 ml and the tests were conducted over a temperature range of the tested fluids from − 20 °C to 70 °C by a water circulator chamber. The dataset includes measured viscosities as a function of the BN volumetric concentration (ϕ) of 0, 0.6 and 1%. Two sets of viscosity measurements are conducted insuring the thermal equilibrium conditions are reached for all experiments. In set (1), the viscosity is measured at intervals of 10 °C by fixing the temperature at each interval (at −20, −10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 °C), while the shear stress and shear rate are varied. In set (2), the temperature is varied from −20 °C to 70 °C at intervals of 0.5 °C, while the shear stress is fixed and the shear rate is varied accordingly. Set (1) is designed to verify whether the fluids are Newtonian or not and set (2) is designed to derive correlations for the viscosity as a function of temperature. Several characteristics data are recorded including rotational speed of the spindle (RPM), torque, viscosity (Pa- s), shear stress (Pa), shear strain rate (1/s) and temperature (°C). The reuse potential of the dataset includes calculating Reynolds number for further flow studies; heat transfer performance studies of nanofluids; lubrication and lubricants’ development studies and characteristics of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The dataset reported here were used (but not published) in the article published by the author in [1] (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2020.100776).

Purpose: To present a novel surgical technique for the Bernese peri-acetabular osteotomy (PAO) using electromagnetic navigation (EMN) and patient-specific templates (PST), and to evaluate it against the traditional fluoroscopic technique. Methods: We included 40 dysplastic hips. All PAOs were performed using PST and EMN. We recorded learning-related complications. For the purpose of acetabular fragment correction analysis, patients were divided into two groups. In the study group (EMN group, 30 hips), the acetabular fragment was reoriented with the help of EMN. In the control group (XR group, 10 hips), the acetabular fragment was reoriented using fluoroscopy. We compared the difference between the planned and achieved position of the acetabular fragment and outcomes between both groups. Results: Two major complications occurred in four PAOs in the XR group only (first ten PAOs). The average absolute difference in planned and achieved lateral centre -edge angle (LCEA) and acetabular index (AI) was 1.2° ± 1.5° and 1.1° ± 2° for the EMN and 7° ± 6.1° and 6.3° ± 6.3° for the XR group (p = 0.02; p = 0.03). The average surgery duration was 183 ± 32 minutes for the EMN and 203 ± 42 minutes for the XR group (p = 0.19). At the last follow-up, the average Harris Hip Score (HHS) value was 88 ± 12 in the EMN and 86 ± 14 in the XR group (p = 0.84). Conclusions: Our study indicates that PAO performed with EMN and PST seems to be a safe and reproducible procedure with a short learning curve. Additionally, navigated reorientation of the acetabular fragment is significantly more accurate than the fluoroscopic technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is a promising alternative wastewater treatment to the conventional activated sludge system allowing space and energy saving. Basic understanding of AGS has mainly been obtained using simple wastewater containing acetate and propionate as carbon source. Yet, the aspect and performances of AGS grown in such model systems are different from those obtained in reactor treating real wastewater. The impact of fermentable and hydrolyzable compounds on already formed AGS was assessed separately by changing the composition of the influent from simple wastewater containing volatile fatty acids to complex monomeric wastewater containing amino acids and glucose, and then to complex polymeric wastewater containing also starch and peptone. The reversibility of the observed changes was assessed by changing the composition of the wastewater from complex monomeric back to simple. The introduction of fermentable compounds in the influent left the settling properties and nutrient removal performance unchanged, but had a significant impact on the bacterial community. The proportion of Gammaproteobacteria diminished to the benefit of Actinobacteria and the Saccharibateria phylum. On the other hand, the introduction of polymeric compounds altered the settling properties and denitrification efficiency, but induced smaller changes in the bacterial community. The changes induced by the wastewater transition were only partly reversed. Seven distinct stables states of the bacterial community were detected during the 921 days of experiment, four of them observed with the complex monomeric wastewater. The transitions between these states were not only caused by wastewater changes but also by operation failures and other incidences. However, the nutrient removal performance and settling properties of the AGS were globally maintained due to the functional redundancy of its bacterial community.

Pyrus (pear) is among the most nutritious fruits and contains fibers that have great health benefits to humans. It is mostly cultivated in temperate regions globally and is highly subjected to biotic and abiotic stresses which affect its yield. Pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO) is an essential component of the chlorophyll degradation system and contributes to the senescence of leaves. It is responsible for opening the pheophorbide a porphyrin macrocycle and forming the main fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite However, this gene family and its members have not been explored in Pyrus genomes. Here we report a pangenome-wide investigation has been conducted on eight Pyrus genomes: Cuiguan, Shanxi Duli, Zhongai 1, Nijisseiki, Yunhong No.1, d'Anjou, Bartlett v2.0, and Dangshansuli v.1.1. The phylogenetic history, their gene structure, conservation patterns of motifs, their distribution on chromosomes, and gene duplication are studied in detail which shows the intraspecific structural conservation as well as evolutionary patterns of Pyrus PAOs. Cis -elements, protein-protein interactions (PPI), and the Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses show their potential biological functions. Furthermore, their expression in various tissues, fruit hardening conditions, and drought stress conditions is also studied. Based on phylogenetics, the identified PAOs were divided into four groups. The expansion of this gene family in Pyrus is caused by both tandem and segmental duplication. Moreover, positive and negative selection pressure equally directed the gene's duplication process. The Pyrus PAO genes were enriched in hormones-related, light, development, and stress-related elements. RNA-seq data analysis showed that PAOs have varied levels of expression under diseased and abiotic stress conditions. The 3D structures of PAOs are also predicted to get more insights into functional conservation. Our research can be used further to get a deeper knowledge of the PAO gene family in Pyrus and to guide future research on improving the genetic composition of Pyrus to enhance stress tolerance., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Ma, Sun, Zhang, Sadaqat, Tahir Ul Qamar and Liu.)