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This online study is a follow-up of a previously registered study (https://osf.io/gt4yb?view_only=b23fb717b1ca41a28979095b5020d32b). The previous study investigates whether 3- and 5-year-old Turkish-speaking children produce metatalk in collaborative reasoning at an earlier age than demonstrated in the literature. In this follow-up study we are adding a sample of English-speaking children to have a cross-linguistic comparison and observe two linguistic groups carrying out the same task. During collaborative problem-solving, partners often engage in a special kind of reason-giving, termed as “meta-talk” (Köymen & Tomasello, 2018, 2020), through which they talk about standards of evidence (e.g., first-hand observation tops indirect observation), compare the validity of competing reasons, or provide reasons for reasons. Research with German-speaking children suggest that around age 7, children start using meta-talk during collaborative reasoning. For instance, 5 and 7-year-old peer dyads heard conflicting claims about an animal from two informants. One provided a first-hand report (e.g., "we eat rocks"); the other provided a second-hand report (e.g., "Someone told me they eat sand"). Dyads trusted the more reliable informant and justified this through meta-talk (“She heard it from someone else”). The finding that young children do not produce meta-talk can in fact be an artifact of the linguistic structure of German (also English), in which evidential marking or marking the information source is optional. In some languages such as Turkish, Japanese, etc. the use of evidential marking is grammatically obligatory. In reporting past events, speakers of these languages must choose one of the two evidential markers: one that denotes a witnessed event or a first-hand observation and the other that denotes unwitnessed event or a second-hand observation (Aksu-Koc, 1988; Ozturk & Papafragou, 2016). The current study compares two linguistic groups: Turkish- and English-speaking children's use of meta-talk in collaborative problem-solving.

Glial tumors are malignant brain tumors that arise from glial cells of brain or spine and have genetic aberrations in their genome. 1p/19q co-deletion is associated with increased Overall Survival (OS) time with enhanced response to chemo- and radio-therapy in oligodendrogliomas. However, prognostic significance of 1p/19q co-polysomy is still unclear. We evaluated 1p/19q status of 221 patients with glial tumor by Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH). Records of the patients were collected retrospectively. Our results demonstrated that 1p/19q co-polysomy was associated with decreased OS time, high P53 expression and frequently located in temporal lobe, whereas 1p/19q co-deletion was associated with increased overall survival time, low P53 expression and frontal lobe location. Furthermore, classification of patients based on both 1p/19q status and P53 expression revealed that patients with 1p/19q co-polysomy and high P53 expression had the worst prognosis. Lastly, our bioinformatic survival analysis revealed that high expression of SRM, ICMT, and FTL located in 1p36.13-p36.31 and 19q13.2-q13.33 region were related with decreased OS time in patients with Low Grade Glioma (LGG). The study demonstrated that 1p/19q co-polysomy is a poor prognostic marker for glial tumor. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.

Objectives: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), a growing issue in ear, nose, and throat (ENT) and pediatric medicine, is the backflow of stomach contents into the laryngopharynx. Patients present with frequent upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections and coughs, associated with acid- and pepsin-mediated injury to the mucosae of the larynx and pharynx. LPR is associated with rhinosinusitis, laryngitis, pneumonia, and asthma. Children with LPR often fail to exhibit classic gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms, or such symptoms may be intermittent. Only a few studies have sought correlations among symptoms, endoscopic findings, and the results of frequently used diagnostic tests. The aim of our study: We sought associations among the Reflux Finding Score (RFS), Reflux Symptom Index (RSI), and the pathological extent of esophagitis. Methods: We reviewed data on children who underwent upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy and showed LPR symptoms, as reported by the ENT department. The RSI was scored by pediatric gastroenterologists and the RFS by ENT doctors, via laryngoscopic examination. The pathological esophageal data were evaluated retrospectively. Results: We treated 52 patients (29 boys) with a mean age of 11.4 ± 4.5 years. On pathological evaluation, one patient exhibited normal esophageal findings, while 28 showed mild esophagitis, 16 esophagitis, and 8 severe esophagitis. Thirteen patients showed esophageal pseudopolypoid lesions secondary to gastroesophageal reflux disease on endoscopic examination, but were human papilloma virus-negative. There was no correlation among the RFS, RSI score, and age, but there was a significant correlation between the pathological data and the RFS (P = 0.010; r = 0.461). Conclusions: The incidence of LPR/esophagitis in children may differ from that in adults. Therefore, ENT specialists should determine esophagitis status in children and, if necessary, consult pediatric gastroenterologists. © 2019 The Voice Foundation

Purpose: Chordomas are highly therapy-resistant primary bone tumors that exhibit high relapse rates and may induce local destruction. Here, we evaluated the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?) on chordoma progression and clinical outcome. Methods: Chordoma cells were treated with TNF-? after which its short- and long-term effects were evaluated. Functional assays, qRT-PCR and microarray-based expression analyses were carried out to assess the effect of TNF-? on chemo-resistance, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, invasion and cancer stem cell-like properties. Finally, relationships between TNF-? expression and clinicopathological features were assessed in a chordoma patient cohort. Results: We found that TNF-? treatment increased the migration and invasion of chordoma cells. Also, NF-?B activation was observed along with increased EMT marker expression. In addition, enhanced tumor sphere formation and soft agar colony formation were observed, concomitantly with increased chemo-resistance and CD338 marker expression. The TNF-? and TNFR1 expression levels were found to be significantly correlated with LIF, PD-L1 and Ki67 expression levels, tumor volume and a short survival time in patients. In addition, a high neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was found to be associated with recurrence and a decreased overall survival. Conclusions: From our data we conclude that TNF-? may serve as a prognostic marker for chordoma progression and that tumor-promoting inflammation may be a major factor in chordoma tumor progression. © 2019, International Society for Cellular Oncology.

Purpose Chordomas are highly therapy-resistant primary bone tumors that exhibit high relapse rates and may induce local destruction. Here, we evaluated the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on chordoma progression and clinical outcome. Methods Chordoma cells were treated with TNF-alpha after which its short- and long-term effects were evaluated. Functional assays, qRT-PCR and microarray-based expression analyses were carried out to assess the effect of TNF-alpha on chemo-resistance, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, invasion and cancer stem cell-like properties. Finally, relationships between TNF-alpha expression and clinicopathological features were assessed in a chordoma patient cohort. Results We found that TNF-alpha treatment increased the migration and invasion of chordoma cells. Also, NF-kappa B activation was observed along with increased EMT marker expression. In addition, enhanced tumor sphere formation and soft agar colony formation were observed, concomitantly with increased chemo-resistance and CD338 marker expression. The TNF-alpha and TNFR1 expression levels were found to be significantly correlated with LIF, PD-L1 and Ki67 expression levels, tumor volume and a short survival time in patients. In addition, a high neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was found to be associated with recurrence and a decreased overall survival. Conclusions From our data we conclude that TNF-alpha may serve as a prognostic marker for chordoma progression and that tumor-promoting inflammation may be a major factor in chordoma tumor progression. TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [112S485]; Yeditepe University HospitalYeditepe University This study was supported by TUBITAK (grant number: 112S485) and Yeditepe University Hospital.

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Chordomas are rare tumors of the spine and skull base that are locally destructive and resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, with a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Chordoma patients have a long life expectancy with high mortality from the disease. Cancer stem cells, which are known to exist in chordomas, have extensive proliferative and self-renewal potential and are responsible for maintaining tumor heterogeneity along with chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) has multiple functions in stem cell biology, the immune response, and cancer, and is potentially a key molecule that allows cancer stem cells to self-renew. The purpose of this study was to determine whether LIF increases the aggressive traits of chordoma cells and leads to a poor prognosis in patients. Chordoma cell lines were treated with LIF, and functional tests were done. Twenty skull base chordoma samples were checked for levels of LIF and a correlation with clinicopathological features. The whole transcriptome microarray was used to observe changes in gene expression. We observed increased migration, invasion, tumorosphere formation, colony formation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and chemoresistance accompanied by a dramatic elevation in inflammatory gene networks and pathways in chordomas. The expression of LIF was associated with tumor size and a poorer overall survival. Microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assessments suggest that LIF can facilitate tumor-promoting inflammation. Results indicate that LIF plays a role in maintaining cancer stem cells in chordomas. Copyright © 2017 Cognizant, LLC.

Purpose of nvestig,a lion: To evaluate the preventive and reducing effect of aloe vera gel on surgically-induced endometrial foci in rats. Materials and methods: Twenty-four reproductive aged female non-pregnant, nulligravid Sprague-Dawley albino rats were used. The rats were randomly divided to three groups (Group 1: control, Group 2: aloe vera endometriosis formation, and Group 3: aloe vera endometriosis treatment). A peritoneal lavage using one-ml saline was taken at all the operations for determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT). Forty-eight horns were implanted in 24 rats. Results: All the implants were properly formed after implantation. In Group 3, before aloe vera application, the sum of the volumes was 87.2 +/- 20.4 mm(3) and after treatment the volumes dropped to 28.9 +/- 14.9 mm(3) (p = 0.01). As evaluation of aloe vera on the formation of endometriosis in the second operation in Group 2, the sum of the volumes was 2.9 +/- 1.4 mm(3) and in Group 1, 118.9 +/- 20.0 mm(3) (p = 0.001). Likewise, similar changes were observed in the histopatological scores. Conclusion: The application of aloe vera was seen to raise antioxidant levels in the peritoneal fluid and to reduce oxidative stress markers. Aloe vera is effective in the inhibition of formation and regression of endometriotic lesions.

A 38-year-old woman presented with a mass in the left breast. Biopsy of the lesion revealed invasive ductal carcinoma. Bilateral adrenal metastasis was detected in whole body positron emission tomography scanning. Needle biopsy of the left adrenal lesion proved infiltration of malignant cells from breast carcinoma. After eight cycles of neoadjuvant (preoperative) chemotherapy, mastectomy, bilateral adrenalectomy, and bilateral oopherectomy were performed. No further hormonal treatment was recommended due to the resection of both adrenal glands and ovaries. The patient is still followed without any sign of progression. To our knowledge, this is the first case representing multimodality approach to breast cancer with bilateral synchronous adrenal metastasis. Patients with oligometastatic disease may benefit from aggressive treatment including local therapies. © 2014 The Author(s).

Purpose of investigation: To evaluate the preventive and reducing effect of aloe vera gel on surgically-induced endometrial foci in rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four reproductive aged female non-pregnant, nulligravid Sprague-Dawley albino rats were used. The rats were randomly divided to three groups (Group 1: control. Group 2: Aloe vera endometriosis formation, and Group 3: Aloe vera endometriosis treatment). A peritoneal lavage using one-ml saline was taken at all the operations for determination of superoxide disinutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT). Forty-eight horns were implanted in 24 rats. Results: All the implants were properly formed after implantation. In Group 3, before aloe vera application, the sum of the volumes was 87.2 ± 20.4 mm' and after treatment the volumes dropped to 28.9 ± 14.9 mm' (p = 0.01). As evaluation of aloe vera on the formation of endometriosis in the second operation in Group 2, the sum of the volumes was 2.9*1.4 mm3 and in Group 1, 118.9 ± 20.0 mm5 (/> = 0.001). Likewise, similar changes were observed in the histopatological scores. Conclusion: The application of aloe vera was seen to raise antioxidant levels in the peritoneal fluid and to reduce oxidative stress markers. Aloe vera is effective in the inhibition of formation and regression of endometriotic lesions.

Pigmented Bowen's disease is a rare subtype of in situ squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and mucosa, with a potential risk of invasion and metastasis. It is universally accepted that human papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of genital Bowen's disease. Herein we report an unusual case of pigmented Bowen's disease of the genital area that clinically simulated malignant melanoma. Accurate diagnosis could only be established after histological examination. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that the lesion harbored HPV 16 DNA. Although pigmented Bowen's disease is rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all pigmented lesions of the genitalia. This case report highlights the necessity of biopsy and histopathological examination for every suspicious cutaneous lesion.