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zheimer's disease (AD) causes amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque formation in regions such as the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, which have a cognitive function. Besides oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and acetylcholine, the degeneration of glutamatergic pathways in individuals with AD causes acetylcholine accumulation in the cortex and hippocampus, leading to the formation of Aβ plaque. Herein, we investigated the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) which are Cannabis sativa components on AD-like cognitive deficit induced by intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of Aβ1-42. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: i) Control, ii) Alzheimer, iii) Alzheimer+CBD, and iv) Alzheimer+CBG. The AD model was induced by icv injection of Aβ1-42 and then CBD and CBG treatments were administrated for 2 weeks. Open field test, passive avoidance test, and Morris' water maze test were performed, and on 15th day, the rats were decapitated. Hippocampus and cerebral cortex were removed from the brain, and levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured by ELISA, and Aβ1-42 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically. There was no significant difference between the groups in the parameters evaluated by the open field test. In passive avoidance and Morris's water maze tests, both CBD and CBG enhanced the learning-memory functions impaired by AD. CBD and CBG treatments successfully reduced the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in AD. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed decreased expression of Aβ1-42 in CBD and CBG treatment groups. CBD and CBG treatments improved learning and memory deficits in the Aβ1-42 induced AD model. We implicate that these experimental findings would lead to better avenues for targeted studies on C. sativa (a natural product of herbal origin and its components) that can potentially be developed for AD treatment. K [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of resveratrol (RES) on isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial injury rat model. METHODS: Catecholamine-induced heart damage was induced by ISO treatment for 30 days. The rats were divided into four groups as follows: the control group received saline, the ISO group received 5.0 mg/kg ISO, the RES group received 10 mg/kg RES, and the ISO-RES group received 10 mg/kg RES and 5 mg/kg ISO treatments for 30 days. Following echocardiographic measurements and body weight recorded, the rats were decapitated. Plasma and cardiac tissue samples obtained by decapitation were analyzed using biochemical, histopathological, molecular and immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS: In the ISO group, Na+/K+ ATPase activity and ATP content, GSH, and caveolin-3 levels were low. LDH, CK and lysosomal enzyme activities, MDA level, and MPO activity were found to be high. It was determined that GSH and MDA levels and MPO, Na+/K+ ATPase activity, ATP content caveolin-3 levels changes that arose from ISO treatment were suppressed by RES treatment. CONCLUSION: RES treatment has ameliorated all the functional and biochemical parameters. The results obtained in this study suggest that RES is a promising supplement against catecholamine exposure as it improves antioxidant defense mechanisms in the heart. In the light of above-mentioned data, RES can be assumed as a promising agent in ameliorating the oxidative injury of the myocardium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Ahmet. Midi, Tulay. Tecimer, Suheyla. Bozkurt, Naziye. Ozkan Aim: Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) is a small glandular proliferation that has histological similarities with Gleason grade 1 and 2 prostatic [...]

In this study, the aim was to examine the potential protective effects of Myrtus communis subsp. communis leaf ethanol extract (MC) treatment against acute pancreatitis (AP) in rats. Thirty‐two rats were grouped as the saline‐pretreated control (C), MC‐pretreated control (MC), saline‐pretreated AP (AP), and MC‐pretreated AP (MC + AP) groups. To induce AP, cerulein was administered (50 µg/kg) two times. The rats were given MC for 14 days before cerulein injection. Six hours after the final cerulein injection, the rats were sacrificed. Pancreatic damage was associated with an increase in the serum activity of lipase and amylase, the pancreatic activity of myeloperoxidase, and the pancreatic level of malondialdehyde, interleukin‐1β, and interleukin‐6. AP also led to a decrease in the pancreatic level of anti‐inflammatory interleukin‐10 and glutathione. Pretreatment with MC before the induction of AP significantly reduced the pancreatic damage observed during the histological examination as well as reversed the biochemical changes evoked by AP. Practical applications: Acute pancreatitis is characterized by high mortality (average about 5%; severe cases may reach about 30%). The current treatment for acute pancreatitis is mainly symptomatic. The introduction of herbal drugs may lead to the development of a new strategy in the treatment of this disease. This study revealed that MC reduced pancreatic injury by decreasing pro‐inflammatory cytokines, increasing antioxidant capacity and anti‐inflammatory cytokine, IL‐10. To the authors' knowledge, this research is the first report showing that MC inhibits the development of AP. This observation suggests that MC may be useful in the prevention and the treatment of AP in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of resveratrol (RES) on isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial injury rat model., Methods: Catecholamine-induced heart damage was induced by ISO treatment for 30 days. The rats were divided into four groups as follows: the control group received saline, the ISO group received 5.0 mg/kg ISO, the RES group received 10 mg/kg RES, and the ISO-RES group received 10 mg/kg RES and 5 mg/kg ISO treatments for 30 days. Following echocardiographic measurements and body weight recorded, the rats were decapitated. Plasma and cardiac tissue samples obtained by decapitation were analyzed using biochemical, histopathological, molecular and immunohistochemical methods., Results: In the ISO group, Na + /K + ATPase activity and ATP content, GSH, and caveolin-3 levels were low. LDH, CK and lysosomal enzyme activities, MDA level, and MPO activity were found to be high. It was determined that GSH and MDA levels and MPO, Na + /K + ATPase activity, ATP content caveolin-3 levels changes that arose from ISO treatment were suppressed by RES treatment., Conclusion: RES treatment has ameliorated all the functional and biochemical parameters. The results obtained in this study suggest that RES is a promising supplement against catecholamine exposure as it improves antioxidant defense mechanisms in the heart. In the light of above-mentioned data, RES can be assumed as a promising agent in ameliorating the oxidative injury of the myocardium., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors., (Copyright: © 2020 by Istanbul Northern Anatolian Association of Public Hospitals.)

Objective: Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae) and Aloe vera (Liliaceae) are among the widely used herbal remedies for treating skin diseases and possess numerous activities such as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antioxidant. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible wound healing effect of Aloev era-based extract of the N. oleander leaf (NAE-8 ® ) based on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and DNA repair capacity along with histological changes and to compare them with the traditional silver sulfadiazine treatment (SSD)., Methods: Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were randomly grouped as follows: i) control, ii) burn alone (burn), iii) burn with topical NAE-8 ® (burn+NAE-8 ® ) treatment, and iv) burn with topical 1% silver sulfadiazine (burn+SSD) treatment. All groups received their related topical application twice a day for 14 consecutive days. Upon completion of the experimental protocol, trunk blood and skin tissues were collected for measuring malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), %DNA in the tail (%DNAT) levels along with histological examinations., Results: Thermal injury-induced alterations in MDA, GSH, MPO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and %DNAT levels were significantly reversed by NAE-8 ® treatment. These ameliorative effects were also supported by histological findings., Conclusion: Findings of the present study suggest that NAE-8 ® is a promising remedy for treating skin burn injury., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the important angiogenic factor associated with tumor growth and metastasis in a wide variety of solid tumors. The aim of this study is to investigate the tumor suppressive effect of chitosan/small interfering RNA (siRNA)-VEGF nanoplexes in the rat breast cancer model. Chitosan/siRNA nanoplexes (siVEGF-A, siVEGFR-1, siVEGFR-2) and NRP-1 were prepared in a 15 to1 ratio and injected (intratumorally) into the breast-tumor-bearing Sprague-Dawley rats. Tumor volumes were measured during 21 days. To investigate the effect of chitosan/siRNA nanoplexes on VEGF expression in tumors, VEGF was analyzed with immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The mRNA levels of VEGF in tumor samples were determined with real-time PCR (RT-PCR). After siRNA treatment, a marked reduction in tumor volumes was measured in complex-injected rats (97%). Free siRNA injection showed lower tumor inhibition. Reduction of VEGF protein was also shown with western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Similar results were obtained with RT-PCR also. These results indicate that the chitosan/siRNA targeting to VEGF nanoplexes have a remarkably suppressive effect on VEGF expression and tumor volume in breast cancer model of rats.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a critical role in angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to use chitosan/short hairpin VEGF (shVEGF) [short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-expressing pDNA targeting VEGF-A] complexes in the treatment of rat breast cancer model. Therefore, chitosan/shVEGF complexes were prepared in (2/1) ratio and injected to the breast-tumor bearing Sprague-Dawley rats. Intratumoral and intraperitoneal injections were applied and compared. Tumor volumes were measured during the 36 days. To investigate the effect of complexes on the VEGF expression, VEGF were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The mRNA levels of VEGF were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Tumor volume decreased at the end of experiments after shRNA treatment. The highest suppression in the tumor volume was observed after intratumoral complex injection to rats (96%). Compared with intratumoral and intraperitoneal injection, higher tumor inhibition was obtained with intratumoral injection. Free shRNA injection indicated lower tumor suppression. The immunohistochemistry and western blotting results correlated with the real-time polymerase chain reaction and tumor volume measurements. The data suggest that chitosan/shVEGF complexes can be used to inhibit tumor growth in breast carcinoma model of rats.