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Purpose: The highest work-rate that provides maximal oxygen uptake ( O-2max) may be one of the best exercise stimuli to yield both O-2max and lactate accumulation. The aim of this study was to analyze physiological and metabolic acute responses of an exercise modality performed at the upper boundary of the severe exercise domain, and compare those responses with exercise modalities applied within the severe exercise domain. Method: Ten trained male cyclists participated in this study. The O-2max, corresponding power output (POVO2max), and the highest work-rate that provides the O-2max (IHIGH) were determined by constant work-rate exercises. Cyclists performed three high-intensity interval training (HIIT) strategies as follows; HIIT-1: 4-6 x 3-min at 95% of POVO2max with 1:1 (workout/rest ratio); HIIT-2: 16-18 x 1-min at 105% of POVO2max with 1:1; HIIT-3: 4-7 x 1-2-min at the IHIGH with 1:2. Capillary blood samples were analyzed before, immediately after HIIT sessions, and at the first, third, and fifth minutes of recovery periods. Lactate difference between the highest lactate response and resting status was considered as the peak lactate response for each HIIT modality. Results: Time spent at O-2max was greater at HIIT-1 and HIIT-3 (272 +/- 127 and 208 +/- 111 seconds, respectively; p = 0.155; effect size = 0.43) when compared to the HIIT-2 (similar to 26 seconds; p < 0.001), while there was a greater lactate accumulation at HIIT-3 (similar to 16 mmol.L- 1) when compared to HIIT-1 and HIIT-2 (12 and 14 mmol.L-1, respectively; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, HIIT-3 performed at IHIGH was successful to provide time spent at O-2max with a greater lactate accumulation in a single session., Ege University, Scientific Research Projects Fund [17], This work was supported by the Ege University, Scientific Research Projects Fund (17.BESYO.003).

The aim of this study was to reveal the development potentials of five high-intensity training models on central and peripheral components of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Following VO2max determination, maximal cardiac output (Q(max)), maximal stroke volume (SVmax), and maximal arteriovenous O-2 difference (a-vO(2diff_max)) were analysed. Short-interval-(short-HIIT), long-interval (long-HIIT), alternating work-rate continuous (alter-HIT), constant work-rate continuous (const-HIT), and sprint interval (SIT) sessions were per-formed on separate days with iso-effort and iso-time methods. Time spent (t(spent)) at > 95% of VO2max was the highest in long-HIIT (p < 0.05). The t(spent) at > 90% of Qmax was higher in alter-HIT than long-HIIT and SIT (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference for t(spent) at > 90% of SVmax amongst high-intensity trainings. The t(spent) at > 90% of a-vO(2diff_max) was higher in short-HIIT and long-HIIT than other modalities (p < 0.05). It can be said that continuous modalities seem to have a higher potential to improve central part of VO2max, while interval modalities may be better to develop peripheral component., Scientific Research Projects Fund of Ege University, Turkey [16-BESYO-001], Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Fund of Ege University, Turkey [Grant number: 16-BESYO-001] . The authors do not have any conflict of interest.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 5 weeks of electromyostimulation (EMS) of the peroneus longus muscle on balance and muscle strength in American Football (AmF) players. Methods: Thirty-two healthy male athletes (4 American Football team training sessions per week, college level) were randomly divided into the EMS and control groups. The EMS applications were conducted on the dominant peroneus longus muscle 3 times per week for 5 weeks, with each application lasting 25 minutes. Before and after the interventions, the strength of ankle dorsiflexion-plantar flexion and foot eversion-inversion was measured with isometric dynamometer and anterior-posterior sway, mediolateral sway, perimeter, and ellipse area were measured with the Technobody Balance System in unilateral stance positions, while eyes were open. Results: Changes between initial and final tests for dorsiflexion and eversion strength, and mediolateral sway for dynamic balance in the groups were significantly different (P = .039, P = .027, P = .030, respectively). Conclusion: The EMS application had positive effects on muscle strength and dynamic balance of AmF players. The EMS can be used to improve isometric strength and dynamic balance in AmF players., 70198063-050.06.04, The authors thank Semiha Ozgul for her assistance with the data analysis. No funding has received for the study. This study was approved by Ege University Clinic Research Ethical Committee (70198063-050.06.04). The authors reported no conflict of interest.

The aim of this study was to test the utility and effectiveness of an alternative computational approach to threshold-intensities based on time dependent change-points in minute ventilation divided by end-tidal partial pressure of CO2 (V-E/PETCO2) to reveal whether respiratory compensation point (RCP) is a third ventilatory threshold, or not. Ten recreationally active young adults and ten well-trained athletes volunteered to take part in this study. Following incremental ramp tests, gas exchange threshold (GET) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) were respectively evaluated by the slopes of VCO2-VO2 and VE-VCO2 using the Innocor system automatically. Respiratory threshold (RT) was analysed based on time dependent change-points in the VE/PETCO2 using binary segmentation algorithm. Additionally, those intersections were analysed independently by two experienced investigators using a visual identification technique in a double-blind design. According to the results, in the recreationally active group, there were the first (GET(1)) and the second (GET(2)) gas exchange thresholds which were identical with the RT1 (139 W; 1.9 L.(-1) of VO2; 1.73 L.(-1) of VCO2; 49.9 L.(-1) of VE versus 139 W; 1.88 L.(-1); 1.7 L.(-1); 49 L.(-)1(,) respectively) and RT2 (186 W; 2.39 L.(-1) of VO2; 2.44 L.(-1) of VCO2; 66 L.(-1) of VE versus 187 W; 2.41 L.(-1); 2.49 L.(-1); 65.7 L.(-1), respectively). However, there were three threshold intensities which were determined by GET1, GET2, and RCP in well-trained athletes. Additionally, RT1, RT2, and RT3 were determined as valid surrogates of the GET1 (194 W; 2.56 L.(-1) of VO2; 1.99 L.-1 of VCO2; 57.5 L.(-1) of VE versus 192 W; 2.61 L.(-1); 1.99 L-1; 57.7 L.(-1), respectively), GET2 (267 W; 3.6 L.(-1) of VO2; 3.29 L.(-1) of VCO2; 94.5 L.(-1) of VE versus 266 W; 3.58 L.(-1); 3.26 L.(-1); 93.4 L.-1, respectively), and RCP (324 W; 4.05 L.(-1) of VO2; 4.13 L.(-1) of VCO2; 124 L.-1 of VE versus 322 W; 4.02 L.(-1); 4.07 L.(-1); 122 L.(-1), respectively) in well-trained athletes. There were high levels of agreements between the power outputs determined by traditional techniques and newly proposed change-points in RT. All markers were strongly correlated (p < 0.001). It was shown that RT technique can provide an accurate threshold determination. Furthermore, the RCP was observed as a third threshold-intensity for well-trained athletes but not for recreationally active young adults., Ege University [17.BESYO.002], The authors thank the support of coaches, athletes, and all those who were involved in this study. The experiment complies with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. This work was supported by the Ege University, scientific research projects fund under grant (17.BESYO.002) . The authors do not have any conflict of interest.

Ozkaya, O, Balci, GA, As, H, Cabuk, R, and Norouzi, M. Grey zone: A gap between heavy and severe exercise domain. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 113-120, 2022-The aim of this study was to determine a critical threshold (CT) interpreted as the highest exercise intensity where V?o(2) can be stabilized before reaching 95% of V?o(2)max (V?o(2)peak) and compare it with commonly used anaerobic threshold indices. Ten well-trained male cyclists volunteered for this study. Ventilatory threshold (VT) was determined from incremental tests. Multisession constant-load trials were performed to reveal V?o(2)max. Mathematically modeled critical power (CP) was estimated through the best individual fit parameter method. Maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) was detected by 30-minute constant-load exercises. The individual CT load of each cyclist was tested by constant-load exercises to exhaustion with +15 W intervals until minimal power output to elicit V?o(2)peak. The results showed that work rate corresponding to CT (329.5 +/- 41.5 W) was significantly greater than that of the MLSS (269.5 +/- 38.5 W; p = 0.000), VT (279.6 +/- 33 W; p = 0.000), and CP (306.3 +/- 39.4 W; p = 0.000), and CP overestimated both VT and MLSS (p = 0.000). There was no significant V?o(2) difference between the 10th and 30th minute of MLSS and MLSS + 15 W exercise (0.36-0.13 ml center dot min(-1)center dot kg(-1); p = 0.621). Exercising V?o(2) response of MLSS + 15 W could not exceed the level of 95% V?o(2)max (57.02 +/- 3.87 ml center dot min(-1)center dot kg(-1) and 87.2 +/- 3.1% of V?o(2)max; p = 0.000), whereas V?o(2) responses greater than 95% of V?o(2)max were always attained during exercises performed at CT + 15 W (64.52 +/- 4.37 ml center dot min(-1)center dot kg(-1) and 98.6 +/- 1% of V?o(2)max; p > 0.05). In conclusion, this study indicates that there is a grey zone between heavy and severe exercise domain. This information may play a key role in enhancing athletic performance by improving the quality of training programs., Ege University, Scientific Research Projects Fund [BESYO 2017.002], This study was financially supported by Ege University, Scientific Research Projects Fund (BESYO 2017.002).

The aim of the study was to analyse the VO

Direnç egzersizlerinde kritik tork (KT) ve bu değerin zaman-tork hiperbolik modelindeki eğim sabitini veren anaerobik iş kapasitesi (T'), egzersiz şiddeti ve bitkinlik süresi arasındaki ters ilişkiyi ortaya koymuştur. Sonraki yıllarda, bu parametrelerin büyük kas gruplarının katılımıyla gerçekleştirilen egzersizlere uyarlanmasıyla kritik güç (KG) ve kritik hız (KH) ile bu kriterlere ait fonksiyonlar (sırasıyla W' ve D') tanımlanmıştır. Bu kavramlar "kritik bir metabolik oran" olarak bilinen kritik eşik (KE) değerini verir. Matematiksel temelli bu KE, "yorgunluk oluşmadan uzun süreler devam ettirilebilen en yüksek oran" olarak nitelendirilir. Bu değer " O2'nin stabil tutulabildiği en yüksek egzersiz şiddeti" olarak fizyolojik bir temele oturtulmuştur. Dolayısıyla KE, çok ağırdan (-very heavy) şiddetli (-severe) egzersiz alanına geçişin sınırı olarak kabul edilir. KE belirlemede kullanılan sabit şiddetli egzersiz sayıları genellikle üç ile yedi arasında değişir. Güvenilir ve geçerli bir KE tahmin etmede seçilecek egzersiz şiddetlerinin, şiddetli egzersiz alanına ait olup, 1-2 dakikadan 10-12 dakikaya değişen sü- relerde bitkinlik yaratacak düzeylerde olması gerekir. Ancak matematiksel teorilerle açıklanan KE bir miktar düşük geçerliliğe sahip bir performans bileşenidir. KE üzeri egzersiz şiddetlerinde bitkinliğe kadar O2'de izlenen yavaş komponentin her durumda O2maks ile sonlanmayabileceği gösterilmiştir. Bu derleme, ilgili kavramların teorik ve pratik temellerini açıkladıktan sonra, gerçek bir kritik eşik belirlemenin inceliklerini aktarmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır., C ritical torque during resistance trainings and its asymptotic slope constant of time-torque hyperbolic equation as anaerobic work capacity (T’), manifested an inverse relationship between exercise intensity and time limit. In the following years, by means of the adaptations of these parameters to exercises performed with large muscle involvements, critical power, critical velocity, and their mathematical functions were identified as W’ and D’. Those concepts have given critical threshold (CT) known as a “critical metabolic rate”. Mathematically based CT is identified as “the highest rate that can be sustained for a very long time without fatigue”. CT has been based upon a physiological basis by “the highest exercise intensity that can be remained a stable O”. Thereby, CT represents a boundary that separates exercise intensity domains between very heavy and severe. The number of constant-intensity exhausted exercises to define the CT mostly vary between three and seven. A number of exercises within the severe zone that can be caused exhaustion within 1-2 to 10-12 minutes, should be adjusted in order to evaluate a reliable and valid CT. On the other hand, mathematically based CT as a performance criterion has a lack of accuracy. It was shown that slow component of O may not always reach to Ovia exercises to volitional exhaustion performed with supra-critical threshold. This review was prepared to 2max explain theoretical and practical bases of the critical threshold and then, to clarify key points to detect a real critical threshold

BACKGROUND: Minimal workload to elicit peak O-2 consumption (P-min(V) O-2peak) is accepted as sufficient exercise intensity to improve maximal O-2 consumption ((V) over dot O-2max), and stroke volume (SV) is the most important component of the (V) over dot O-2max. the aim of the study was to examine whether cyclists' maximal SV responses (SVmax) closely related to P-min(V) O-2peak, or not. METHODS: Ventilatory threshold (VT) was measured by incremental tests. Then, constant-load verifications were performed to reveal the (V) over dot O-2max. the SVmax was analysed by constant-load exercises performed in the range of 40% and 100% of (V) over dot O-2max. Cyclists' critical power (CP) was estimated based on the data obtained from four constant-load exhaustive tests. the P-min(V) O-2peak was accepted as the first work rate to elicit 5% closer (V) over dot O-2 responses to (V) over dot O-2max were attained. After repeated-measures analyses, possible significant differences investigated by LSD, and correlations were analysed by Pearson r. RESULTS: the CP means were significantly lower than the P-min(V) O-2peak (295.4 +/- 40.2 W vs. 306.7 +/- 49 W; P, Aydin Adnan Menderes University Scientific Research Projects Funds [ADU-BESYO-15.001], Present study was financially supported by Aydin Adnan Menderes University Scientific Research Projects Funds (ADU-BESYO-15.001).

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to analyze cardiac output (Qc), stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), and arterio-venous O-2 difference (a-vO(2diff)) responses throughout a graded exercise test (GXT) and verification phase (VP) to examine whether SV decrement during the GXT is a main factor for underestimation of the maximal O-2 uptake ((V) over dot(2max)), or not. METHODS: Seven well-trained male cyclists volunteered for this study ((V) over dot(2max): 61.7 +/- 6.13 mL.min(-1).kg(-1)). Following submaximal tests, participants were asked to perform GXT until exhaustion. Then, multise.s.sion verifications were performed on different days using +/- 3% constant work rates. The highest 30-second mean of ((V) over dot(2max)) was considered as the ((V) over dot(2max)) and corresponding external power as peak power output (PPO). The Qc, SV, HR, and a-vO(2diff) responses were evaluated at both GXT and VPby nitrous-oxide rebreathing method. After repeated-measures analyses, possible significant differences were investigated by LSD/Wilcoxon. RESULTS: It was shown that the HR and a-vO(2diff) reached their potentially highest values at the end of the both GXT and VP (192.9 +/- 8.8 vs. 190.7 +/- 7.9 bpm; 17.1 +/- 1.6 vs. 16.9 +/- 1.1%, respectively; P>0.05); however, SV (128.8 +/- 11.2 vs. 137.3 +/- 11.2 mL; P4.029) and Qc (24.8 +/- 2.02 vs. 26.2 +/- 2.71 L.min(-1); P-0.046) were lower at GXT when compared to the VP. VO2 means were, therefore. higher in VP when compared to the GXT (61.7 +/- 6.13 vs. 59.1 +/- 6.2 mL.min(-1).kg(-1); P=0.041). CONCLUSIONS: The GXT provided only a peak ((V) over dot(2) but not the ((V) over dot(2max)). Consequently, the real ((V) over dot(2max)) and PPO could be provided by only VP administrations. This is likely to result from the lower Qc and SV responses observed from a prolonged incremental test protocol when compared to short bouts of constant work rate trials., Ege University Scientific Research Projects FundsEge University [EGE BAP-16], Present study was financially supported by Ege University Scientific Research Projects Funds (EGE BAP-16.BESYO.001).

The aim of the study was to analyse the VO2 on-kinetics belonging to the work rates within the lower district of extreme exercise domain. Maximal O-2 utilisation and peak power outputs of eight well-trained cyclists were revealed by multisession trails. Critical threshold (CT) as the lower boundary of severe domain and aerobic limit power (ALP) as the upper boundary of severe domain were determined by multisession constant-load exercises. VO2 on-kinetics over time were best fitted by multicomponent exponential models described by an initial concave-up response known as cardio-dynamic phase (tau = 18.2 +/- 2.88 s; alpha = 1.56 + 0.39 L.min(-1)) before a primary concave-up phase (tau = 35.4 +/- 12.4 s; alpha = 1.53 +/- 0.36 L.min(-1)), and then a slow component in two of the participants (tau = 80.8 +/- 37 s; alpha = 0.47 +/- 0.05 L.min(-1)) or without a slow component in six of the participants during exercises performed at 50 W above the CT (R-2 >= 0.96; SEE 0.98; SEE < 0.14; p < 0.001) in comparison with linear (R-2 = 0.37-0.66; SEE = 0.46-0.64; p < 0.01), or exponential functions (p> 0.05). Indeed, during those exercises, a short period of convex-up response = 16.8 +/- 3.1 s; alpha = 1.72 + 0.39 L.min(-1)) was determined just before a concave-up primary phase in VO2 over time (r = 24.6 +/- 5.86 s; alpha = 1.31 +/- 0.20 L.min(-1)). It was shown that multicomponent exponential trend in VO2 transformed into a sigmoidal shape, once the work rate exceeded the upper boundary of severe exercise domain., Scientific Research Projects Fundation of Ege University [17-BESYO-003], This work was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Fundation of Ege University (grant ID: 17-BESYO-003), Turkey.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether vibration significantly affected the efficiency of off-road cyclists. Patients and methods: Eight male mountain cyclists (mean age 21.1-1 years; range, 19 to 22 years) between August 2017 and November 2017 were included. The experimental protocol included four testing sessions with a one-day interval between testing sessions: A familiarization session; performance of submaximal tests; performance of maximal graded exercise test; and a 30-min mountain bike trial performed with vibration or without vibration. Physiological measures including volume of oxygen uptake (VO2), volume of carbon dioxide output (VCO2), VO2, VCO2, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, rating of perceived exertion, and gross efficiency (GE) were compared between the trials performed with vibration or without vibration. Results: There was a significant increase in the GE with the addition of intermittent vibration, particularly over the last 15 min of the cycling trial (p 0.05). There were no significant effects of vibration on other parameters. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that addition of intermittent vibration may provide positive benefits in improving GE during a 30-min submaximal cycling trial. © 2021 Turkish Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. All rights reserved.

Zirve O2 tüketim düzeyi (?? O2pik) veren en yüksek güç çıktısı (aerobik limit güç; ALG) şiddetli ve aşırı egzersiz alanlarını ayıran önemli bir eşiktir ve sporcularda bireysel bir ALG belirleyebilmek için çok sayıda sabit yüklü tüketici test yapmak gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; sporcuların ALG’lerini tek bir seansta belirleyebilecek bir yaklaşım önermektir. Araştırmaya iyi antrene 12 bisiklet sporcusu katılmıştır (?? O2maks: 64,7±4,2 mL?dk-1 ?kg-1 ; Zirve Güç (ZG): 374,1±65,7 W). ?? O2pik düzeyinin belirlenmesi için lineer yük artışlı (ramp) testler uygulatılmıştır (+1 W·2 s-1 ) ve protokollerin sonunda ulaşılan final güç üretim değerleri (FG) ortalama yanıt zamanı (mean response time: MRT) düzeltmesi uygulanmadan (FGMRT) ve uygulanarak (FGMRT) değerlendirilmiştir. Sporcuların ?? O2maks’ı ve bu değeri veren ZG değerleri, doğrulama testleri uygulanarak bulunmuştur. Devamında sporcuların ALG (?? O2maks’a %5’ten daha yakın ?? O2 değeri veren en yüksek güç çıktısı) değerleri, 15 W’lık intervallerle bitkinlikle sonlanan sabit yüklü testler yoluyla ayrı günlerde taranmıştır. FGMRT ile ALG değerleri arasındaki fark anlamlı değildir (FGMRT: 435,2±50,8; ALG: 435,4±62,5 W, p=0,968). Bland-Altman sonuçları yüksek uyum göstermiştir (Bias=0,20±17,6 W; p=0,968). FGMRT, gerçek ZG’nin %117,5±8,8’ine karşılık gelirken, belirlenen ALG değeri ZG’nin %117,1±7,37’sine karşılık gelmiştir (p=0,759). Diğer yandan ramp testinden elde edilen en yüksek 15-s ?? O2 ortalamaları da ALG yükündeki ?? O2 yanıtlarıyla benzerdir ( Ramp Test: 62,3±4,9 ml?dk-1?kg-1, %96,2; ALG: 61,5±4,3 ml?dk-1?kg-1, %95; p=0,119 ). Sonuç olarak, ALG’yi belirleyebilmek için ayrı günlerde çok sayıda bitkinlikle sonlanan test yapmak yerine, tek seansta bir ramp test uygulamasının ?? O2maks’ı düşük tahmin ettiği ancak ALG’yi ve bu değere karşılık gelen ?? O2 yanıtını belirleyebilmenin oldukça pratik bir yöntemi olabileceği bulunmuştur, Although the highest power output to elicit peak O2 consumption (?? O2peak)(aerobic limit power; ALP) is an important boundary which separates severe and extreme exercise domain and it needs several constant-load tests to estimate an athlete’s individual ALP. The purpose of this study was to suggest an approach to predict the athletes’ ALP in a single test session. 12 well-trained cyclists (?? O2max: 64.7±4.1 mL?min-1?kg-1 and peak power output (PPO): 374.1±65.7 W) volunteered for this investigation. Ramp incremental test was performed (+1 W·2 s-1 ) to determine ?? O2peak, and the final power output at the end of the test (FP) was evaluated with and without mean response time correction (FPMRT and FPMRT, respectively). Constant-load exercises were performed to identify ?? O2max and PPO. Then, athletes’ ALP (the highest power output giving a ?? O2 value closer to ?? O2max more than 5%) levels were detected by 15-W intervals with constant-load exercises in separate days. Difference between FPMRT and ALP was not significant (435.2±50.8 vs. 435.4±62.5 W, p=0.968, respectively). Bland Altman showed high agreement between the methods (Bias=– 0,20±17,6 W; p=0.968). FPMRT was corresponded to 117.7±8.8% of PPO, while ALP was corresponded to 117.1±7.37% of PPO (p=0.00). The highest 15-s ?? O2 means revealed from ramp incremental test were similar to ?? O2 responses obtained from the ALP (62.3±4.9 vs. 61.5±4.3 mL?min-1?kg-1; p=0.119; and 96.2% vs. 95% ?? O2max, respectively). In conclusion, instead of several exhausted test sessions in separate days, a ramp incremental test which underestimates the ?? O2max may be a practical method to predict the ALP and its ?? O2 response in a single test session by a ramp incremental test.

WOS: 000387111600008, PubMed ID: 28149412, It is important to verify the old findings of Cumming (1972) and Goldberg and Shephard (1980) who showed that stroke volume (SV) may be higher during recovery rather than during exercise, in order to organize the number of intervals throughout training sessions. The purpose of this study was to re-evaluate individual SV responses to various upright cycling exercises using the nitrous-oxide rebreathing method. Nine moderate to well-trained male athletes volunteered to take part in the study (maximal O-2 uptake (VO2max): 60.2 +/- 7 mL.min(-1).kg(-1)). Workloads ranging from 40-100% of VO2max were applied to determine individual peak SV (SVpeak) response. Results showed that SV responses were higher during exercise compared to recovery in all exercise loads from 40-100% of VO2max. Mean SV responses to individual SVpeak loads were also higher during exercise compared to recovery (122.9 +/- 2.5 versus 105.3 +/- 5.93 mL). The highest SV responses to 10 min exercises of 40-70% of VO2max were obtained in the 5th or 7.5th min of each stage (p= 0.05). Meanwhile, during 5 min exercises between 80-100% of VO2max, peak SV responses were observed in the 3rd min of loading (p= 0.05). In conclusion, individual SVpeak levels encountered over wide exercise intensity ranges showed that SVpeak development may also be correlated to exercise intensity corresponding to individual SVpeak loads.

BACKGROUND: Although several studies have focused on maximal O2 uptake (V O2max) measured by a verification phase following the determination of peak O2 uptake (V O2peak) by a graded exercise test, an explanation for the underlying mechanisms of the difference between V O2peak and confirmed V O2max is scant. OBJECTIVE: To explore the hypothesis that when the difference between V O2peak and V O2max (ΔV O2) increases, the gap between peak stroke volume (SVpeak) and SV level corresponding to V O2peak velocities (ΔSV) grows. METHODS: Nine moderately to well-trained male athletes (V O2max: 60.2 ± 7 mL · min−1 · kg−1) volunteered to take part in the study. Following familiarization session, volunteers were asked to perform submaximal and maximal graded exercise tests. Then, constant-loading SVpeak tests (using wattages in a range from 40–100% of V O2peak) and verification phase (using wattages corresponding with 100–110% of V O2peak) were conducted in a climatic chamber. RESULTS: The ΔV O2 was well correlated with ΔSV (Pearson r = 0.89; p 0.001). The mean SVpeak of participants corresponded to 60.3± 18% of V O2peak. V O2max was significantly greater (11.2%) than V O2peak (60.2± 7 vs. 54.2± 8.1 mL · min−1 · kg−1) (p 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: V O2peak and V O2max differences may be related to the gap between SVpeak and SV at V O2peak.

BACKGROUND: Mathematical procedures involved in the calculation of fatigue index (FI) and power drop (PD) are the main reasons why these traditional fatigue-related indices of Wingate All-out Test (WAT) are the least reliable indices. OBJECTIVE: To suggest a highly reliable fatigue-related output calculated by drop in mechanical work production (DMW). METHODS: Twenty-one well-trained male athletes (age: 21.8 ± 1.9 years, peak power [PP]: 14.7 ± 1.3 W · kg −1 ) participated in a series of WAT sessions, using 10% of their body mass as the workload, separated by 2–4 days. These WAT sessions were continued until the difference in PP between successive trials was less than 5%. Traditional FI and PD values were calculated using mean power data obtained from 5, 3, 2 and 1-second time intervals and using instantaneous power data, while DMW was calculated by predetermined areas in power-time curve. RESULTS: Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and coefficient of variations (CV) revealed that DMW had higher reliability level (ICC = 0.92, CV = 4.53%) than that of traditional fatigue-related indices (ICC 0.91, CV 5.71%). In addition, DMW had the lowest limit of “real change” with 10.2% as the minimum detectable change score at 90% confidence. CONCLUSIONS: DMW might be used as a reliable output to evaluate fatigue-related power data of the anaerobic capability. Besides, Monark Inc. may easily modify its Peak Bike 894E software to make 30-second all-out test more reliable for the assessment of fatigability levels.

Cardiovascular drift (CV-Drift) may occur after the ~10th min of submaximal continuous exercising. The purpose of this study was to examine whether CV-Drift is prevented by an intermittent exercise modality, instead of a continuous exercise. Seven well-trained male cyclists volunteered to take part in the study ( V ˙ O2max: 61.7 &plusmn, 6.13 mL&middot, min&minus, 1&middot, kg&minus, 1). Following familiarization sessions, athletes&rsquo, individual maximal O2 consumption ( V ˙ O2max), maximum stroke volume responses (SVmax), and cardiac outputs (Qc) were evaluated by a nitrous-oxide re-breathing system and its gas analyzer. Then, continuous exercises were performed 30 min at cyclists&rsquo, 60% V ˙ O2max, while intermittent exercises consisted of three 10 min with 1:0.5 workout/recovery ratios at the same intensity. Qc measurements were taken at the 5th, 9th, 12nd, 15th, 20th, 25th, and 30th min of continuous exercises versus 5th and 10th min of workout phases of intermittent exercise modality. Greater than a 5% SV decrement, with accompanying HR, increase, while Qc remained stable and was accepted as CV-Drift criterion. It was demonstrated that there were greater SV responses throughout intermittent exercises when compared to continuous exercises (138.9 &plusmn, 17.9 vs. 144.5 &plusmn, 14.6 mL, respectively, p &le, 0.05) and less HR responses (140.1 &plusmn, 14.8 vs. 135.2 &plusmn, 11.6 bpm, respectively, 0.05), while mean Qc responses were similar (19.4 &plusmn, 2.1 vs. 19.4 &plusmn, 1.5 L, respectively, p &gt, 0.05). Moreover, the mean times spent at peak SV scores of exercise sessions were greater during intermittent exercise (1.5 vs. 10 min) (p &lt, 0.001). In conclusion, intermittent exercises reduce CV-Drift risk and increases cardiac adaptation potentials of exercises with less physiological stress.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (World Health Organization; WHO) ve Amerikan Spor Hekimleri Derneği (American College of Sports Medicine; ACSM) tarafından önerilen formüle dayalı pratik enerji tüketimi hesaplamalarının istirahat metabolizma hızı ve egzersize ait sonuçlarını solunumsal parametrelerle elde edilen enerji tüketimi düzeyleriyle karşılaştırmaktır. Çalışmaya 23,9±6,7 yaş ortalamasına sahip 35 sedanter kadın gönüllü katıldı (Boy: 166,6±6,10 cm; Vücut kütlesi (VK): 66,7±11,6 kg; Beden Kütle İndeksi (BKİ): 23,97±3,4 kg·m–2). İstirahat analizlerinin ardından tüm grup BKİ ölçüm sonuçlarına göre normal (n=20) ve fazla kilolular (n=15) olmak üzere ikiye ayrıldı (BKİ sırasıyla 21,41±1,53 kg·m–2 ve 27,39±1,76 kg·m–2). Her katılımcı için istirahat ve 30 dakikalık 8 MET’lik egzersize ait toplam enerji tüketimi düzeyleri; hem O2 tüketimi değeri, solunum değişim oranına ait enerji eşitliği ve zaman üzerinden, hem de WHO ve ACSM eşitlikleri kullanılarak hesaplandı. İkili karşılaştırmalarda ilişkili guruplar t-testi kullanıldı. Yalnızca fazla kilolu kadınlarda ACSM (1928,64±256,61 kkal) eşitliğiyle tahmin edilen istirahat metabolizma hızlarıyla solunumsal parametrelere dayalı olarak hesaplanan değerler (1868,99±223,17 kkal) arasındaki farklar anlamlı değildi (p=0,342). Normal kilolu kadınlarda WHO ve ACSM eşitlikleriyle hesaplanan istirahat metabolizma hızı değerleri, laboratuvar ölçümlerine kıyasla oldukça düşük bulundu (p=0.001). Otuz dakikalık egzersizlere ait toplam enerji tüketimi düzeyleri için ne WHO ne de ACSM eşitlikleriyle hesaplanan değerler, ne normal ne de fazla kilolu kadınlar için toplam enerji tüketimlerini doğru tahmin edemedi (p?0,019). Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, fazla kilolu kadınların istirahat metabolizma hızlarını değerlendirmede (MET x 3,5 x VK (kg)) 1000 x 5 xt (dk) eşitliğinin kullanılabileceği, ancak egzersizlere ait enerji tüketimi düzeylerinin belirlenmesinde solunumsal parametrelere dayalı analizlerin yapılmasının gerekli olduğu değerlendirildi., The aim of this study was to compare energy consumption results of resting metabolic rate and exercise obtained from World Health Organization (WHO) and American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and energy cost determined by respiratory parameters. 23.9±6.70 years old 35 sedentary females participated in this study (Height: 166.6±6.10 cm; Body mass (BM): 66.7±11.64 kg; Body mass index (BMI): 23.97±3.4 kg·m–2). Following resting measurements, participants were divided two groups such as normal weight (n=20) and overweight (n=15) based on BMI scores (BMI: 21.41±1.53 and 27.39±1.76 kg·m–2, respectively). Caloric costs of resting metabolic rates and total energy expenditures of 30-min exercises were analyzed based on both respiratory parameters such as O2 consumption, energy equivalent of respiratory exchange ratio and exercise durations and energy equations of WHO and ACSM. Paired samples t-test was used for statistical analyses. Results showed that there was no significant difference between resting metabolic rates obtained from ACSM equation and respiratory parameters for only overweight females (1928.64±256.61 vs. 1868.99±223.17 kcal; p=0.342). For the normal weight participants, compare to respiratory parameters, both WHO and ACSM equations underestimated the resting metabolic rate (p=0.001). Neither WHO nor ACSM could be predicted previously determined total energy levels of exercises based on respiratory parameters for both normal and overweight females (p?0.019). In conclusion, only (MET x 3,5 x BM (kg)) 1000 x 5 xt (min) equation can be used to predict resting metabolic rates of overweight females. Moreover, analyzing of respiratory parameters is necessary to evaluate total energy expenditure of exercises.

WOS: 000303151300020 PubMed: 21904246 Ozkaya, O, Colakoglu, M, Kuzucu, EO, and Yildiztepe, E. Mechanically braked elliptical wingate test: modification considerations, load optimization, and reliability. J Strength Cond Res 26(5): 1313-1323, 2012-The 30-second, all-out Wingate test evaluates anaerobic performance using an upper or lower body cycle ergometer (cycle Wingate test). A recent study showed that using a modified electromagnetically braked elliptical trainer for Wingate testing (EWT) leads to greater power outcomes because of larger muscle group recruitment. The main purpose of this study was to modify an elliptical trainer using an easily understandable mechanical brake system instead of an electromagnetically braked modification. Our secondary aim was to determine a proper test load for the EWT to reveal the most efficient anaerobic test outcomes such as peak power (PP), average power (AP), minimum power (MP), power drop (PD), and fatigue index ratio (FI%) and to evaluate the retest reliability of the selected test load. Delta lactate responses (Delta La) were also analyzed to confirm all the anaerobic performance of the athletes. Thirty healthy and well-trained male university athletes were selected to participate in the study. By analysis of variance, an 18% body mass workload yielded significantly greater test outcomes (PP = 19.5 +/- 2.4 W.kg(-1), AP = 13.7 +/- 1.7 W.kg(-1), PD = 27.9 +/- 5 W.s(-1), FI% = 58.4 +/- 3.3%, and Delta La = 15.4 +/- 1.7 mM) than the other (12-24% body mass) tested loads (p < 0.05). Test and retest results for relative PP, AP, MP, PD, FI%, and Delta La were highly correlated (r = 0.97, 0.98, 0.94, 0.91, 0.81, and 0.95, respectively). In conclusion, it was found that the mechanically braked modification of an elliptical trainer successfully estimated anaerobic power and capacity. A workload of 18% body mass was optimal for measuring maximal and reliable anaerobic power outcomes. Anaerobic testing using an EWT may be more useful to athletes and coaches than traditional cycle ergometers because a greater proportion of muscle groups are worked during exercise on an elliptical trainer. Acibadem Health Group, Istanbul, Turkey The authors would like to give special thanks to Professor Cem Seref Bediz, M.D., Dokuz Eylul University Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, for his editorial assistance. The authors would also like to thank the Acibadem Health Group for the material support they provided. This study was sponsored by the Acibadem Health Group, Istanbul, Turkey.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether greater and sustainable stroke volume (SV) responses may be obtained by exercise intensities corresponding to peak SV (SVpeak) vs. maximal O2 consumption (VO2max), and short vs. long intervals (SI vs. LI). Nine moderate- to well-trained male athletes competing at regional level specialists of cyclist, track and field volunteered to take part in the study (VO2max: 59.7 ± 7.4 mL·min(-1)·kg(-1)). Following familiarisation sessions, VO2max was determined, and then SVpeak was evaluated using exercise intensities at 40%-100% of VO2max by nitrous-oxide rebreathing (N2ORB) method. Then each separate participant exercised wattages corresponding to individual VO2max and SVpeak during both SI (SIVO2max and SI(SVpeak)) and LI (LIVO2max and LI(SVpeak)) workouts on a cycle ergometer. Main results showed that both SIVO2max and SI(SVpeak) yielded greater SV responses than LIVO2max and LI(SVpeak) (p ≤ 0.05). Mean SV responses were greater in LI(SVpeak) than in LIVO2max (p ≤ 0.05), but there was no statistical difference between SI(SVpeak) and SIVO2max. However, there was significantly less physiological stress based on VO2, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate and rate of perceived exhaustion in SVpeak than in [Formula: see text] intensities (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, SV responses at exercise phases increased in the early stages and remain stable until the end of SIVO2max and SI(SVpeak) workouts (p > 0.05), while they were gradually decreasing in LIVO2max and LI(SVpeak) sessions (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, if the aim of a training session is to improve SVpeak with less physiological stress, SI(SVpeak) seems a better alternative than other modalities tested in the present study.

WOS: 000330209300005, PubMed ID: 24511340, The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of static stretching, with vibration given directly over Achilles tendon, on electro-myographic (EMG) responses and vertical jump (VJ) performances. Fifteen male, college athletes voluntarily participated in this study (n=15; age: 22 +/- 4 years old; body height: 181 +/- 10 cm; body mass: 74 +/- 11 kg). All stages were completed within 90 minutes for each participant. Tendon vibration bouts lasted 30 seconds at 50 Hz for each volunteer. EMG analysis for peripheral silent period, H-reflex, H-reflex threshold, T-reflex and H/M ratio were completed for each experimental phases. EMG data were obtained from the soleus muscle in response to electro stimulation on the popliteal post tibial nerve. As expected, the dynamic warm-up (DW) increased VJ performances (p=0.004). Increased VJ performances after the DW were not statistically substantiated by the EMG findings. In addition, EMG results did not indicate that either static stretching (SS) or tendon vibration combined with static stretching (TVSS) had any detrimental or facilitation effect on vertical jump performances. In conclusion, using TVSS does not seem to facilitate warm-up effects before explosive performance.

WOS: 000332153100009 PubMed: 23924890 Ozkaya, O, Colakoglu, M, Kuzucu, EO, and Delextrat, A. An elliptical trainer may render the wingate all-out test more anaerobic. J Strength Cond Res 28(3): 643-650, 2014-The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the 3 main energy pathways during a 30-second elliptical all-out test (EAT) compared with the Wingate all-out test (WAT). Participants were 12 male team sport players (age, 20.3 +/- 1.8 years; body mass, 74.8 +/- 12.4 kg; height, 176.0 +/- 9.10 cm; body fat, 12.1 +/- 1.0%). Net energy outputs from the oxidative, phospholytic, and glycolytic energy systems were calculated from oxygen uptake data recorded during 30-second test, the fast component of postexercise oxygen uptake kinetics, and peak blood lactate concentration, respectively. In addition, mechanical power indices were calculated. The main results showed that compared with WAT, EAT was characterized by significantly lower absolute and relative contributions of the oxidative system (16.9 +/- 2.5 J vs. 19.8 +/- 4.9 J; p

WOS: 000323603800022, PubMed ID: 24149160, The Wingate all-out test (WAT) is commonly used to estimate anaerobic capabilities of athletes by using an upper or lower body cycle ergometer, however, a new test modality called elliptical all-out test (EAT) which measures activated whole-body locomotor tasks has recently been proposed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the familiarization effects of a 30-s EAT versus WAT. Twenty male trained athletes performed pre-familiarization (Trial-I), post-familiarization (Trial-II) and retest of Trial-II (Trial-III) sessions on both cycle ergometer and elliptical trainer. Peak power (PP), average power (AP), power drop (PD) and fatigue index ratio (FI%) were analyzed using student's t-test for paired samples and correlated by intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Moreover, an error detection procedure was administered using data attained from illogical interrelations among 5-s segments of 30-s tests. The main results showed that there were significant familiarization effects in all mechanical power outputs obtained from Trial-I and Trial-II in both EAT (ICC = 0.49-0.55) and WAT (ICC = 0.50-0.57) performances (p, Scientific and Technological Research Council of TurkeyTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK), The author would like to give special thanks to Dr. Anne Delextrat, PhD, from Oxford Brookes University, Department of Sport and Health Science, Prof. Dr. Muzaffer Colakoglu, PhD, from Ege University, School of Physical Education and Sports, and Dr. Zekine Punduk, PhD, from Balikesir University, School of Physical Education and Sports, for their editorial assistance. Present study was financially supported by International Post-doctoral Research Fellowship Program of the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey.

Aksit, Tolga/0000-0003-0223-4508 WOS: 000300695200009 The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of ribose supplementation on interval anaerobic performance and fatiguing substance concentrations. The study cohort consisted of physically active, young male volunteers (n = 15). With a double-blind cross over study design, each participant completed two all-out anaerobic exercise sessions, one week apart, one by supplementing maltodextrine and the other by supplementing ribose (150 mg/kg in each test). Two repetitions of 30-s maximal performance with a 4-min interval were completed. Blood samples were taken at rest and five minutes after the second sprint repetition. Neither the biochemical parameters: pH (-0.32 +/- 0.09 vs. -0.26 +/- 0.11), lactate (La) (13.8 +/- 1.9 vs. 13.3 +/- 2.7 mM, ammonia (423 +/- 190 vs. 404 +/- 166 mu mol/L), inorganic phosphate (Pi) (0.68 +/- 0.53 vs. 0.72 +/- 0.63 mM) nor the anaerobic output (746.2 +/- 82.5 vs. 760.2 +/- 86.8 watts) were affected by placebo and ribose supplementations significantly (p > 0.05). In conclusion, based on this protocol, anaerobic performance and/or biochemical status are not affected by ribose supplementation.

WOS: 000300695200007 The elliptical Wingate test (EWT) is a new exercise modality that enables whole body activation during tests, while the cycle Wingate test (CWT) is a traditionally used method for anaerobic performance. The purpose of this study was to analyze total peak blood lactate, plasma volume change in lactate and heart rate responses as well as peak power, average power, minimum power, power drop and fatigue index ratio on this new exercise modality and to compare the obtained results with those derived from the CWT. Based on a sample of 20 healthy subjects all of the above parameters were significantly greater for the EWT than for CWT (p < 0.000). Consequently the EWT is associated with greater physiological responses and anaerobic outcomes compared to the CWT. Ondokuz Mayis UniversityOndokuz Mayis University This study was supported by Ondokuz Mayis University, Scientific Research Projects Fund.

WOS: 000267950800010 The Wingate Anaerobic Test is the most common method used to evaluate explosive power and anaerobic capacity. The Wingate Anaerobic Test performed on an elliptical trainer (WAnTet) may be more accurate than the Wingate Anaerobic Test performed on a cycle ergometer (WAnTc) since larger muscle group recruitment with the WAnTet results in higher anaerobic output. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare peak power ( PP), average power (AP), fatigue index (FI%) and delta lactate responses (Delta La) between WAnTet and WAnTc in healthy male university athletes. In our test subjects, (n = 40; 21 +/- 2 years old), PP ( 1463 +/- 238 vs. 879 +/- 162 watts) and AP ( 1127 +/- 191 vs. 649 +/- 82 watts) for the WAnTet were higher when compared to the WAnTc ( p < 0.001). FI%s of WAnTet and WAnTc were similar ( 49.8 +/- 10.3% and 46.9 +/- 8.3%, respectively; p = 0.054) but. La values were higher for WAnTet than for WAnTc (12.9 +/- 1.7 mM vs. 9.2 +/- 1.5 mM, respectively; p < 0.001). Using an elliptical trainer, rather than a traditional cycle ergometer, results in a more accurate measure of anaerobic power when Wingate Anaerobic Testing is performed. Acibadem Health Group, Istanbul, Turkey The authors would like to give special thanks to the Acibadem Health Group for the material support they provided. The authors also would like to thank Cem Seref Bediz for his editorial assistance. This study was sponsored by the Acibadem Health Group, Istanbul, Turkey.

WOS: 000267950800009 The aim of this study was to modify an elliptical trainer and determine a suitable test load with it in order to perform Wingate anaerobic testing (WAnTet). Modifications were made to an electromagnetically braked elliptical trainer. Study participants were forty-eight physically active male college athletes ( mean age 20 +/- 1 years). Two pilot studies (n = 8) were administered to determine electrical signalling errors and to select the range of potentially suitable test loads ( between 0.5 to 1.3 watt/kg). The 1.0 watt/kg WAnTet load was determined to be the most suitable for WAnTet applications amongst 0.8 to 1.1 watt/kg loads ( n = 40; p < 0.05). Test-retest results using the 1.0 watt/ kg load for peak power ( PP) ( 1477 +/- 258 and 1484 +/- 271 watts), average power (AP) ( 1134 +/- 209 and 1120 +/- 208 watts), fatigue index ratio (FI%) ( 49 +/- 10% and 49 +/- 10%) and change in lactate levels ( 12.6 +/- 1.7 and 12.4 +/- 2.1 mM) were highly correlated (r: 0.94, 0.94, 0.80 and 0.74, respectively; p < 0.001). An electromagnetically braked elliptical trainer may be used to measure anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity of athletes and may be substituted for the usual Wingate anaerobic test performed on a cycle ergometer. Acibadem Health Group ( Istanbul, Turkey) The authors would like to give special thanks to the Acibadem Health Group for the material support they provided. The authors also would like to thank Cem Seref Bediz for his editorial assistance. This study was sponsored by the Acibadem Health Group ( Istanbul, Turkey).

Bu çalışmanın amacı; pasif germe hareketlerinin, sedanterlerde yaratılan gecikmiş kas ağrısının elimine edilme süresi üzerine etkilerini araştırmaktır. Çalışma grubu yaş ortalamaları 21,26±3 yıl olan, 26 sağlıklı ve gönüllü erkek Üniversite öğrencisinden oluşturuldu (germe; n=13, kontrol; n=13). Gecikmiş kas ağrısı oluşturmak için sağ bacağın hemstring kasları leg curll’de 5 set, 10 tekrarlık egzersizlerle çalıştırıldı. Germe grubuna set aralarında 30 saniye süreli üç setlik pasif germe egzersizleri uygulandı. Her iki gruptan da doku hasarında yükselme gösteren serum kreatin kinaz (Kk) enzimi ve nötrofil (NT) yüzde oranları antrenmandan önce ve sonra 6., 24. ve 48. saatlerde alınan kan örneklerinden analiz edildi. Antrenman sonrasında her iki gruba da 6., 24., ve 48. saatlerde Görsel Analog Skalası (GAS) uygulandı. Alınan sonuçlara göre her iki grup için 6., 24. ve 48. saat NT yüzde oranları istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildi (p>0.05). Fakat uygulanan pasif germe hareketleri, antrenman sonu 6., 24. ve 48. saat Kk seviyelerinde anlamlı bir düşüşe neden oldu (sırasıyla, Kk6; t=6.477, p=.000 Kk24; t=5.140, p=.000, Kk48; t=4.455, p=.000). GAS sonuçlarına göre 6., 24. ve 48. saat ağrı değerleri arasındaki fark da istatistiksel olarak anlamlıydı (sırasıyla, GAS6; t=8.25, p=.000, GAS24; t=5.88, p=.000, GAS48; t=6.55, p=.000). Çalışmamızın sonuçlarına göre, uygulanan pasif germe egzersizlerinin kas hasarına bağlı ertelenmiş ağrıların azaltılmasında etkili olduğu görüldü, The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of passive stretching exercises on delayed onset muscle soreness. A total of 26 healthy male university students (21.26±3 years) volunteered to participate study (13 stretching, 13 control). 5 set 10 repetition of strength training at Leg Curll was applied on hamstring muscles of right leg in order to cause delayed onset muscle soreness in volunteers. 3 sets of 30 second passive stretching technique were applied on the stretching group between the sets. The percentages of serum creatine kinase enzyme and neutrophil which increased in tissue injury related to delayed onset muscle soreness, were measured with the blood samples taken from both the groups before the training and 6,24 and 48 hours after the training. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was applied on the subjects from both of the groups 6,24 and 48 hours after the training. The results of this study, there was no significant difference on the percentages of neutrophil for 6th, 24th and 48th hours measurement (p>0.05). But, passive stretching exercises caused the decrease on the creatine kinase level for 6th, 24th and 48th post training period (respectively, t=6.477, p=.000; t=5.140, p=.000; t=4.455, p=.000). VAS results was also significantly difference (respectively, t=8.25, p=.000; t=5.88, p=.000; t=6.55, p=.000). The results of our study; the elimination time of delayed pains depend on muscle soreness was positively effected passive stretching applications