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Objective: To identify epidemic and other transmissible Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, genotypic analyses are required. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of P. aeruginosa strains within the Turkish pediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) clinic population. Methods: Eighteen patients attending the pediatric CF clinic of Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty were investigated in the study. Throat swab and/or sputum samples were taken from each patient at 3-month intervals. The isolates of patients were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The intra- and interpatient genotypic heterogeneity of isolates was examined to determine the clonal isolates of P. aeruginosa within the cohort. Results: A total of 108 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were obtained from 18 patients between May 2013 and May 2014. The pulsotypes of the first patient's isolates could not be obtained by PFGE. From the remaining 17 patients and 101 isolates, 55 distinct pulsotypes were detected. The number of pulsotypes observed in more than one patient (minor clonal strains, cluster strains) was 8 (14.5%), and one of them colonized three patients. However, none of them was detected in more than three patients. These pulsotypes were composed of 20 isolates. In addition, with the PFGE analysis of 81 isolates, we detected 47 (85.6%) pulsotypes, which belonged to only one patient. Over different periods of this study, only 2 (11.8%) patients were colonized with the same pulsotype. Conclusion: Our study indicates that there was considerable genomic diversity among the P. aeruginosa isolates in our clinic. The presence of shared pulsotypes supports cross-transmission between patients.

Background:Contamination is a common problem in pediatric restorative dentistry and there are a few studies that investigate blood contamination, hemostatic agents, and tooth dentin.Aim:The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of blood contamination and hemostatic agents on the bond strength of two different bonding systems with the dentin of primary teeth.Materials and Methods:Buccal and lingual dentin surfaces of 40 primary second molar teeth were used for this study. Specimens were divided into 4 groups according to the contamination and hemostatic agents (Blood-B, Ankaferd Blood Stopper-A, ViscoStat-V, Control-C) and then every group was further divided into two subgroups according to the bonding systems (Clearfil SE Bond-I, All Bond Universal-II,n= 10 per group). A bulk-fill composite resin was built-up on the surfaces. The specimens were tested in the micro shear mode at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min on a universal test machine. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA and Tukey's tests atP< 0.05.Results:Significant differences have been detected in the micro shear bond strengths only between the Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) (AI = 13.72 ± 4.47 and AII = 9.12 ± 4.4) and control groups (CI = 22.78 ± 10.86 and CII = 16.49 ± 6.55) without regards to the bonding systems. The highest scores were obtained in the control groups. Clearfil SE Bond showed better performance than All Bond Universal in all groups.Conclusion:It was determined that only the ABS contamination groups showed statistically significant decreases in the bond strengths when compared with control groups.

Aspergillus fumigatus is the species section Fumigati most frequently isolated from the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Recent studies suggest that mutations in the Cyp51 gene, particularly TR34/L98H, are responsible for azole resistance. The focus of this study was on section Fumigati isolates isolated from the respiratory tract samples of CF patients. More specifically, the goal was to detect A. fumigatus isolates, test their antifungal susceptibility to itraconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole, and finally determine the presence of TR34/L98H and other mutations in the isolates Cyp51A gene. A set of 31 isolates of Aspergillus section Fumigati were obtained from the sputum samples of 6 CF patients and subsequently identified to species level by microsatellite genotyping. All isolates were determined as A. fumigatus and involved 14 different genotypes. The minimal inhibitory concentrations to the three azoles were determined by the E-test method, and the Cyp51A gene was sequenced. One of the genotypes was found to be resistant to all azoles but no mutations were detected in the Cyp51A gene, especially the TR34/L98H mutation. Therefore, mutations in genes other than Cyp51A or other distinct mechanisms may be responsible for this reported multiazole resistance found in a Turkish CF patient.

Tooth avulsion is a type of dental injury defined as the complete displacement of a tooth out of the alveolar socket, and the lack of prompt treatment measures can result in the loss of function, poor quality of life, and psychological and social problems. However, several factors may not permit the immediate replantation of an avulsed tooth; therefore, delayed replantation has emerged as an alternative to meet the esthetic, functional, and psychological demands of patients. Here it was described that the successful replantation of an avulsed maxillary central incisor in a 9-year-old boy who presented at the clinic with the tooth stored in unfavorable conditions as dry and then in olive oil-milk mixture almost 10 h after the event. The tooth has remained in its socket healthy for 16 years after treatment. The patient was satisfied with both esthetics and function.

Objectives: To compare the success of the newly developed glass carbomer-based fissure sealant to resin, glass ionomer, and giomer-based fissure sealants in permanent molar teeth according to the modified United States Public Health Service criteria. Methods: Glass carbomer-based fissure sealant GCP Glass Carbomer, glass ionomer-based fissure sealant Fuji Triage, giomer-based fissure sealant Beauti Sealant, and resin-based fissure sealant prevent seal were applied using invasive/non-invasive methods to extracted human molars. Specimens were randomly assigned into three groups based on the simulated aging procedure time. Results: According to the retention score results of Group 1, the invasive giomer material yielded the highest score in the Group. The retention score results of Group 2 showed that the invasive resin subgroup had the highest alpha-score. Furthermore, we found that the invasive GIS, non-invasive giomer, and invasive giomer subgroups had similar alpha-scores within Group 2. The glass carbomer and glass ionomer cement subgroups were unsuccessful in maintaining their edge integrity, edge coloring, surface roughness, and surface coloring. Conclusion: Thus, glass ionomer cements (GIC) and glass carbomer-based materials can be useful alternatives to residual monomers contained in resin-based fissure sealants. For patients who can be controlled regularly, glass carbomer fissure sealant can be applied using invasive methods.

Introduction The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro microleakage of new flowable compomers in the class V cavities of primary teeth. Methods Thirty freshly extracted, non-carious, primary molars without visible defects were used in this study. Class V cavities (n = 60), with the occlusal and cervical margins located in the enamel, were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces. The samples were randomly divided into 3 groups of 20 each. Group 1: restored with Twinky Star Flow (Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany), Group 2: restored with Dyract Flow (Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany) and Group 3: restored with R&D Series Nova Compomer Flow (Imicryl, Konya, Turkey) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After a thermocycling regimen of 1000 cycles between 5°C and 55°C, the samples were isolated, immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsine solution for 24 h at 37°C and sectioned longitudinally in a buccolingual direction. The sections were evaluated for values of microleakage with a stereomicroscope. Results All materials showed microleakage but no statistically significant difference was observed among the groups (p>0.05). The highest microleakage score was observed in group II (1.65 ± 0.49) and group I (1.75 ± 0.44) at occlusal and gingival margins, respectively. Conclusions Flowable compomers showed insignificantly least amount of microleakage in class V cavities prepared on primary molars.

WOS: 000367306800004, PubMed ID: 26123783, The role of probiotic bacteria in improving human health has been an attractive subject for researchers since the beginning of the 20th century. They have been used to control gastro-intestinal infections, to promote immunity and to prevent various diseases (allergies, urogenital infections, etc.). However, the use of beneficial bacteria in the field of dentistry has only recently gained interest. Investigation of the effects of probiotic bacteria on oral health has become an important research subject. These studies are still in the early stages, however results show that probiotic bacteria are effective against tooth caries, periodontal disease, oral mucosal lesions and oral malodour. This review provides information on the effects of probiotics - well-known for their effects on general health, and therefore more widely used in healthcare - on oral and dental health, in order to promote their use/prescription by physicians and patients.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of Greulich and Pyle (GP) method for Southern Turkish population. Materials and Methods: Hand and wrist radiographs of 535 patients (276 females, 259 males aged from 10 to 18 years) selected retrospectively from the archive. Skeletal age (SA) estimation was performed according to GP atlas. The chronological age (CA) and SA were compared using the Paired t-test. Results: The mean difference between the CA and SA ranged from 0.07 to 1.11 years. These differences between the CA and estimated SA were statistically significant in group I (10–10.90 years) (P < 0.001), group II (11–11.90 years) (P < 0.050), group III (12–12.90 years) (P < 0.001), group IV (13–13.90 years) (P < 0.010), and group V (14–14.90 years) (P < 0.001) for females. The mean difference between the CA and SA ranged from −0.41 to −1.79 years for females. These differences between the CA and estimated SA were statistically significant in all age groups. Conclusions: Statistically significant differences were found in the CA and SA assessed by GP method for the Southern Turkish sample. SA was significantly over-predicted in the 10–15 year ages in males and for 10–18 year ages for females. It is appropriate to use GP method in Southern Turkish children; however, a revision is needed for better results and to minimize the mistakes.

Papillon–Lefevre syndrome (PLS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, showing oral and dermatological manifestations in the form of aggressive periodontitis, leading to the premature loss of both primary and permanent teeth at a very young age and palmar‑plantar hyperkeratosis. It was first described by two French physicians, Papillon and Lefevre in 1924. Immunologic, genetic, or possible bacterial etiologies have been thought to account for etiopathogenesis of PLS. Severe gingival inflammation and periodontal destruction occurred after the eruption of primary teeth. This condition should warn the physicians and dentists as a one of the important sign for the diagnosis of PLS. There have been over 250 cases reported in literature about PLS, but a few of these were in the same family. This study presents oro‑dental characteristics, dental treatments, and follow‑up of three siblings (age of sisters are 13, 6, and 4 years) with PLS, which is rarely seen in the same family.Key words: Hyperkeratosis, Papillon–Lefevre syndrome, periodontitis

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 2 NiTi file systems [Twisted File Adaptive (TFA) and Reciproc (RP)] and 2 irrigation techniques [Conventional needle irrigation (CNI) and Laser activated irrigation (LAI)] on the amount of apically extruded debris in primary maxillary molars. Study design:: Sixty extracted primary maxillary molars were randomly divided into 4 groups. The mesio-buccal roots of teeth in 4 groups were instrumented using TFA with LAI, RP with LAI, TFA with CNI and RP with CNI respectively. Debris extruded during instrumentation was collected into Eppendorf tubes and amounts were determined. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA test at 0.05 level of significance. Results: The results indicated all instrumentation and irrigation systems caused a measurable apical extrusion of debris. However, no statistically significant difference in debris extrusion was observed between irrigation techniques or instrumentation systems (P > 0.05). The total amount of debris extruded apically by LAI was greater than that by CNI. Conclusions: All instrumentation and irrigation techniques caused debris extrusion. However, the optimal laser activation time and power settings should be investigated to ensure minimal extrusion of debris and irrigant due to cavitation and pressure during LAI in root canal treatment.

Summary An increased isolation of fungi from the respiratory tract of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has been reported. The prevalence of different fungi in CF patients from Turkey is not known. Our aim was to determine the frequency of fungi in the respiratory tract of Turkish CF patients. We investigated a total of 184 samples from 48 patients. Samples were inoculated on Medium B+ and CHROMagar Candida. Candida albicans was the predominant yeast isolated [30 patients (62.5%)], followed by C. parapsilosis [6 (12.5%)] and C. dubliniensis 5 (10.4%). Aspergillus fumigatus was the most common filamentous fungus [5 (10.4%)] and non-fumigatus Aspergillus species were isolated from four (8.3%) patients. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently detected bacterium in C. albicans positive samples (53.57%). A. fumigatus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa or S. aureus were detected together in 75% of A. fumigatus positive samples each. No statistically significant relationship was detected between growth of yeast and moulds and age, gender, the use of inhaled corticosteroids or tobramycin. No significant correlation was found between the isolation of C. albicans, A. fumigatus and P. aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia or S. aureus, and the isolation of C. albicans and Haemophilus influenzae. Other factors which may be responsible for the increased isolation of fungi in CF need to be investigated.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic success rates of pulpotomized primary molar teeth restored with a compomer material with using United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. Methods: In 173 primary molars of 156 child patients, aged within 4-9 years (mean age: 6.1±1.4 years), conventional pulpotomy treatment were performed. The teeth treated using calcium hydroxide, formocresol or ferric sulphate. After pulpotomy procedure, teeth were restored with compomer material. The teeth were evaluated as clinically and radiographically during a period of 12-24 months. Both of success of pulpotomy treatment and also restorative material (compomer material) were evaluated during follow-up period. The data were assessed with chi-square test. Results: At the end of the first year, 45% of initial treated teeth were checked, but only 18% were checked at the end of the second year. The first year success rates in the groups treated with CH, FC, and FS were 87.5%, 95%, and 79%, respectively, and, as the number of controllable patients was lower, the success rates on available teeth were determined to be 88.3% and 80%, respectively, according to the materials at the end of the second year. Restorations having been made, they were analyzed in accordance with USPHS criteria. Conclusions: At the end of the first year, 67.5% of compomer restorations were detected to be original and healthy and at the end of the second year, 57% were deemed healthy. No statistically significant relationships were found between marginal adaptation, secondary caries and pulpotomy success (chi-square test, P>.05). Among the three groups, there is no significant difference in terms of success. The least successful age group was defined as 4-6 years. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:415-422)

Aim: Triazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus is associated with mutations in cyp51 genes, therefore, a single-tube multiplex PCR was proposed for rapid detection of such mutations. Methods: Relevant markers (n = 21) located in cyp51A and cyp51B were amplified in a multiplex reaction and subsequently analyzed by mini-sequencing. Results: A set of nonresistant A. fumigatus were tested. The markers F46, G89, M172, D255, L358, E427 and C454 located in cyp51A, as well as P394 and S35 from cyp51B, were found to be modified. Conclusions: A. fumigatus triazole resistance in Portugal is rare, nevertheless, some isolates showed alterations in the cyp51 genes. Multicenter studies with more isolates should better evaluate and validate the potential use of this method in clinical laboratories. The new methodology allows the addition of extra markers if described as relevant for A. fumigatus susceptibility to triazoles. First draft submitted: 27 March 2015; Accepted: 24 August 2015; Online: 30 October 2015

Hallermann–Streiff syndrome (HSS) is a genetic disorder characterized by proportionate dwarfism, birdlike facies, hypotrichosis, skin atrophy, dyscephaly, bilateral microphthalmia, congenital cataracts, a narrow, weak, beaked nose, a hypoplastic mandible, and orodental anomalies. Occurrence is sporadic and distinct patterns of inheritance have not been found. This case report describes the dental management of a 3‑year‑old girl patient with HSS, who had unusual radiographic appearance of teeth. Furthermore, dental treatments and a 30‑month follow‑up period of the patient with this rare tooth structure malformation have been presented.Keywords: Dental anomalies, Hallermann–Streiff syndrome, orofacial characteristics

WOS: 000323051100004, PubMed ID: 23887032, Adhesion to oral soft and hard tissue is crucial for bacterial colonisation in the mouth. The aim of this work was to select strains of oral lactic acid bacteria that could be used as probiotics for oral health. To this end, the adhesive properties of some lactic acid bacteria were investigated. Seventeen lactic acid bacteria including two Streptococcus mutans strains were isolated from the oral cavity of healthy children, while other strains were isolated from fermented meat products. The bacterial strains were applied to teeth surfaces covered with saliva or without saliva. A significant diversity in adhesion capacity to teeth surfaces among the lactic acid bacteria was observed. Lactic acid bacteria isolated from the oral cavity adhered the best to teeth surfaces covered with saliva, whereas lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented meat samples adhered the best to tooth surface without saliva. All strains of lactic acid bacteria were able to reduce the number of S. mutans cells, in particular on saliva-coated tooth surface. Therefore, they might have potential as probiotics for the oral cavity.

Objective: Tooth avulsion constituting an emergency for children and adolescents necessitates management approaches ensuring the survival of avulsed teeth. The aim of this study was to determine the causes of tooth avulsion and to examine some factors affecting the clinical & radiographic assessment of their prognosis after replantation. Methodology: The study sample was created by using archival records of patients who were referred to the Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Pedodontics, with complaint of traumatic injuries, between December 1999 and 2008. The information about age, gender, time and cause of the injury, number of affected teeth, the root maturation level (mature/immature), vitality of the affected teeth, condition of supporting tissues, extra-oral time of avulsed teeth, storage media, time of replantation, type and duration of splinting, and healing process was obtained from the patients’ records. Results: The sample consisted of 66 traumatized children who had a total of 93 avulsed anterior permanent teeth. The age of these patients ranged from 6 to 16 years and the 9- and 10-year-old group had the highest incidence (n=25). The most frequent causes were falls (n=24; 36.4%). Thirty-three out of a total of 93 avulsed teeth (35.5%) were replanted. Of the 33 replanted teeth, 3 (9.1%) were stored in milk and 25 were stored in dry media (n=25; 75.8%). Fifteen teeth (45.5%) were replanted within 30 minutes after the injury. After clinical and radiographic evaluation a total of 12 replanted teeth (36.4%) were considered as failed. Ten of the replanted teeth had to be extracted due to progressive root resorption. Statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between the successes of replanted teeth with extra-oral period, storage media, root formation stage, and additional traumas to the supporting tissues (p>0.05). Conclusion: In this study, during the 9-year period, it was determined that 5.87% of all traumatic dental consisted of avulsion injuries. Thirty-three avulsed teeth in 26 patients were replanted, and 12 replanted teeth were revealed as failures. A high rate of success can be obtained when the avulsed teeth are kept under wet conditions and brought to a dental clinic as soon as possible.

PubMed: 22126097 Objective: To test the null hypothesis that no differences exist in craniofacial morphology between patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and the healthy population. Materials and Methods: Standardized lateral cephalograms of 32 FMF patients (mean age, 11.50 ± 2.72 years) and 32 healthy controls (mean age, 11.86 ± 2.19 years) were obtained. Cranial and dentofacial parameters were measured using a cephalometric analysis program (Nemoceph Imaging Cephalometric and Tracing Software S.L., Spain). All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 17.0.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill). Descriptive statistics were calculated for all measurements, and the independent t-test was used to evaluate intergroup differences. Results: The ANB angle was significantly greater in the FMF group (P