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Il presente lavoro si propone di contribuire allo studio dell’interazione tra beni culturali e ambiente, in particolare inquinamento atmosferico, prendendo in considerazione la Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore a Firenze. A tale scopo sono stati effettuati dei campionamenti di strati di degrado sui tre tipi di materiale lapideo presenti, successivamente analizzati attraverso una serie di procedure analitiche finalizzate all’identificazione chimico-mineralogica dei componenti. Allo scopo di evidenziare una correlazione tra il cambiamento cromatico che interessa le superfici dei monumenti e gli inquinanti emessi dai processi di combustione, un ulteriore studio è stato realizzato mediante misure colorimetriche successivamente relazionate ai dati analitici ottenuti. Per valutare l’impatto che l’annerimento delle superfici architettoniche del monumento oggetto di studio svolge sulla percezione visiva ed ipotizzare quale potrebbe essere la distribuzione degli strati di degrado in futuro, sono state realizzare delle carte di degrado utilizzando una indagine fotografica ed una ricerca storica di fotografie riproducenti la facciata considerata. I risultati ottenuti consentono di ipotizzare future patine di degrado meno diffuse, di colore tendente al giallo-bruno, dovuto alla crescita della componente organica del particolato.

Il presente lavoro si propone di contribuire allo studio dell’interazione tra beni culturali e ambiente, in particolare inquinamento atmosferico, prendendo in considerazione la Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore a Firenze. A tale scopo sono stati effettuati dei campionamenti di strati di degrado sui tre tipi di materiale lapideo presenti, successivamente analizzati attraverso una serie di procedure analitiche finalizzate all’identificazione chimico-mineralogica dei componenti. Allo scopo di evidenziare una correlazione tra il cambiamento cromatico che interessa le superfici dei monumenti e gli inquinanti emessi dai processi di combustione, un ulteriore studio è stato realizzato mediante misure colorimetriche successivamente relazionate ai dati analitici ottenuti. Per valutare l’impatto che l’annerimento delle superfici architettoniche del monumento oggetto di studio svolge sulla percezione visiva ed ipotizzare quale potrebbe essere la distribuzione degli strati di degrado in futuro, sono state realizzare delle carte di degrado utilizzando una indagine fotografica ed una ricerca storica di fotografie riproducenti la facciata considerata. I risultati ottenuti consentono di ipotizzare future patine di degrado meno diffuse, di colore tendente al giallo-bruno, dovuto alla crescita della componente organica del particolato.

The EC TeACH project (Technologies and tools to prioritize assessment and diagnosis of air pollution impact on immovable and movable cultural heritage) sets out to understand the different types of damage on cultural heritage in different sites: Oslo (Norway), Florence (Italy), Salè (Marocco), Cologne (Germany). There was performed the characterization of damage layer including the ion compounds performed by ion chromatography (IC) and elemental composition, carried out by coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). To understand the origin of the ions and elements detected in the black crust specimens, the data obtained during analysis were analyzed statistically using the R Project for Statistical Computing. The results achieved shows that in all cases the SO2 has been proved to have among the pollutants the priority role in damage layer formation. Moreover, there has been reflected the impact of local pollutant sources on damage processes occurring, e.g. coal combustion and emission from railway transport in case of Cologne Cathedral, the marine aerosol in case of coastal sites Sale and Oslo.

The present work focuses on the diagnosis of the damage induced by air multi-pollutants on the Centennial Hall, situated in one of the most industrialized and polluted regions of Poland, in close neighborhood of coal power stations. In order to investigate the impact of multi-pollutants on the cement built heritage samples of damage layer and underlying material were collected from the building, taking into account rain exposure (sheltered, partly sheltered and washed out areas) and analysed by range of analytical techniques: optical and scanning electron microscopy, X ray diffractometry, differential and gravimetric thermal analysis, ion chromatography, flash combustion/gas chromatographic analysis, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. The results obtained show that the surface deterioration of the Centennial Hall is mainly caused by deposition of SO2 and fly ash from coal combustion, and subsequent interaction with the cement components. These results for the first time demonstrate the impact of coal power stations on black crust formation on cementitious materials.

Nell’ambito di un progetto finalizzato allo studio delle diverse tipologie di degrado causate dall’inquinamento atmosferico a carico del patrimonio culturale costruito, in questo lavoro sono state prelevate croste nere in 4 differenti siti (3 europei e 1 nord africano) e caratterizzate mediante cromatografia ionica e spettroscopia a emissione atomica e di massa. I risultati ottenuti mostrano come in tutti i luoghi oggetto di studio, l’SO2 abbia un ruolo prioritario nella formazione delle croste nere. É stato inoltre identificato l’impatto di fonti inquinanti locali antropiche e di sorgenti naturali sul degrado degli edifici considerati, come le emissioni da combustione di carbone e da trasporto, sia ferroviario che veicolare, nel sito di Colonia, l’aerosol marino nei siti costieri di Salè ed Oslo, i sali disgelanti ad Oslo e precedenti trattamenti di restauro nel sito di Firenze.

The available scenarios of multi-pollutants trends in Europe indicate a shift in modern urban atmospheres from and SO2 dominated situation to a multi-pollutant situation, linked to the driven role played by traffic in determining the overall pollution in urban centres. In view of the proven overwhelming influence of mobile combustion sources in determining the future urban atmosphere, “modern’’ soiling on built heritage will be likely to contain primarily organic carbon (OC). This will imply a change in composition of damage layers, which will presumably assume a yellow-brown colouration. The EC TeACH project (Technologies and tools to prioritize assessment and diagnosis of air pollution impact on immovable and movable cultural heritage) sets out to understand the different types of damage on cultural heritage that can be expected in the future, due to changes in pollutants, both in terms of typology and concentration. Results achieved within this still running project on the composition of damage layers, collected and analysed from different monuments in Europe, will be presented and discussed. Elaboration of carbon fractions data will be liked in particular to colourimetric parameters (L*, a*, b*), with the aim of exploring the application of monitoring of colour change of architectural surfaces as potential strategy for preventive conservation.

La ricerca condotta nell’ambito dell’impatto ambientale sul patrimonio culturale ha messo in evidenza come il degrado delle superfici architettoniche è variato e continua a variare nel tempo, principalmente in seguito al cambiamento della tipologia e concentrazione degli inquinanti atmosferici. Il progetto TeACH, finanziato dalla commissione europea, ha come obiettivo l’identificazione degli inquinanti maggiormente critici, nonché le soluzioni più idonee per investigare i mutati processi di degrado, sviluppando nuovi strumenti di monitoraggio per la protezione sostenibile del patrimonio culturale. La strumentazione utilizzata nella ricerca condotta e i dati ottenuti sono presentati e discussi.

It has been recognized that buildings undergo rapid deterioration, especially in areas with high air pollutant concentrations. This work focuses on the investigation of the impact of air multi-pollutants on Burğ al Klāb (Bastion of dogs), known as the Gate Tower, in Salè (Morocco). The diagnosis of surface damage layer was performed by range of analytical techniques including optical and scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, ion chromatography, induced coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and differential and gravimetric thermal analysis. The results obtained show that sulphate is the most abundant anion followed by nitrate and chloride, while calcium has the highest concentrations among the cations. Sulphate, nitrate, chloride and calcium are in higher concentrations in the walls directly exposed to traffic road, evidencing that they are connected to emission from vehicular exhaust. The CHNSO analysis identified carbon fractions, organic (OC) and elemental (EC), showing an OC/EC ratio higher than 1 in all samples. The organic carbon fraction is in general higher in samples where the highest concentration of NO3- was also detected, thus proving the strong impact mainly of diesel vehicle exhaust fumes. A decrease of lightness (L*) and chroma (C*) was also observed passing from walls protected towards traffic to more exposed ones.

The available scenarios of multi-pollutants trends in Europe indicate a shift in modern urban atmospheres from and SO2 dominated situation to a multi-pollutant situation, linked to the driven role played by traffic in determining the overall pollution in urban centres. In view of the proven overwhelming influence of mobile combustion sources in determining the future urban atmosphere, “modern’’ soiling on built heritage will be likely to contain primarily organic carbon (OC). This will imply a change in composition of damage layers, which will presumably assume a yellow-brown coloration. The EC TeACH project (Technologies and tools to prioritize assessment and diagnosis of air pollution impact on immovable and movable cultural heritage) sets out to understand the different types of damage on cultural heritage that can be expected in the future, due to changes in pollutants, both in terms of typology and concentration. To accomplish this goal, from the technological point of view the project aims to develop a non invasive device for the continuous monitoring of the damage caused on monuments located outdoor by changing pollution impact, based on the change of colour of the architectural surface. A prototype is currently under testing at 5 monuments located in urban sites in Europe and one in the Mediterranean area, characterized by different environmental and climate conditions: Cologne Cathedral (Germany), S. Maria del Fiore Cathedral in Florence (Italy), the National Gallery in Oslo (Norway), the Arriaga Theatre in Bilbao (Spain), the National Museum in Cracow (Poland), the historic walls of Salè (Morocco). Colorimetric analyses directly at the building surface for blackening/colour change characterisation using a portable spectrophotometer. Results achieved within this still running project on the composition of damage layers will be presented and discussed. Elaboration of carbon fractions data will be liked in particular to colorimetric parameters (L*a*b*), with the aim of exploring the application of monitoring of color change of architectural surfaces as potential strategy for preventive conservation.

The work focuses on the diagnosis of the damage induced by air multi-pollutants on the Centennial Hall, situated in one of the most industrialized and polluted regions of Poland, in close neighborhood of coal power stations. In order to investigate the impact of multi-pollutants on the cement built heritage samples of damage layer and underlying material were collected from the building, taking into account rain exposure (sheltered, partly sheltered and washed out areas) and analysed by range of analytical techniques: optical and scanning electron microscopy, X ray diffractometry, differential and gravimetric thermal analysis, ion chromatography, flash combustion/gas chromatographic analysis, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. The results obtained show that the surface deterioration of the Centennial Hall is mainly caused by deposition of SO2 and fly ash from coal combustion, and subsequent interaction with the cement components. These results for the first time demonstrate the impact of coal power stations on black crust formation on cementitious materials.

Very few scientific studies have been dedicated to the impact of multipollutants on 20th-century built heritage. The effect of the impact of gaseous pollutants and aerosols on cement mortars in urban areas, especially the formation of black crusts, is still not well documented, making this issue a challenging area of research. The present work focuses on the evaluation of the impact of air multipollutants on the Casa Galleria Vichi, a modern concrete building dated 1911, located in the center of Florence (Italy). In order to investigate the surface damage induced by air multipollutants, samples of deterioration layers (crusts) and underlying material were collected and analysed. The results obtained from the experimental activity performed on the damage layers indicate that gypsum, due to the deposition of sulphur atmospheric compounds, is the main damage product. Furthermore the particulate matter found embedded in the gypsum matrix, shows that oil fossil fuel combustion is the main cause of building surface blackening.

The work focuses on the investigation of air pollutant impacts on the ancient ramparts of the Moroccan city of Sale, part of the Project TeACH (Technologies and tools to prioritize assessment and diagnosis of air pollution impact on immovable and movable cultural heritage), which set out to understand the different types of deterioration due to pollution impact on cultural heritage in diverse sites. The part of the walls studied is the Burg al Klāb (Bastion of dogs) tower, also known as the Gate Tower, as an example of a monument in the Mediterranean Basin, built in calcarenite and exposed to a polluted environment, especially traffic. The complete characterization of the surface damage layer forming on the Burg al Klāb was performed by a range of analytical techniques, including optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, ion chromatography and induced coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. The results showed that the main damage factor is the deposition of atmospheric sulphur compounds, and sea salts and particles from combustion processes. The deposition of SO 2 and marine aerosols effects in formation of new minerals, such as gypsum (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O), halite (NaCl) and thenardite (Na 2 SO 4 ) and other hydrated forms of sodium sulphates. The octagonal shape of tower and different exposition of walls to traffic roads was reflected in the results from the analyses. A decrease in lightness L* was measured passing from more protected walls to those more exposed to traffic. Sulphate, nitrate and organic carbon were also found in higher concentrations in the samples collected from the walls directly exposed to traffic. The high amount of Ca 2+ is ascribed to the calcium carbonate-rich substrate, to soil dust re-suspension and subsequent deposition onto the building surface, as well as to the long-range air mass intrusions from the Sahara. The traffic in the proximity of Tower is not only responsible for particle emissions but also for the re-suspension of dry deposited road traffic emissions and soil dust.

A proper recognition of the pollutant sources in atmospheric deposit is a key problem for any action aiming at reducing their emission, being this an important issue with implications both on human health safeguard and on the cultural heritage conservation in urban sites. This work presents the results of a statistical approach application for the identification of pollutant sources in deposits and damage layers on monuments located in different European sites: Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence (Italy), Cologne Cathedral, Cologne (Germany), Ancient ramparts, Salè (Morocco), National Museum, Cracow (Poland) and National Gallery, Oslo (Norway). For this aim, the surface damage layers on monuments and historical buildings of the selected sites were collected and analyzed, in terms of ionic and elemental composition, through application of ion chromatography and induced coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. The achieved results were processed by multivariate analyses such as correlation matrix and principal component analysis in order to identify the possible origin of pollutants affecting the state of conservation of the monuments. This allowed us to assume that in all case studies the traffic emission is the main pollutant source. In the case of Ancient ramparts, Salè (Morocco), and National Gallery, Oslo (Norway), the surfaces are also under influence of marine aerosols. Moreover, concerning the Cologne Cathedral, the strong impact of the pollutants emitted by railway station was also revealed. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.

Obiettivo del lavoro è la valutazione dell'impatto dei multiinquinanti atmosferici su un edificio in calcestruzzo situato nel centro urbano di Wroclaw in Poloniia. I risultati analitici ottenuti dalla applicazione di FEG-ESEM-EDS e ICP-OES su campioni di crosta nera e materiale inalterato prelevati sulla facciata di un edificio di importanza storica-artistica sono discussi.

It is now well known that air pollution is responsible for the accelerated damage encountered on cultural heritage located outdoors. Although several works on atmospheric pollutants have been performed, studies of atmospheric pollutant monitoring close to monuments remain rare. In addition, the few cases reported in the literature mostly regard indoor environments. As the protection and conservation of monuments and historic buildings constitutes a priority for each country, knowledge of particle composition near monuments over time is an important issue in conservation strategies. For this reason, the atmosphere in proximity of the Florence Baptistery, located in the city centre, was continuously monitored during 2003 and 2004 by means of aerosol sampling performed close to two of the three doors of the monument. In particular, the monitoring was performed close to the North Door, realized by Lorenzo Ghiberti (1403-1424), currently utilized as the entrance to the monument, and the South Door, a masterpiece of Andrea Pisano (1330), employed as the exit for visitors. The sampling sites were characterized by different expositions to road traffic emissions. The non-carbonate carbon and soluble ionic components of the total suspended matter were measured. The data obtained is presented and discussed with the goal of contributing to the formulation of guidelines for a suitable safeguard of the built cultural heritage. © 2009 WIT Press.

It has been recognized that many modern buildings undergo rapid deterioration, especially in areas with high air pollutant concentrations. It is assumed that the deposition of gaseous multipollutants and aerosols plays a major role in causing the deterioration of monuments and built cultural heritage in European cities. While the deterioration process due to air pollutants and particle deposition is well studied in stones, particularly limestone, sandstone and granite, in the case of cement materials the subject has yet to be explored. This work focuses on the investigation of the impact of air multipollutants on concrete architecture in current urban atmospheres. The diagnosis of surface layers considering location of buildings, is a major issue in this research. To this end laboratory analyses have been preformed on samples from buildings exposed in different urban areas: Centennial Hall of 1913 (Wroclaw, Poland, close to a power station); Chiesa dell'Autostrada del Sole of 1963 (Florence, Italy, close to the motorway) and Casa Galleria Vichi of 1911 (Florence city centre). The samplings were carried out taking into account different levels and parts of the buildings, in washed out, sheltered and partly sheltered areas. The characterization of collected surface layers and cement mortar samples was performed using a range of analytical methods, including optical and scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, ion chromatography, induced coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, differential and gravimetric thermal analysis and CHNSO elemental analysis. The quantitative results from the experimental work will be presented and discussed, in order to achieve an exhaustive picture of the main causes leading to concrete deterioration in the buildings under study.