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Chromosomal abnormalities are an important cause of especially early miscarriages. The aim of this study was to analyze the chromosomal aberrations and determine the frequencies of numerical and structural chromosome abnormalities in spontaneous abortion materials.

Abstract Several anti-leishmanial drugs of choice are of plant origin. Many of the available drugs against the disease are toxic and in certain cases parasite drug resistance is developed. The [...]

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a neurocutaneous syndrome caused by mutations on the NF1 gene, which is located at chromosome 17q11.2. Although an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern is well-established, about half of new cases are the result of de novo NF1 mutations. Neurofibromatosis type 1 has an incidence rate of 1/2600–3000 individuals, making it a major public health problem. The product of the NF1 gene, the neurofibromin protein, is known to play a critical role in cellular differentiation and in tumor suppression. Due to widespread expression of neurofibromin in numerous tissues, particularly in cutaneous and nervous systems, NF1 mutations cause a wide variety of clinical symptoms, including cutaneous and ocular lesions such as café au lait spots, axillary and inguinal freckling, multiple cutaneous neurofibromas, iris Lisch nodules, choroidal freckling and internal tumors. In this article, we report the cases of two siblings with NF1, a 21-year-old male and his 24-year-old sister, who have the same c.5392C>T mutation on the NF1 gene (p.Gln1798 Ter). Café au lait macules and freckling were the prominent clinical features in both siblings. However, a plexiform neurofibroma was also observed on the left arm of the sister, which is known to carry potential risk for malignant transformation. Although the mutation was previously described once, to the best of our knowledge, no case report has been published since then.

The aim of this case report is to introduce a modified Groper appliance that enables transverse growth of the maxilla in addition to improving the aesthetics of patients with missing anterior teeth. Patient 1 was a 16-year-old young woman in the late stages of growth who presented with a congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisor. Patient 2 was a nine-year-old girl missing both of her maxillary central incisors due to trauma. The missing teeth were replaced by artificial acrylic teeth bonded onto growth-enabling, maxillary, fixed palatal space maintainers. A tube was soldered onto one of the arch wires of the maintainer and the opposite arch wire was threaded into this tube, allowing it to slide until the patient completed growth. Intermolar width increased by approximately 1.9 mm in Patient 1 and 2.6 mm in Patient 2 over the three-year review period. The in-tube mechanical design of the device allowed transverse growth of the maxilla without interference during and throughout long-term wear.

Objective: The objective of this multi-centre, real-world study was to examine the potential influence of comprehensive molecular profiling on the development of treatment decisions or adjustments for patients with advanced solid malignancies. We then evaluated the impact of these informed choices on patient treatment outcomes., Methods: The study encompassed 234 adult patients (mean age: 52.7 ± 14.3 years, 54.7% women) who were diagnosed with solid tumours at 21 different medical centres in Turkey. Remarkably, 67.9% of the patients exhibited metastasis at the time of diagnosis. We utilized an OncoDNA (Gosselies, Belgium) platform (OncoDEEP) integrating next-generation sequencing with additional tests to harvest complex molecular profiling data. The results were analyzed in relation with two specific outcomes: (i) the impact on therapeutic decisions, including formulation or modifications, and (ii) associated treatment response., Results: Out of the 228 patients with final molecular profiling results, 118 (50.4%) had their treatment modified, whilst the remaining 110 (47.0%) did not. The response rates were comparable, with 3.9 versus 3.4% for complete response, 13.6 versus 29.3% for partial response, 66.9 versus 51.7% for progressive disease and 15.5 versus 15.5% for stable disease for treatments informed and not informed by complex molecular profiling, respectively (P = 0.16)., Conclusion: Our real-world findings highlight the significant impact of complex molecular profiling on the treatment decisions made by oncologists for a substantial portion of patients with advanced solid tumours. Regrettably, no significant advantage was detected in terms of treatment response or disease control rates., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Liquidambar orientalis Mill., commonly called the Anatolian sweetgum or Sigla tree, is endemic to southwestern Turkey. It has been historically significant in traditional medicine. In our research, we delved into the therapeutic attributes of its oil, emphasizing its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor properties. The primary chemical constituent of the gum is styrene, accounting for 78.5 %. The gum demonstrated antioxidant capabilities in several assays, including in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). It displayed bactericidal actions against various gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, and gram-negative strains, including Escherichia coli. Additionally, the oil showcased potent antitumor effects against breast (MDA-MB-231), lung (A549), and prostate (PC3) cancer cell lines. These effects were found to be both time- and dose-dependent. L. orientalis Mill. oil showed the best antitumor activity against breast, lung, and prostate cancer cell lines after the 24 h and 48 h treatment. Its oil might induce autophagy in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line, whereas its cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 and A549 cancer cell lines might not be correlated with autophagy or apoptosis pathways. In conclusion, the oil from the Sigla tree offers promising therapeutic potential and warrants further exploration., (© 2023 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)

Uncertainties and risks play a central role in creating vulnerabilities for logistics service operations. Over the years, Logistic Service Providers (LSPs) have learned how to ensure resilience to confront uncertainties and risks triggered by adverse events. However, quite unlike any seen in recent times, the COVID-19 pandemic brings about unavoidable uncertainties and risks for the logistics industry. Yet, there is no common approach to contextualize how they interact together. We incorporate an empirical research design and make a threefold contribution: first, we identify uncertainties and risks that LSPs encounter during the COVID-19 pandemic and investigate their prominence. Second, we unveil intertwined schemes of afore-identified uncertainties and risks and augment the understanding of their cause-effect structure. Third, we provide an uncertainty and risk assessment guideline for LSPs affected by threats emerging from unforeseeable crises. In this study, we combine qualitative work and the fuzzy DEMATEL method. Qualitative thematic analysis of in-depth interviews reveals the most important uncertainties (COVID-19 measures, employee welfare, forecast horizon, demand change, and government regulations) and risks (COVID-19 risk, delivery delays, supply chain disruptions, financial failure, and product returns) for LSPs. The fuzzy DEMATEL method shows that COVID-19 measures and COVID-19 risk are highly prominent and influence other factors. The results indicate that demand change, government regulations, and supply chain disruptions are net causers, and employee welfare, financial failure, forecast horizon, delivery delays, and product returns are net receivers. Distinctly, employee welfare is the most affected factor, empirically confirming that major risks for LSPs are related to the human factor. More investigation in our results suggests that supply chain disruptions and demand change, two factors triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, influence financial failure and forecast horizon, two factors associated with operational performance., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

While current neoadjuvant protocols have proven benefits on local control for majority of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer, there are certain clinical conditions that require future advances for improving the outcomes. Total neoadjuvant therapy incorporates systemic chemotherapy planned within standard neoadjuvant protocols either before or after radiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer as a whole. Enhanced compliance with planned oncological therapy, tumour downstaging, administration of chemotherapy at the earliest time in the disease course to help assessing chemosensitivity are the proposed benefits of total neoadjuvant therapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Patient selection criteria for administration of total neoadjuvant therapy in the recent guidelines are unclear. Since current literature is inconclusive for the optimal sequence and type of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, premature incorporation of total neoadjuvant therapy for all locally advanced rectal cancers may result in overtreatment and subsequently toxicity. This article aims to discuss the current literature and to propose a future perspective by considering real-life scenarios reflecting patients' needs for treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer., (© 2021 The Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.)

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate are the most abundant amino acid neurotransmitters in the brain. GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, is synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Its predominant isoform GAD67, contributes up to ∼90% of base-level GABA in the CNS, and is encoded by the GAD1 gene. Disruption of GAD1 results in an imbalance of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters, and as Gad1-/- mice die neonatally of severe cleft palate, it has not been possible to determine any potential neurological dysfunction. Furthermore, little is known about the consequence of GAD1 disruption in humans. Here we present six affected individuals from six unrelated families, carrying bi-allelic GAD1 variants, presenting with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, characterized by early-infantile onset epilepsy and hypotonia with additional variable non-CNS manifestations such as skeletal abnormalities, dysmorphic features and cleft palate. Our findings highlight an important role for GAD1 in seizure induction, neuronal and extraneuronal development, and introduce GAD1 as a new gene associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy., (© The Author(s) (2020). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain.)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have major roles in nearly all cellular process including gene expression, and may behave as oncogene or tumor suppressor gene by binding to complementary sequences in the target mRNA. The circulating microRNA-15a (miRNA-15a) and microRNA-16-1 (miRNA-16-1) of 15 healthy adults and of 40 untreated patients diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBC) were recruited to investigate the expression levels. The expression levels of miRNA-15a, and miRNA-16-1 genes of the untreated DLBCL patients, and healthy individuals with matched age, sex and ethnicity were examined. MicroRNA expression profiles obtained from peripheral blood were investigated. The samples were collected from 40 patients diagnosed with DLBC patients, and from 15 healthy controls. Two miRNAs were selected, and expression profile was examined using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) based on the previous studies. Statistically significant expression level differences (p < 0.05) were detected for miRNA-16-1 in DLBCL patients and healthy control groups. miRNA-16-1 gene expression level was found approximately ninefold higher in the patient group compared to the controls; however, no statistical difference was detected in the expression profile of miRNA-15a between the both groups. On the other hand, the decreased gene expression in miRNA16-1 was observed in 88.3% of DLBCL patients. These results suggested that there was no statistically significant decrease in the miRNA-15a gene expression in DLBCL patients (p > 0.05). On the contrary to the literature, miRNA-16-1 expression level was suppressed in DLBCL group in our study, however no whole gene silencing was performed. MicroRNA-16-1 might be suggested to behave as a tumor suppressor in DLBCL in our study.

Background: The primary objective of our study was to examine the clinical outcomes and prognosis of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) with brain metastases (BMs) receiving targeted therapy., Patients and Methods: Fifty-eight patients from 16 oncology centers for whom complete clinical data were available were retrospectively reviewed., Results: The median age was 57 years (range 30-80). Most patients underwent a nephrectomy (n = 41; 70.7%), were male (n = 42; 72.4%) and had clear-cell (CC) RCC (n = 51; 87.9%). Patients were treated with first-line suni-tinib (n = 45; 77.6%) or pazopanib (n = 13; 22.4%). The median time from the initial RCC diagnosis to the diagnosis of BMs was 9 months. The median time from the first occurrence of metastasis to the development of BMs was 7 months. The median overall survival (OS) of mRCC patients with BMs was 13 months. Time from the initial diagnosis of systemic metastasis to the development of BMs (<12 months; p = 0.001), histological subtype (non-CC; p<0.05) and number of BMs (>2; p<0.05) were significantly associated with OS in multivariate analysis. There were no cases of toxic death. One mRCC patient with BMs (1.7%) experienced treatment-related cerebral necrosis. All other toxicities included those commonly observed with VEGF-TKI therapy., Conclusions: The time from the initial diagnosis of systemic metastasis to the development of BMs (<12 months), a non-CC histological subtype, and a greater number of BMs (>2) were independent risk factors for a poor prognosis.

Mandibuloacral dysplasia (MAD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by acroosteolysis (resorption of terminal phalanges), skin changes (hyperpigmentation), clavicular hypoplasia, craniofascial anomalies, a hook nose and prominent eyes, delayed closures of the cranial sutures, lipodystrophy, alopecia, and skeletal anomalies. MAD patients are classified according to lipodystrophy patterns: type A and type B. The vast majority of MAD cases are caused by LMNA gene mutations. MAD patients with type A lipodystrophy (MADA) have been reported to have LMNA R527H, A529V, or A529T mutations. In this report, we describe two MADA patients with progressive skeletal changes, absent breast development, and cataract in addition to the classical MAD phenotype. Both patients were found to be homozygous for the Ala529Val mutation of the LMNA gene. Our female patient is the oldest MADA patient (59 years old) who has ever been reported with the LMNA mutation and also the LMNA Ala529Val mutation. This study is the second report on MADA patients with a homozygous Ala529Val mutation.

The Rett syndrome (RTT; OMIM #312750) is a rare genetic disease observed predominantly among girls that affects neurological development. The incidence of this disorder is approximately 1 in 10,000 female births. Diagnosis of the RTT is based on specific clinical criteria and the identification of a mutation in the methyl-CpG-binding protein (MECP), which mainly occurs on exons 3 and 4 of the gene. Mutations in the X-linked methyl-CpG binding protein 2 gene (MECP2) are observed in nearly 95% of RTT cases. RTT is associated with considerable genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Recently, it has been observed that mutations in the genes Netrin G1 and cyclin-dependent kinase like 5 (CDKL5) also lead to clinical pictures resembling RTT. In this case report, we describe a 4-years-old female patient who met all the relevant criteria for the diagnosis of RTT. Sequence analyses performed on the patient identified a de novo, heterozygous c.489G>A mutation at exon 4 of the MECP2 gene.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Aspirin resistance (AR) worsens prognosis in CVD., Aim: The aim of this study was to detect AR prevalence in this patient group., Methods: The 203 patients (mean age 61.84 ± 11.51 years, 128 [63.1%] male) with stable coronary artery disease included in the study were grouped into four study groups according to their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values. Multiplate test was used to determine AR. Platelet aggregation results were presented as aggregation unit (AU) × min and values over 300 AU × min were accepted as AR., Results: 61 (30.04%) patients in the whole study population were found to have AR. Differences were detected between AR ratios and multiplate values of the patient groups (p = 0.006 and p = 0.002). AR ratio was highest in patient group 4 (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m²) and/or on chronic haemodialysis therapy, whereas there was little difference among the other three groups. In multivariate analysis, while AR status was independently related to female sex (OR = 2.31,CI 1.14-4.65, p = 0.019) and mean platelet volume (MPV) (OR = 1.68, CI 1.21-2.33, p = 0.002), multiplate test results were independently related to MPV (b = 0.265, p < 0.0001) and eGFR (b = -0.165, p = 0.025)., Conclusions: The AR ratio was found to be high in severe CKD patients, especially haemodialysis patients, but not in mild and moderate CKD patients. This increased AR ratio in severe CKD patients may affect the prognosis in patients who already have an increased risk for cardiovascular complications.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate oral health care knowledge and behavior of women during pregnancy., Subjects and Methods: The study population consisted of 351 mothers with children under 3 months of age who presented at Gülhane Medical Academy's Department of Pediatrics for a routine child check-up. Mothers were asked to complete a questionnaire about their knowledge and behavior regarding dental care during pregnancy., Results: All the women who participated in the study had dental insurance, and most of them had high levels of education. Of the 351 mothers, 263 (75%) had heard about possible connections between oral health and pregnancy outcome, and 165 (47%) believed tooth and periodontal problems could affect pregnancy outcome. However, 256 (73%) women still believed that calcium would be drawn out of their teeth by the developing baby, and 151 (43%) believed in the erroneous statement 'A tooth for a baby'. 241 (68.7%) women had experienced oral health problems during pregnancy; however, only 48 (13.7%) visited a dentist during their pregnancy., Conclusions: Turkish women, despite having knowledge that adverse pregnancy events may be related to dental and periodontal problems, did not seek oral health care during pregnancy. This suggests the need to better educate medical providers to inform pregnant women to obtain oral health care during pregnancy., (Copyright © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Here, we report a new case with chromosome 22q11 deletion and cardiac anomaly diagnosed prenatally by echocardiography. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis demonstrated a heterozygous deletion at 22q11.2. Echocardiography revealed ventricular septal defect, pulmonary atresia, and aneurysm of the main pulmonary artery and its branches. Pulmonary artery aneurysm (PAA) is rarely seen in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22qDS). In this case, PAA was found by prenatal echocardiographic examination at the 25th week of gestation. To date, no prenatally diagnosed case of 22qDS with PAA has been reported. This is the first 22qDS case with PAA that was detected prenatally by FISH analysis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine behavioral characteristics and side effects in children undergoing restorative dental treatment with or without dental extractions under deep sedation., Methods: This study comprised 68 healthy 4- to 7-year-old children; 34 each were assigned to extraction and restorative groups. Children's behaviors were assessed using the following scales: (1) modified Frankl scale (preoperative period); (2) modified Houpt behavior rating scale (venipuncture period); and (3) modified Wilton behavior scale (recovery period). All complications observed during and after sedation were also recorded., Results: The occurrence of agitation was higher in the extraction group; however, this difference was statistically significant only at 15 minutes after completion of sedation. In both groups, the most common side effects observed were: involuntary movement (during sedation); sleepiness; agitation and dizziness (during the early recovery period); irritability; crying; and sleepiness (following hospital discharge)., Conclusions: Agitation may be observed during procedures involving extractions. Few side effects were observed during and after the sedation procedure in both groups.

Background: Arginine is converted to nitric oxide (NO) via NO synthase and to ornithine via arginase. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) catalyzes the conversion of ornithine to polyamines. Arginase can inhibit NO production, and NO can inhibit ODC activity as part of an early inflammatory response. This study examines the arginine-NO-polyamine pathway alteration in saliva and gingival biopsy samples of patients with gingivitis or periodontitis and healthy controls and evaluates the response to periodontal treatment., Methods: This study includes nine gingivitis patients, 15 chronic periodontitis patients, and 11 healthy age-matched controls. Periodontal clinical measurements, gingival biopsies, and saliva samples were obtained before treatment (BT) and 1 month after periodontal treatment (AT). Arginase and ODC activities and NO levels were determined spectrophotometrically., Results: The BT salivary and gingival NO levels were found to be highest in the gingivitis group, followed by the healthy and the periodontitis groups, respectively. Salivary NO levels significantly increased in the periodontitis group and decreased in the gingivitis group AT (P <0.05). Gingival NO levels decreased significantly in the periodontitis and the gingivitis groups AT (P <0.05). Arginase levels were detected highest in the gingivitis group and lowest in the periodontitis group, both in saliva and gingiva. Only gingival arginase levels significantly increased AT (P <0.05). ODC activity was highest in saliva, and lowest in the gingiva of the periodontitis patients BT. It was found to be significantly higher in the periodontitis group AT (P <0.05)., Conclusions: In this study, regarding arginine-NO-polyamine metabolism, gingival tissue seems to be more informative about periodontal pathogenesis than saliva. At early phase of periodontal inflammation, NO arginase and ODC levels were measured as higher than at an established lesion of periodontitis.

Here we report the effect of a partially purified alkaloid fraction (NUP) of Nuphar lutea on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression and studied its mechanism of toxicity against Leishmania major in C3H mice peritoneal macrophages. NUP was found to be a mixture of thermo-stable dimeric sesquiterpene thioalkaloids containing mainly thionupharidines. The anti-leishmanial activity was shown to be mediated through the activation of NF-κB and increased iNOS production. Additionally, the nitric oxide inhibitor, N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (0.5mM) totally reverted the anti-leishmanial effect of NUP (0.25 and 0.5μg/ml). NUP was also shown to act as an anti-oxidant, almost completely inhibiting the macrophage respiratory burst activity. However, no elevated lysozyme (EC3.2.1.17) or β-galactosidase (EC3.2.1.23) activities were demonstrated in macrophages treated with NUP. This study suggests, that the activity of NUP is mediated by NF-κB activation and the production of nitric oxide which is dependent on the L-arginine:NO pathway.

Intrusive luxation is an injury involving the axial displacement of a tooth into the alveolar socket. This paper describes apexification using calcium hydroxide medicaments of an immature permanent central incisor in which spontaneous re-eruption as well as severe inflammatory external root resorption was observed following traumatic intrusion. A 10-year-old boy was referred to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry 3 days after having fallen at school. Intraoral examination revealed intrusive luxation and an enamel-dentin crown fracture of the maxillary left central incisor (Tooth 21). The tooth was not sensitive to percussion and responded positively to electric pulp test. Radiographic examination indicated that the tooth had an open apex and had been intruded approximately 3-4 mm relative to the cemento-enamel junction of the adjacent right central incisor. The tooth was left for possible spontaneous re-eruption. The crown fracture was temporarily restored using glass ionomer cement, and the patient was scheduled for recall in 2 weeks, at which time intraoral examination revealed spontaneous re-eruption of the tooth. However, radiographic examination also showed inflammatory external root resorption. The root canal was accessed and filled with a calcium hydroxide paste; however, follow-up examination indicated continuing resorption after 1 month. Calcium hydroxide plus points (CHPP) was chosen as an alternative treatment. At the end of 6 months of CHPP treatment, examination showed no further progression of external resorption and complete apexification of the tooth. After a 24-month follow-up period, no signs of pathosis were observed.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic effects of three different compomers (Dyract AP, Compoglass, and Hytac) cured using a halogen light-curing unit (LCU) and a light-emitting diode (LED) LCU on human pulp fibroblasts., Methods: Specimens of three compomers were added to human pulp fibroblast cultures. Cytotoxicity was evaluated over 96 h using the agar overlay method., Results: All three compomers tested were found to be moderately cytotoxic to human pulp fibroblasts, regardless of whether they were cured using halogen or LED LCUs. The decolorization zone of Hytac was significantly larger than those of the other compomers tested (P < 0.05). Dyract AP and Compoglass specimens showed greater decolorization when cured with LED than with halogen LCUs (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Compomers are potentially toxic to human pulp fibroblasts, and the type of curing unit may affect compomer toxicity.

Introduction: The aims of this study were to evaluate 3-dimensional (3D) tooth crown sizes in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and to compare them with those of a Class I control group., Methods: Orthodontic dental casts were used of 72 subjects with CLP (20 bilateral [BCLP], 34 unilateral left [ULCLP], 18 unilateral right [URCLP]) and 53 adolescents in the permanent dentition stage with Class I occlusion. Mesiodistal (MD), labiolingual (LL), and occlusogingival (OG) measurements were recorded by the same examiner using a digital caliper. Statistical analyses were conducted, including repeatability, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Duncan tests., Results: Maxillary and mandibular premolar MD dimensions were larger in the CLP groups than in the control group. The smallest MD dimensions were those of the maxillary right lateral incisors in the BCLP group (P <0.05). The maxillary left lateral incisor MD dimensions in the ULCLP group were smaller when compared with other CLP groups (P <0.001). In general, all LL and OG measurements were smaller in the CLP groups than in the Class I group in both dental arches., Conclusions: In general, MD, LL, and OG dimensions of CLP patients were smaller than those of the Class I subjects, not only in the affected maxillary dental arch, but also in the mandibular dental arch. Variations in 3D tooth dimensions were found among all CLP types. The lateral incisor in the cleft region was the smallest. A 3D tooth-size evaluation should be included in the diagnostic records to determine precise treatment planning and final occlusion in CLP patients.

The occurrence of multiple supernumerary teeth is a rare phenomenon and is often found in association with syndromes such as cleidocranial dysplasia, Gardners syndrome, or cleft lip and palate. Only a few examples of nonsyndromal multiple supernumerary teeth have been reported in the literature. There is a predilection for the mandible and in the premolar area followed by the molar and anterior regions. This article reports the presence of nonsyndromal multiple supernumerary teeth involving both jaws in children and in their mothers. The clinical and radiographic appearance of the anomalies and treatment modalities are discussed.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of saliva contamination on the bond strengths of two compomers applied to primary teeth dentin during different bonding stages., Methods: 30 extracted human non-carious primary molars were prepared for shear bond-strength testing. Specimens were randomly divided into three groups of 10. Prime & Bond NT (acetone-based) and Futura Bond A & B (water-based) adhesives were tested under the following conditions: (a) non-contaminated conditions; (b) after contamination of the dentin surface with fresh whole saliva for 20 seconds and removal of excess saliva before adhesive application; and (c) contamination of the dentin surface with fresh whole saliva for 20 seconds and removal of excess saliva after adhesive curing. Following adhesive application Dyract AP or Glasiosite was applied via a polytetrafluroethylene split mould and light-cured to the dentin surface. Shear bond strengths were measured using an Instron Universal testing machine running at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. After measuring shear bond strengths, specimens were prepared for SEM evaluation and identification of failure type. Results were analyzed by two-factor experiment with repeated measures as one factor., Results: No statistically significant differences were found among the shear bond strengths (P > 0.05) of the groups. The results revealed that saliva contamination of dentin surfaces before or after adhesive application did not affect the shear bond strength of either compomer.

Regional odontodysplasia is a rare developmental anomaly involving both mesodermal and ectodermal dental components in groups of contigous teeth. RO affects the primary and permanent dentition in the maxilla and mandible or both jaws. Generally, it is localized in only one arch. The maxillary arch is affected more often than the mandibular arch. The affected teeth tend to be in a consecutive series that does not cross the midline, although some cases do not follow this pattern, as in the present case, have been documented. Radiogaphically wide pulp chambers and thin poorly defined hard tissue outlines described as a "ghost teeth" appearance, are typical features. A case of regional odontodysplasia in a 5 year old male patient is presented. The clinical and radiogaphical findings of this developmental anomaly and treatment are described.