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2. Particle lung deposited surface area (LDSAal) size distributions in different urban environments and geographical regions: Towards understanding of the PM2.5 dose-response

Author

Lepistö, Teemu, Lintusaari, Henna, Oudin, Anna, Barreira, Luis M.F., Niemi, Jarkko V., Karjalainen, Panu, Salo, Laura, Silvonen, Ville, Markkula, Lassi, Hoivala, Jussi, Marjanen, Petteri, Martikainen, Sampsa, Aurela, Minna, Reyes Reyes, Felipe, Oyola, Pedro, Kuuluvainen, Heino, Manninen, Hanna E., Schins, Roel P.F., Vojtisek-Lom, Michal, Ondracek, Jakub, Topinka, Jan, Timonen, Hilkka, Jalava, Pasi, Saarikoski, Sanna, and Rönkkö, Topi

Published
2023
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3. Monitoring and modeling of household air quality related to use of different Cookfuels in Paraguay

Author

Tagle, Matias, Pillarisetti, Ajay, Hernandez, Maria Teresa, Troncoso, Karin, Soares, Agnes, Torres, Ricardo, Galeano, Aida, Oyola, Pedro, Balmes, John, and Smith, Kirk R

Subjects
Health Effects of Household Energy Combustion, Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution, Affordable and Clean Energy, Air Pollution, Indoor, Biomass, Carbon Monoxide, Cooking, Cross-Sectional Studies, Electricity, Environmental Monitoring, Housing, Humans, Linear Models, Paraguay, Particle Size, Particulate Matter, Rural Population, Surveys and Questionnaires, Wood, biomass, CO, household air pollution, multiple linear regression, outdoor air pollution, PM2.5, PM2.5, Earth Sciences, Engineering, Medical and Health Sciences, Building & Construction
Abstract

In Paraguay, 49% of the population depends on biomass (wood and charcoal) for cooking. Residential biomass burning is a major source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ) and carbon monoxide (CO) in and around the household environment. In July 2016, cross-sectional household air pollution sampling was conducted in 80 households in rural Paraguay. Time-integrated samples (24 hours) of PM2.5 and continuous CO concentrations were measured in kitchens that used wood, charcoal, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), or electricity to cook. Qualitative and quantitative household-level variables were captured using questionnaires. The average PM2.5 concentration (μg/m3 ) was higher in kitchens that burned wood (741.7 ± 546.4) and charcoal (107.0 ± 68.6) than in kitchens where LPG (52.3 ± 18.9) or electricity (52.0 ± 14.8) was used. Likewise, the average CO concentration (ppm) was higher in kitchens that used wood (19.4 ± 12.6) and charcoal (7.6 ± 6.5) than in those that used LPG (0.5 ± 0.6) or electricity (0.4 ± 0.6). Multivariable linear regression was conducted to generate predictive models for indoor PM2.5 and CO concentrations (predicted R2  = 0.837 and 0.822, respectively). This study provides baseline indoor air quality data for Paraguay and presents a multivariate statistical approach that could be used in future research and intervention programs.

Published
2019

7. TUBE project: Transport-derived ultrafines and the brain effects

Author

Martikainen, Maria-Viola, Aakko-Saksa, Päivi, Broek, Lenie van den, Cassee, Flemming R., Carare, Roxana O., Chew, Sweelin, Dinnyes, Andras, Giugno, Rosalba, Kanninen, Katja M., Malm, Tarja, Muala, Ala, Nedergaard, Maiken, Oudin, Anna, Oyola, Pedro, Pfeiffer, Tobias V., Rönkkö, Topi, Saarikoski, Sanna, Sandström, Thomas, Schins, Roel P.F., Topinka, Jan, Yang, Mo, Zeng, Xiaowen, Westerink, Remco H.S., Jalava, Pasi I., Martikainen, Maria-Viola, Aakko-Saksa, Päivi, Broek, Lenie van den, Cassee, Flemming R., Carare, Roxana O., Chew, Sweelin, Dinnyes, Andras, Giugno, Rosalba, Kanninen, Katja M., Malm, Tarja, Muala, Ala, Nedergaard, Maiken, Oudin, Anna, Oyola, Pedro, Pfeiffer, Tobias V., Rönkkö, Topi, Saarikoski, Sanna, Sandström, Thomas, Schins, Roel P.F., Topinka, Jan, Yang, Mo, Zeng, Xiaowen, Westerink, Remco H.S., and Jalava, Pasi I.

Abstract

The adverse effects of air pollutants on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are unquestionable. However, in recent years, indications of effects beyond these organ systems have become more evident. Traffic-related air pollution has been linked with neurological diseases, exacerbated cognitive dysfunction, and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the exact air pollutant compositions and exposure scenarios leading to these adverse health effects are not known. Although several components of air pollution may be at play, recent experimental studies point to a key role of ultrafine particles (UFPs). While the importance of UFPs has been recognized, almost nothing is known about the smallest fraction of UFPs, and only >23 nm emissions are regulated in the EU. Moreover, the role of the semivolatile fraction of the emissions has been neglected. The Transport-Derived Ultrafines and the Brain Effects (TUBE) project will increase knowledge on harmful ultrafine air pollutants, as well as semivolatile compounds related to adverse health effects. By including all the major current combustion and emission control technologies, the TUBE project aims to provide new information on the adverse health effects of current traffic, as well as information for decision makers to develop more effective emission legislation. Most importantly, the TUBE project will include adverse health effects beyond the respiratory system; TUBE will assess how air pollution affects the brain and how air pollution particles might be removed from the brain. The purpose of this report is to describe the TUBE project, its background, and its goals.

Published
2022
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8. TUBE project:Transport-derived ultrafines and the brain effects

Author

Martikainen, Maria Viola, Aakko-Saksa, Päivi, Broek, Lenie van den, Cassee, Flemming R., Carare, Roxana O., Chew, Sweelin, Dinnyes, Andras, Giugno, Rosalba, Kanninen, Katja M., Malm, Tarja, Muala, Ala, Nedergaard, Maiken, Oudin, Anna, Oyola, Pedro, Pfeiffer, Tobias V., Rönkkö, Topi, Saarikoski, Sanna, Sandström, Thomas, Schins, Roel P.F., Topinka, Jan, Yang, Mo, Zeng, Xiaowen, Westerink, Remco H.S., Jalava, Pasi I., Martikainen, Maria Viola, Aakko-Saksa, Päivi, Broek, Lenie van den, Cassee, Flemming R., Carare, Roxana O., Chew, Sweelin, Dinnyes, Andras, Giugno, Rosalba, Kanninen, Katja M., Malm, Tarja, Muala, Ala, Nedergaard, Maiken, Oudin, Anna, Oyola, Pedro, Pfeiffer, Tobias V., Rönkkö, Topi, Saarikoski, Sanna, Sandström, Thomas, Schins, Roel P.F., Topinka, Jan, Yang, Mo, Zeng, Xiaowen, Westerink, Remco H.S., and Jalava, Pasi I.

Abstract

The adverse effects of air pollutants on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are unquestionable. However, in recent years, indications of effects beyond these organ systems have become more evident. Traffic-related air pollution has been linked with neurological diseases, exacerbated cognitive dysfunction, and Alzheimer’s disease. However, the exact air pollutant compositions and exposure scenarios leading to these adverse health effects are not known. Although several components of air pollution may be at play, recent experimental studies point to a key role of ultrafine particles (UFPs). While the importance of UFPs has been recognized, almost nothing is known about the smallest fraction of UFPs, and only >23 nm emissions are regulated in the EU. Moreover, the role of the semivolatile fraction of the emissions has been neglected. The Transport-Derived Ultrafines and the Brain Effects (TUBE) project will increase knowledge on harmful ultrafine air pollutants, as well as semivolatile compounds related to adverse health effects. By including all the major current combustion and emission control technologies, the TUBE project aims to provide new information on the adverse health effects of current traffic, as well as information for decision makers to develop more effective emission legislation. Most importantly, the TUBE project will include adverse health effects beyond the respiratory system; TUBE will assess how air pollution affects the brain and how air pollution particles might be removed from the brain. The purpose of this report is to describe the TUBE project, its background, and its goals.

Published
2022

10. TUBE Project: Transport-Derived Ultrafines and the Brain Effects

Author

Martikainen, Maria-Viola, Aakko-Saksa, Päivi, van den Broek, Lenie, Cassee, Flemming R, Carare, Roxana O, Chew, Sweelin, Dinnyes, Andras, Giugno, Rosalba, Kanninen, Katja M, Malm, Tarja, Muala, Ala, Nedergaard, Maiken, Oudin, Anna, Oyola, Pedro, Pfeiffer, Tobias V, Rönkkö, Topi, Saarikoski, Sanna, Sandström, Thomas, Schins, Roel P F, Topinka, Jan, Yang, Mo, Zeng, Xiaowen, Westerink, Remco H S, Jalava, Pasi I, IRAS OH Toxicology, dIRAS RA-1, and LS Voortplanting Inwendige Ziekten

Subjects
traffic, UFP, Air Pollution, Brain, Particulate Matter, CNS, toxicology
Abstract

The adverse effects of air pollutants on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are unquestionable. However, in recent years, indications of effects beyond these organ systems have become more evident. Traffic-related air pollution has been linked with neurological diseases, exacerbated cognitive dysfunction, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the exact air pollutant compositions and exposure scenarios leading to these adverse health effects are not known. Although several components of air pollution may be at play, recent experimental studies point to a key role of ultrafine particles (UFPs). While the importance of UFPs has been recognized, almost nothing is known about the smallest fraction of UFPs, and only >23 nm emissions are regulated in the EU. Moreover, the role of the semivolatile fraction of the emissions has been neglected. The Transport-Derived Ultrafines and the Brain Effects (TUBE) project will increase knowledge on harmful ultrafine air pollutants, as well as semivolatile compounds related to adverse health effects. By including all the major current combustion and emission control technologies, the TUBE project aims to provide new information on the adverse health effects of current traffic, as well as information for decision makers to develop more effective emission legislation. Most importantly, the TUBE project will include adverse health effects beyond the respiratory system; TUBE will assess how air pollution affects the brain and how air pollution particles might be removed from the brain. The purpose of this report is to describe the TUBE project, its background, and its goals.

Published
2021

11. TUBE Project: Transport-Derived Ultrafines and the Brain Effects

Author

Martikainen, Maria-Viola, primary, Aakko-Saksa, Päivi, additional, van den Broek, Lenie, additional, Cassee, Flemming R., additional, Carare, Roxana O., additional, Chew, Sweelin, additional, Dinnyes, Andras, additional, Giugno, Rosalba, additional, Kanninen, Katja M., additional, Malm, Tarja, additional, Muala, Ala, additional, Nedergaard, Maiken, additional, Oudin, Anna, additional, Oyola, Pedro, additional, Pfeiffer, Tobias V., additional, Rönkkö, Topi, additional, Saarikoski, Sanna, additional, Sandström, Thomas, additional, Schins, Roel P.F., additional, Topinka, Jan, additional, Yang, Mo, additional, Zeng, Xiaowen, additional, Westerink, Remco H.S., additional, and Jalava, Pasi I., additional

Published
2021
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13. Calibration of SO 2 and NO 2 Electrochemical Sensors via a Training and Testing Method in an Industrial Coastal Environment.

Author

Ahumada, Sofía, Tagle, Matias, Vasquez, Yeanice, Donoso, Rodrigo, Lindén, Jenny, Hallgren, Fredrik, Segura, Marta, and Oyola, Pedro

Subjects
ELECTROCHEMICAL sensors, TEST methods, HUMIDITY, HIGH voltages, ATMOSPHERIC temperature, DETECTORS, CALIBRATION
Abstract

Low-cost sensors can provide inaccurate data as temperature and humidity affect sensor accuracy. Therefore, calibration and data correction are essential to obtain reliable measurements. This article presents a training and testing method used to calibrate a sensor module assembled from SO2 and NO2 electrochemical sensors (Alphasense B4 and B43F) alongside air temperature (T) and humidity (RH) sensors. Field training and testing were conducted in the industrialized coastal area of Quintero Bay, Chile. The raw responses of the electrochemical (mV) and T-RH sensors were subjected to multiple linear regression (MLR) using three data segments, based on either voltage (SO2 sensor) or temperature (NO2). The resulting MLR equations were used to estimate the reference concentration. In the field test, calibration improved the performance of the sensors after adding T and RH in a linear model. The most robust models for NO2 were associated with data collected at T < 10 °C (R2 = 0.85), while SO2 robust models (R2 = 0.97) were associated with data segments containing higher voltages. Overall, this training and testing method reduced the bias due to T and HR in the evaluated sensors and could be replicated in similar environments to correct raw data from low-cost electrochemical sensors. A calibration method based on training and sensor testing after relocation is presented. The results show that the SO2 sensor performed better when modeled for different segments of voltage data, and the NO2 sensor model performed better when calibrated for different temperature data segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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14. Design and simulation of an imaging neutral particle analyzer for the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak

Author

Rueda-Rueda, J., García-Muñoz, M., Viezzer, Eleonora, Schneider, P. A., García-Domínguez, J., Ayllón Guerola, Juan Manuel, Galdón Quiroga, Joaquín, Herrmann, A., Du, X. D., Zeeland, M. A. van, Oyola, Pedro, Rodríguez-Ramos, M., ASDEX Upgrade Team, European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, European Union (UE). H2020, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICINN). España, and ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Spectrum analyzer, Tokamak, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Scintillator, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Magnetohydrodynamics, Optics, ASDEX Upgrade, law, Physics::Plasma Physics, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Neutral particle, Instrumentation, Physics, business.industry, Plasma, Physics - Plasma Physics, Magnetic field, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Fusion reactors, Scintillators, business, Tokamaks
Abstract

An Imaging Neutral Particle Analyzer (INPA) diagnostic has been designed for the ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) tokamak. The AUG INPA diagnostic will measure fast neutrals escaping the plasma after charge exchange reactions. The neutrals will be ionized by a 20 nm carbon foil and deflected toward a scintillator by the local magnetic field. The use of a neutral beam injector (NBI) as an active source of neutrals will provide radially resolved measurements, while the use of a scintillator as an active component will allow us to cover the whole plasma along the NBI line with unprecedented phase-space resolution (, This project received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 805162) and the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Grant No. FPU19/02486).

Published
2021

15. Global air quality and COVID-19 pandemic

Author

Torkmahalleh, Mehdi Amouei, Akhmetvaliyeva, Zarina, Omran, Ali Darvishi, Omran, Faezeh Darvish, Kazemitabar, Mohadeseh, Naseri, Mahtab, Naseri, Motahareh, Sharifi, Hamed, Malekipirbazari, Milad, Adotey, Enoch Kwasi, Gorjinezhad, Soudabeh, Eghtesadi, Neda, Sabanov, Sergei, Alastuey, Andrés, Andrade, María de Fátima, Buonanno, Giorgio, Carbone, Samara, Cárdenas-Fuentes, Diego Ernesto, Cassee, Flemming R., Dai, Qili, Henríquez, Andrés, Hopke, Philip K., Keronen, Petri, Khwaja, Haider Abbas, Kim, Jong, Kulmala, Markku, Kumar, Prashant, Kushta, Jonilda, Kuula, Joel, Massagué, Jordi, Mitchell, Tamsin, Mooibroek, Dennis, Morawska, Lidia, Niemi, Jarkko V., Ngagine, Soulemane Halif, Norman, Michael, Oyama, Beatríz, Oyola, Pedro, Öztürk, Fatma, Petäjä, Tuukka, Querol, Xavier, Rashidi, Yousef, Reyes, Felipe, Ross-Jones, Matthew, Salthammer, Tunga, Savvides, Chrysanthos, Stabile, Luca, Sjöberg, Karin, Söderlund, Karin, Raman, Ramya Sunder, Timonen, Hilkka, Umezawa, Masakazu, Viana, Mar, Xie, Shanju, and Publica

Subjects
SARS-CoV-2, global air quality, O3, COVID-19 pandemic, PM2.5, NO2
Abstract

The global spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has challenged most countries worldwide. It was quickly recognized that reduced activities (lockdowns) during the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic produced major changes in air quality. Our objective was to assess the impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on ground-level PM2.5, NO2, and O3 concentrations on a global scale. We obtained data from 34 countries, 141 cities, and 458 air monitoring stations on 5 continents (few data from Africa). On a global average basis, a 34.0% reduction in NO2 concentration and a 15.0% reduction in PM2.5 were estimated during the strict lockdown period (until April 30, 2020). Global average O3 concentration increased by 86.0% during this same period. Individual country and continent-wise comparisons have been made between lockdown and business-as-usual periods. Universally, NO2 was the pollutant most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. These effects were likely because its emissions were from sources that were typically restricted (i.e., surface traffic and non-essential industries) by the lockdowns and its short lifetime in the atmosphere. Our results indicate that lockdown measures and resulting reduced emissions reduced exposure to most harmful pollutants and could provide global-scale health benefits. However, the increased O3 may have substantially reduced those benefits and more detailed health assessments are required to accurately quantify the health gains. At the same, these restrictions were obtained at substantial economic costs and with other health issues (depression, suicide, spousal abuse, drug overdoses, etc.). Thus, any similar reductions in air pollution would need to be obtained without these extensive economic and other consequences produced by the imposed activity reductions.

Published
2021

16. TUBE Project: Transport-Derived Ultrafines and the Brain Effects

Author

IRAS OH Toxicology, dIRAS RA-1, LS Voortplanting Inwendige Ziekten, Martikainen, Maria-Viola, Aakko-Saksa, Päivi, van den Broek, Lenie, Cassee, Flemming R, Carare, Roxana O, Chew, Sweelin, Dinnyes, Andras, Giugno, Rosalba, Kanninen, Katja M, Malm, Tarja, Muala, Ala, Nedergaard, Maiken, Oudin, Anna, Oyola, Pedro, Pfeiffer, Tobias V, Rönkkö, Topi, Saarikoski, Sanna, Sandström, Thomas, Schins, Roel P F, Topinka, Jan, Yang, Mo, Zeng, Xiaowen, Westerink, Remco H S, Jalava, Pasi I, IRAS OH Toxicology, dIRAS RA-1, LS Voortplanting Inwendige Ziekten, Martikainen, Maria-Viola, Aakko-Saksa, Päivi, van den Broek, Lenie, Cassee, Flemming R, Carare, Roxana O, Chew, Sweelin, Dinnyes, Andras, Giugno, Rosalba, Kanninen, Katja M, Malm, Tarja, Muala, Ala, Nedergaard, Maiken, Oudin, Anna, Oyola, Pedro, Pfeiffer, Tobias V, Rönkkö, Topi, Saarikoski, Sanna, Sandström, Thomas, Schins, Roel P F, Topinka, Jan, Yang, Mo, Zeng, Xiaowen, Westerink, Remco H S, and Jalava, Pasi I

Published
2021

17. Global Air Quality and COVID-19 Pandemic: Do We Breathe Cleaner Air?

Author

Amouei Torkmahalleh, Mehdi, Akhmetvaliyeva, Zarina, Omran, Ali Darvishi, Faezeh Darvish Omran, Faezeh, Kazemitabar, Mohadeseh, Naseri, Mahtab, Naseri, Motahareh, Sharifi, Hamed, Malekipirbazari, Milad, Kwasi Adotey, Enoch, Gorjinezhad, Soudabeh, Eghtesadi, Neda, Sabanov, Sergei, Alastuey, Andrés, De Fátima Andrade, María, Buonanno, Giorgio, Carbone, Samara, Cárdenas-fuentes, Diego Ernesto, Cassee, Flemming R., Dai, Qili, Henríquez, Andrés, Hopke, Philip K., Keronen, Petri, Khwaja, Haider Abbas, Kim, Jong, Kulmala, Markku, Kumar, Prashant, Kushta, Jonilda, Kuula, Joel, Massagué, Jordi, Mitchell, Tamsin, Mooibroek, Dennis, Morawska, Lidia, Niemi, Jarkko V., Ngagine, Soulemane Halif, Norman, Michael, Oyama, Beatríz, Oyola, Pedro, Öztürk, Fatma, Petäjä, Tuukka, Querol, Xavier, Rashidi, Yousef, Reyes, Felipe, Ross-jones, Matthew, Salthammer, Tunga, Savvides, Chrysanthos, Stabile, Luca, Sjöberg, Karin, Söderlund, Karin, Sunder Raman, Ramya, Timonen, Hilkka, Umezawa, Masakazu, Viana, Mar, Xie, Shanju, Amouei Torkmahalleh, Mehdi, Akhmetvaliyeva, Zarina, Omran, Ali Darvishi, Faezeh Darvish Omran, Faezeh, Kazemitabar, Mohadeseh, Naseri, Mahtab, Naseri, Motahareh, Sharifi, Hamed, Malekipirbazari, Milad, Kwasi Adotey, Enoch, Gorjinezhad, Soudabeh, Eghtesadi, Neda, Sabanov, Sergei, Alastuey, Andrés, De Fátima Andrade, María, Buonanno, Giorgio, Carbone, Samara, Cárdenas-fuentes, Diego Ernesto, Cassee, Flemming R., Dai, Qili, Henríquez, Andrés, Hopke, Philip K., Keronen, Petri, Khwaja, Haider Abbas, Kim, Jong, Kulmala, Markku, Kumar, Prashant, Kushta, Jonilda, Kuula, Joel, Massagué, Jordi, Mitchell, Tamsin, Mooibroek, Dennis, Morawska, Lidia, Niemi, Jarkko V., Ngagine, Soulemane Halif, Norman, Michael, Oyama, Beatríz, Oyola, Pedro, Öztürk, Fatma, Petäjä, Tuukka, Querol, Xavier, Rashidi, Yousef, Reyes, Felipe, Ross-jones, Matthew, Salthammer, Tunga, Savvides, Chrysanthos, Stabile, Luca, Sjöberg, Karin, Söderlund, Karin, Sunder Raman, Ramya, Timonen, Hilkka, Umezawa, Masakazu, Viana, Mar, and Xie, Shanju

Abstract

The global spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has challenged most countries worldwide. It was quickly recognized that reduced activities (lockdowns) during the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic produced major changes in air quality. Our objective was to assess the impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on ground-level PM2.5, NO2, and O3 concentrations on a global scale. We obtained data from 34 countries, 141 cities, and 458 air monitoring stations on 5 continents (few data from Africa). On a global average basis, a 34.0% reduction in NO2 concentration and a 15.0% reduction in PM2.5 were estimated during the strict lockdown period (until April 30, 2020). Global average O3 concentration increased by 86.0% during this same period. Individual country and continent-wise comparisons have been made between lockdown and business-as-usual periods. Universally, NO2 was the pollutant most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. These effects were likely because its emissions were from sources that were typically restricted (i.e., surface traffic and non-essential industries) by the lockdowns and its short lifetime in the atmosphere. Our results indicate that lockdown measures and resulting reduced emissions reduced exposure to most harmful pollutants and could provide global-scale health benefits. However, the increased O3 may have substantially reduced those benefits and more detailed health assessments are required to accurately quantify the health gains. At the same, these restrictions were obtained at substantial economic costs and with other health issues (depression, suicide, spousal abuse, drug overdoses, etc.). Thus, any similar reductions in air pollution would need to be obtained without these extensive economic and other consequences produced by the imposed activity reductions.

Published
2021

18. Global Air Quality and COVID-19 Pandemic: Do We Breathe Cleaner Air?

Author

Alastuey, Andrés [0000-0002-5453-5495], Querol, Xavier [0000-0002-6549-9899], Viana, Mar [0000-0002-4073-3802], Torkmahalleh, Mehdi Amouei, Akhmetvaliyeva, Zarina, Darvishi Omran, Ali, Darvish Omran, Faezeh, Kazemitabar, Mohadeseh, Naseri, Mahtab, Naseri, Motahareh, Sharifi, Hamed, Malekipirbazari, Milad, Kwasi Adotey, Enoch, Gorjinezhad, Soudabeh, Eghtesadi, Neda, Sabanov, Sergei, Alastuey, Andrés, Andrade, María de Fátima, Buonanno, Giorgio, Carbone, Samara, Cárdenas-Fuentes, Diego Ernesto, Cassee, Flemming R., Dai, Qili, Henríquez, Andrés, Hopke, Philip K., Keronen, Petri, Khwaja, Haider Abbas, Kim, Jong, Kulmala, Markku, Kumar, Prashant, Kushta, Jonilda, Kuula, Joel, Massagué, Jordi, Mitchell, Tamsin, Mooibroek, Dennis, Morawska, Lidia, Niemi, Jarkko V., Ngagine, Soulemane Halif, Norman, Michael, Oyama, Beatriz, Oyola, Pedro, Öztürk, Fatma, Petäjä, Tuukka, Querol, Xavier, Rashidi, Yousef, Reyes, Felipe, Ross-Jones, Matthew, Salthammer, Tunga, Savvides, Chrysanthos, Stabile, Luca, Sjöberg, Karin, Söderlund, Karin, Sunder Raman, Ramya, Timonen, Hilkka, Umezawa, Masakazu, Viana, Mar, Xie, Shanju, Alastuey, Andrés [0000-0002-5453-5495], Querol, Xavier [0000-0002-6549-9899], Viana, Mar [0000-0002-4073-3802], Torkmahalleh, Mehdi Amouei, Akhmetvaliyeva, Zarina, Darvishi Omran, Ali, Darvish Omran, Faezeh, Kazemitabar, Mohadeseh, Naseri, Mahtab, Naseri, Motahareh, Sharifi, Hamed, Malekipirbazari, Milad, Kwasi Adotey, Enoch, Gorjinezhad, Soudabeh, Eghtesadi, Neda, Sabanov, Sergei, Alastuey, Andrés, Andrade, María de Fátima, Buonanno, Giorgio, Carbone, Samara, Cárdenas-Fuentes, Diego Ernesto, Cassee, Flemming R., Dai, Qili, Henríquez, Andrés, Hopke, Philip K., Keronen, Petri, Khwaja, Haider Abbas, Kim, Jong, Kulmala, Markku, Kumar, Prashant, Kushta, Jonilda, Kuula, Joel, Massagué, Jordi, Mitchell, Tamsin, Mooibroek, Dennis, Morawska, Lidia, Niemi, Jarkko V., Ngagine, Soulemane Halif, Norman, Michael, Oyama, Beatriz, Oyola, Pedro, Öztürk, Fatma, Petäjä, Tuukka, Querol, Xavier, Rashidi, Yousef, Reyes, Felipe, Ross-Jones, Matthew, Salthammer, Tunga, Savvides, Chrysanthos, Stabile, Luca, Sjöberg, Karin, Söderlund, Karin, Sunder Raman, Ramya, Timonen, Hilkka, Umezawa, Masakazu, Viana, Mar, and Xie, Shanju

Abstract

The global spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has challenged most countries worldwide. It was quickly recognized that reduced activities (lockdowns) during the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic produced major changes in air quality. Our objective was to assess the impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on ground-level PM2.5, NO2, and O3 concentrations on a global scale. We obtained data from 34 countries, 141 cities, and 458 air monitoring stations on 5 continents (few data from Africa). On a global average basis, a 34.0% reduction in NO2 concentration and a 15.0% reduction in PM2.5 were estimated during the strict lockdown period (until April 30, 2020). Global average O3 concentration increased by 86.0% during this same period. Individual country and continent-wise comparisons have been made between lockdown and business-as-usual periods. Universally, NO2 was the pollutant most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. These effects were likely because its emissions were from sources that were typically restricted (i.e., surface traffic and non-essential industries) by the lockdowns and its short lifetime in the atmosphere. Our results indicate that lockdown measures and resulting reduced emissions reduced exposure to most harmful pollutants and could provide global-scale health benefits. However, the increased O3 may have substantially reduced those benefits and more detailed health assessments are required to accurately quantify the health gains. At the same, these restrictions were obtained at substantial economic costs and with other health issues (depression, suicide, spousal abuse, drug overdoses, etc.). Thus, any similar reductions in air pollution would need to be obtained without these extensive economic and other consequences produced by the imposed activity reductions.

Published
2021

19. Design and simulation of an imaging neutral particle analyzer for the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak

Author

European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Rueda-Rueda, José, García-Muñoz, M., Viezzer, Eleonora, Schneider, P. A., García-Domínguez, J., Ayllón Guerola, Juan Manuel, Galdón Quiroga, Joaquín, Herrmann, A., Du, X. D., Zeeland, M. A. van, Oyola, Pedro, Rodríguez-Ramos, M., ASDEX Upgrade Team, European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Rueda-Rueda, José, García-Muñoz, M., Viezzer, Eleonora, Schneider, P. A., García-Domínguez, J., Ayllón Guerola, Juan Manuel, Galdón Quiroga, Joaquín, Herrmann, A., Du, X. D., Zeeland, M. A. van, Oyola, Pedro, Rodríguez-Ramos, M., and ASDEX Upgrade Team

Abstract

An Imaging Neutral Particle Analyzer (INPA) diagnostic has been designed for the ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) tokamak. The AUG INPA diagnostic will measure fast neutrals escaping the plasma after charge exchange reactions. The neutrals will be ionized by a 20 nm carbon foil and deflected toward a scintillator by the local magnetic field. The use of a neutral beam injector (NBI) as an active source of neutrals will provide radially resolved measurements, while the use of a scintillator as an active component will allow us to cover the whole plasma along the NBI line with unprecedented phase-space resolution (<12 keV and 8 cm) and a fast temporal response (up to 1 kHz with the high resolution acquisition system and above 100 kHz with the low resolution one), making it suitable to study localized fast-ion redistributions in phase space.

Published
2021

20. Hardware developments and commissioning of the imaging heavy ion beam probe at ASDEX upgrade

Author

Helmholtz Association, European Commission, Birkenmeier, Gregor, Galdón Quiroga, Joaquín, Olevskaia, V., Oyola, Pedro, Toledo Garrido, Juan José, Bald, K., Sochor, M., Anda, Gábor, Zoletnik, S., Herrmann, A., Rodhe, V., Teschke, Mathias, Giannone, L., Lunt, T., Viezzer, Eleonora, García-Muñoz, M., ASDEX Upgrade Team, Helmholtz Association, European Commission, Birkenmeier, Gregor, Galdón Quiroga, Joaquín, Olevskaia, V., Oyola, Pedro, Toledo Garrido, Juan José, Bald, K., Sochor, M., Anda, Gábor, Zoletnik, S., Herrmann, A., Rodhe, V., Teschke, Mathias, Giannone, L., Lunt, T., Viezzer, Eleonora, García-Muñoz, M., and ASDEX Upgrade Team

Abstract

The imaging heavy ion beam probe (i-HIBP) is a new diagnostic concept realized at the tokamak ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) in order to obtain two-dimensional information about the density, the magnetic field and the electrostatic potential at the plasma edge. Although the two main components of the i-HIBP, an alkali beam based injector and a scintillator based detector, involve well-developed technologies, further developments were necessary to realize the i-HIBP at AUG. In dedicated laboratory tests, a new type of cesium source was characterized and the neutralization efficiency and properties of the primary cesium beam were found to be similar to alkali beams made of lighter elements. The use of cesium had also impact on the choice of the scintillator material, which was experimentally investigated in terms of photon yield, energy dependence and degradation revealing significant differences under irradiation with cesium ions compared to irradiation with hydrogenic beams. Due to constrictions of the AUG experiment setup, the high voltage components, the in-vessel shutter technology and the maintenance capabilities of the i-HIBP required new developments for the commissioning of the diagnostic.

Published
2021

21. Modification in the soil and traffic-related sources of particle matter between 1998 and 2007 in Santiago de Chile

Author

Moreno, Francisco, Gramsch, Ernesto, Oyola, Pedro, and Rubio, Maria Angelica

Subjects
Santiago, Chile (City) -- Environmental aspects, Soils -- Research, Air quality -- Laws, regulations and rules, Motor vehicle fleets -- Environmental aspects, Traffic congestion -- Environmental aspects, Air pollution -- Research, Government regulation, Environmental services industry, Environmental issues, Science and technology
Abstract

ABSTRACT Santiago de Chile is one of the most polluted South American cities, concentrating its pollution episodes during winter. Daily [PM.sub.2.5] (particulate matter [PM] ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) [...]

Published
2010
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22. Effect of gas and kerosene space heaters on indoor air quality: a study in homes of Santiago, Chile

Author

Ruiz, Pablo A., Toro, Claudia, Caceres, Jorge, Lopez, Gianni, Oyola, Pedro, and Koutrakis, Petros

Subjects
Santiago, Chile (City) -- Environmental aspects -- Social aspects, Kerosene -- Chemical properties -- Environmental aspects, Heating -- Equipment and supplies, Indoor air quality -- Health aspects, Dwellings -- Equipment and supplies -- Environmental aspects, Housing -- Equipment and supplies -- Environmental aspects, Environmental services industry, Environmental issues, Science and technology
Abstract

ABSTRACT The impact of outdoor and indoor pollution sources on indoor air quality in Santiago, Chile was investigated. Toward this end, 16 homes were sampled in four sessions. Each session [...]

Published
2010

23. Trends in the elemental composition of fine particulate matter in Santiago, Chile, from 1998 to 2003

Author

Sax, Sonja N., Koutrakis, Petros, Rudolph, Pablo A. Ruiz, Cereceda-Balic, Francisco, Gramsch, Ernesto, and Oyola, Pedro

Subjects
Santiago, Chile (City) -- Environmental policy, Environmental policy research -- Measurement -- Laws, regulations and rules, Emissions (Pollution) -- Measurement -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Environmental services industry, Environmental issues, Science and technology
Abstract

ABSTRACT Santiago, Chile, is one of the most polluted cities in South America. As a response, over the past 15 yr, numerous pollution reduction programs have been implemented by the [...]

Published
2007

26. Impact of Biomass Burning on Air Quality in Temuco City, Chile

Author

Reyes, Felipe, primary, Ahumada, Sofía, additional, Rojas, Francisca, additional, Oyola, Pedro, additional, Vásquez, Yeanice, additional, Aguilera, Claudio, additional, Henriquez, Andres, additional, Gramsch, Ernesto, additional, Kang, Choong-Min, additional, Saarikoski, Sanna, additional, Teinilä, Kimmo, additional, Aurela, Minna, additional, and Timonen, Hilkka, additional

Published
2021
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27. Global Air Quality and COVID-19 Pandemic: Do We Breathe Cleaner Air?

Author

Amouei Torkmahalleh, Mehdi, primary, Akhmetvaliyeva, Zarina, additional, Omran, Ali Darvishi, additional, Faezeh Darvish Omran, Faezeh, additional, Kazemitabar, Mohadeseh, additional, Naseri, Mahtab, additional, Naseri, Motahareh, additional, Sharifi, Hamed, additional, Malekipirbazari, Milad, additional, Kwasi Adotey, Enoch, additional, Gorjinezhad, Soudabeh, additional, Eghtesadi, Neda, additional, Sabanov, Sergei, additional, Alastuey, Andrés, additional, de Fátima Andrade, María, additional, Buonanno, Giorgio, additional, Carbone, Samara, additional, Cárdenas-Fuentes, Diego Ernesto, additional, Cassee, Flemming R., additional, Dai, Qili, additional, Henríquez, Andrés, additional, Hopke, Philip K., additional, Keronen, Petri, additional, Khwaja, Haider Abbas, additional, Kim, Jong, additional, Kulmala, Markku, additional, Kumar, Prashant, additional, Kushta, Jonilda, additional, Kuula, Joel, additional, Massagué, Jordi, additional, Mitchell, Tamsin, additional, Mooibroek, Dennis, additional, Morawska, Lidia, additional, Niemi, Jarkko V., additional, Ngagine, Soulemane Halif, additional, Norman, Michael, additional, Oyama, Beatríz, additional, Oyola, Pedro, additional, Öztürk, Fatma, additional, Petäjä, Tuukka, additional, Querol, Xavier, additional, Rashidi, Yousef, additional, Reyes, Felipe, additional, Ross-Jones, Matthew, additional, Salthammer, Tunga, additional, Savvides, Chrysanthos, additional, Stabile, Luca, additional, Sjöberg, Karin, additional, Söderlund, Karin, additional, Sunder Raman, Ramya, additional, Timonen, Hilkka, additional, Umezawa, Masakazu, additional, Viana, Mar, additional, and Xie, Shanju, additional

Published
2021
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28. Analysis of P[M.sub.10], P[M.sub.2.5], and P[M.sub.2.5-10] concentrations in Santiago, Chile, from 1989 to 2001

Author

Koutrakis, Petros, Sax, Sonja N., Sarnat, Jeremy A., Coull, Brent, Demokritou, Phil, Oyola, Pedro, Garcia, Javier, and Gramsch, Ernesto

Subjects
Air quality -- Research -- Measurement, Air pollution -- Research -- Measurement, Environmental services industry, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Harvard University. School of Public Health
Abstract

ABSTRACT Daily particle samples were collected in Santiago, Chile, at four urban locations from January 1, 1989, through December 31, 2001. Both fine PM with [d.sub.a] ********** INTRODUCTION Santiago, Chile, [...]

Published
2005

29. Use of the light absorption coefficient to monitor elemental carbon and P[M.sub.2.5]--example of Santiago de Chile

Author

Gramsch, Ernesto, Ormeno, Isabel, Palma, Guillermo, Cereceda-Balic, Francisco, and Oyola, Pedro

Subjects
Air pollution -- Measurement, Carbon -- Measurement, Environmental services industry, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Measurement
Abstract

ABSTRACT The optical absorption coefficient, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter The data also show an increase in P[M.sub.2.5] and EC concentration during winter and an increase in the ratio [...]

Published
2004

30. Source appointment of urban particulate aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons using multivariate methods

Author

Kavouras, Ilias, Koutrakis, Petros, Tsapakis, Manolis, Lagoudaki, Evaggelia, Stephanou, Euphrides G., Von Baer, Dietrich, and Oyola, Pedro

Subjects
Pollution control industry -- Research, Hydrocarbons -- Environmental aspects, Air pollution -- Research, Environmental issues, Science and technology
Abstract

An activated-charcoal diffusion denuder was utilized on samples of organic aerosol collected in Santiago de Chile in order to strip out organic vapors before particle collection. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to determine aliphatic hydrocarbons and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs have been focused on for many years because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.

Published
2001

36. Adaptation of Black Carbon Footprint Concept Would Accelerate Mitigation of Global Warming

Author

Timonen, Hilkka, primary, Karjalainen, Panu, additional, Aalto, Pami, additional, Saarikoski, Sanna, additional, Mylläri, Fanni, additional, Karvosenoja, Niko, additional, Jalava, Pasi, additional, Asmi, Eija, additional, Aakko-Saksa, Päivi, additional, Saukkonen, Natalia, additional, Laine, Teemu, additional, Saarnio, Karri, additional, Niemelä, Niko, additional, Enroth, Joonas, additional, Väkevä, Minna, additional, Oyola, Pedro, additional, Pagels, Joakim, additional, Ntziachristos, Leonidas, additional, Cordero, Raul, additional, Kuittinen, Niina, additional, Niemi, Jarkko V., additional, and Rönkkö, Topi, additional

Published
2019
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37. Secondary particles formed from the exhaust of vehicles using ethanol-gasoline blends increase the production of pulmonary and cardiac reactive oxygen species and induce pulmonary inflammation

Author

da Silva, Talita Dias, primary, Barnabé, Viviani, additional, Ricci-Vitor, Ana Laura, additional, Papapostolou, Vasileios, additional, Tagle, Matias, additional, Henriquez, Andres, additional, Lawrence, Joy, additional, Ferguson, Stephen, additional, Wolfson, J. Mikhail, additional, Koutrakis, Petros, additional, Oyola, Pedro, additional, Ferreira, Celso, additional, de Abreu, Luiz Carlos, additional, Monteiro, Carlos Bandeira de Mello, additional, and Godleski, John J., additional

Published
2019
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41. Non-Linear 3D Hybrid Kinetic-MHD Simulations of Alfvén Eigenmodes in the ASDEX Upgrade Tokamak

Author

García-Muñoz, M. [0000-0002-3241-502X], Viezzer, Eleonora [0000-0001-6419-6848], Ayllon-Guerola, J. [0000-0001-8127-3921], Galdon-Quiroga, J. [0000-0002-7415-1894], González-Martín, Javier, García-Muñoz, M., Todo, Y., Sharapov, S. E., Dunne, M., Igochine, V., Fischer, R., Oyola, Pedro, Sanchís Sánchez, Lucía, Jacobsen, A. S., Viezzer, Eleonora, Ayllón Guerola, Juan Manuel, Galdón Quiroga, Joaquín, Rivero-Rodriguez, J.F., Dominguez-Palacios, J., Rodríguez-Ramos, M., Dominguez-Abascal, J., García-Muñoz, M. [0000-0002-3241-502X], Viezzer, Eleonora [0000-0001-6419-6848], Ayllon-Guerola, J. [0000-0001-8127-3921], Galdon-Quiroga, J. [0000-0002-7415-1894], González-Martín, Javier, García-Muñoz, M., Todo, Y., Sharapov, S. E., Dunne, M., Igochine, V., Fischer, R., Oyola, Pedro, Sanchís Sánchez, Lucía, Jacobsen, A. S., Viezzer, Eleonora, Ayllón Guerola, Juan Manuel, Galdón Quiroga, Joaquín, Rivero-Rodriguez, J.F., Dominguez-Palacios, J., Rodríguez-Ramos, M., and Dominguez-Abascal, J.

Published
2018

45. Monitoring and modeling of household air quality related to use of different Cookfuels in Paraguay.

Author

Pillarisetti, Ajay, Hernandez, Maria Teresa, Smith, Kirk R., Tagle, Matias, Balmes, John, Oyola, Pedro, Troncoso, Karin, Soares, Agnes, Torres, Ricardo, and Galeano, Aida

Subjects
INDOOR air quality, HOUSEHOLDS, BIOMASS, CARBON monoxide, REGRESSION analysis
Abstract

In Paraguay, 49% of the population depends on biomass (wood and charcoal) for cooking. Residential biomass burning is a major source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) in and around the household environment. In July 2016, cross‐sectional household air pollution sampling was conducted in 80 households in rural Paraguay. Time‐integrated samples (24 hours) of PM2.5 and continuous CO concentrations were measured in kitchens that used wood, charcoal, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), or electricity to cook. Qualitative and quantitative household‐level variables were captured using questionnaires. The average PM2.5 concentration (μg/m3) was higher in kitchens that burned wood (741.7 ± 546.4) and charcoal (107.0 ± 68.6) than in kitchens where LPG (52.3 ± 18.9) or electricity (52.0 ± 14.8) was used. Likewise, the average CO concentration (ppm) was higher in kitchens that used wood (19.4 ± 12.6) and charcoal (7.6 ± 6.5) than in those that used LPG (0.5 ± 0.6) or electricity (0.4 ± 0.6). Multivariable linear regression was conducted to generate predictive models for indoor PM2.5 and CO concentrations (predicted R2 = 0.837 and 0.822, respectively). This study provides baseline indoor air quality data for Paraguay and presents a multivariate statistical approach that could be used in future research and intervention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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