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The increasing use of UV filters, such as benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), has raised concerns regarding their ecotoxicological effects on the aquatic environment. The aim of the present study was to examine the embryo-larval toxicity attributed to BP-3 or TiO2 NPs, either alone or in a mixture, utilizing zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of these compounds. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to BP-3 (10, 100, or 1000 ng/L) or TiO2 NPs (1000 ng/L) alone or in a mixture (BP-3 10, 100, or 1000 ng/L plus 1000 ng/L of TiO2 NPs) under static conditions for 144 hr. After exposure, BP-3 levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). BP-3 levels increased in the presence of TiO2 NPs, indicating that the BP-3 degradation decreased in the presence of the NPs. In addition, in the presence of zebrafish, BP-3 levels in water decreased, indicating that zebrafish embryos and larvae might absorb BP-3. Data demonstrated that, in general, environmentally relevant concentrations of BP-3 and TiO2 NPs, either alone or in a mixture, did not significantly induce changes in heart and spontaneous contractions frequencies, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), morphological and morphometric parameters as well as mortality rates during 144 hr exposure. However, the groups exposed to TiO2 NPs alone and in a mixture with BP-3 at 10 ng/L exhibited an earlier significant hatching rate than the controls. Altogether, the data indicates that a potential ecotoxicological impact on the aquatic environment exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out in order to assess a baseline occurrence in Biscayne National Park, Florida, of four organic contaminants: the UV filters oxybenzone, dioxybenzone, and benzophenone, as well as the topical pain reliever benzocaine. A total of 35 samples were taken from five locations within the park, four near barrier islands, and one at a coral reef. Analyses were carried out using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Oxybenzone was detected in 26% of samples from the park at concentrations up to 31 ng/L. Benzophenone was detected in 49% of samples from the park at concentrations up to 131 ng/L. Benzocaine and dioxybenzone were not detected in any of the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benzophenone (BP) family, including oxybenzone (BP-3), a prevalent sunscreen ingredient and environmental contaminant, has raised concerns since the year 2005. This study investigated oxybenzone toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleutheroembryos and brine shrimp (Artemia salina) nauplii, focusing on the LC50 and developmental impacts. Zebrafish embryos (0.100–1.50 mg/L BP-3, 96 h) and A. salina (0.100–5.00 mg/L BP-3, 48 h) were tested with ultrasound-assisted emulsified liquid-phase microextraction (UA-ELPME) used for zebrafish tissue analysis. HPLC-DAD determined BP-3 concentrations (highest: 0.74 ± 0.13 mg/L). Although no significant zebrafish embryo mortality or hatching changes occurred, developmental effects were evident. Lethal concentrations were determined (A. salina LC50 at 24 h = 3.19 ± 2.02 mg/L; D. rerio embryos LC50 at 24 h = 4.19 ± 3.60 mg/L), with malformations indicating potential teratogenic effects. A. salina displayed intestinal tract alterations and D. rerio embryos exhibited pericardial edema and spinal deformities. These findings highlight oxybenzone's environmental risks, posing threats to species and ecosystem health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence from animal models suggests a role for the organic ultraviolet filter benzophenone‐3′s (BP‐3) on white blood cells (WBCs). However, BP‐3′s effect on WBCs in humans is unknown. Materials and Methods: We used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2003 to 2016. We included participants >6 years with data on urinary BP‐3, urinary creatinine, and WBC count. Quintiles of urinary creatinine‐normalized BP‐3 (CnBP‐3) levels were used in linear regression models adjusting for age, gender, race, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, education level, family income to poverty threshold ratio, survey cycle, and season. Results: Of the 16 959 participants, 8564 (50.5%) were females, 6602 (38.9%) were White, and 3870 (22.8%) were Black. The mean (standard deviation) age was 37.6 (22.7) years, BMI was 26.8 (7.40) kg/m2, WBC count was 7.22 (2.53) × 109/L, neutrophil count was 4.15 (1.86) × 109/L, and lymphocyte count was 2.25 (1.33) × 109/L and median (interquartile range) of CnBP‐3 was 12.1 (44.9) µg/gm. The highest quintile of CnBP‐3 was associated with significantly lower WBC and neutrophil counts compared to the lowest quintile of CnBP‐3 (Δ quintiles = −137 × 106/L, 95% CI: −249 to −24, p = 0.02 and = −177 × 106/L, 95% CI: −323 to −30, p = 0.02, respectively). In contrast, we did not observe a difference in lymphocyte count between the lowest and highest quintiles of CnBP‐3 in unadjusted or adjusted analyses. Conclusion: We found an inverse relationship between BP‐3 levels and WBC and neutrophil counts, and not with lymphocyte count. Further research is needed to confirm our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benzophenone (BP) family, including oxybenzone (BP-3), a prevalent sunscreen ingredient and environmental contaminant, has raised concerns since the year 2005. This study investigated oxybenzone toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) eleutheroembryos and brine shrimp (Artemia salina) nauplii, focusing on the LC50 and developmental impacts. Zebrafish embryos (0.100–1.50 mg/L BP-3, 96 h) and A. salina (0.100–5.00 mg/L BP-3, 48 h) were tested with ultrasound-assisted emulsified liquid-phase microextraction (UA-ELPME) used for zebrafish tissue analysis. HPLC-DAD determined BP-3 concentrations (highest: 0.74 ± 0.13 mg/L). Although no significant zebrafish embryo mortality or hatching changes occurred, developmental effects were evident. Lethal concentrations were determined (A. salina LC50 at 24 h = 3.19 ± 2.02 mg/L; D. rerio embryos LC50 at 24 h = 4.19 ± 3.60 mg/L), with malformations indicating potential teratogenic effects. A. salina displayed intestinal tract alterations and D. rerio embryos exhibited pericardial edema and spinal deformities. These findings highlight oxybenzone’s environmental risks, posing threats to species and ecosystem health.

Oxybenzone (OBZ; benzophenone-3, CAS# 131–57–7), as a new pollutant and ultraviolet absorbent, shows a significant threat to the survival of phytoplankton. This study aims to explore the acute toxic effects of OBZ on the growth of the microalga Selenastrum capricornutum, as well as the mechanisms for its damage to the primary metabolic pathways of photosynthesis and respiration. The results demonstrated that the concentrations for 50 % of maximal effect (EC50) of OBZ for S. capricornutum were 9.07 mg L−1 and 8.54 mg L−1 at 72 h and 96 h, respectively. A dosage of 4.56 mg L−1 OBZ significantly lowered the photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate of S. capricornutum in both light and dark conditions for a duration of 2 h, while it had no effect on the respiratory oxygen consumption rate under darkness. OBZ caused a significant decline in the efficiency of photosynthetic electron transport due to its damage to photosystem II (PSII), thereby decreasing the photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate. Over-accumulated H2O2 was produced under light due to the damage caused by OBZ to the donor and acceptor sides of PSII, resulting in increased peroxidation of cytomembranes and inhibition of algal respiration. OBZ’s damage to photosynthesis and respiration will hinder the conversion and reuse of energy in algal cells, which is an important reason that OBZ has toxic effects on S. capricornutum. The present study indicated that OBZ has an acute toxic effect on the microalga S. capricornutum. In the two most important primary metabolic pathways in algae, photosynthesis is more sensitive to the toxicity of OBZ than respiration, especially in the dark.

Cnidarians face significant threats from ocean acidification (OA) and anthropogenic pollutants such as oxybenzone (BP-3). The convergence of threats from multiple stressors is an important area to investigate because of potential significant synergistic or antagonistic interactions. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to characterize the expression profiles of twenty-two genes of interest (GOI) in sea anemones (Exaiptasia diaphana) exposed to one of four treatments: 1) 96 h of OA conditions followed by a 4 h exposure to 20 ppb BP-3; 2) Exposure to 4 h 20 ppb BP-3 without 96 h of OA; 3) Exposure to 96 h of OA alone; or 4) laboratory conditions with no exposure to BP3 and/or OA. These 22 GOIs represent cellular processes associated with protondependent transport, sodium-dependent transport, metal cation binding/ transport, extracellular matrix, amino acid metabolism/transport, immunity, and/or steroidogenesis. These 22 GOIs provide new insight into vulnerable cellular processes in non-calcifying anthozoans exposed to OA and BP-3. Expression profiles were categorized as synergistic, antagonistic, or additive of BP-3 in the presence of OA. Two GOIs were synergistic. Fifteen GOIs were antagonistic and the remaining five GOIs were additive in response to BP-3 in acidified seawater. A subset of these GOIs appear to be candidate biomarkers for future in situ investigations. In human health, proton-dependent monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are promising pharmacological targets and recognized as potential biomarkers. By comparison, these same MCTs appear to be targets of xenobiotic chemical pollutants in cnidarian physiology. In the presence of BP-3, a network of collagen synthesis genes are upregulated and antagonistic in their expression profiles. Cytochrome b561 is a critical protein required for collagen synthesis and in silico modeling demonstrates BP-3 binds in the pocket of cytochrome b561. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of “drug-like” compounds such as BP-3 may lead to a more comprehensive interpretation of transcriptional expression profiles. The collective antagonistic responses of GOIs associated with collagen synthesis strongly suggests these GOIs should be considered candidate biomarkers of effect. GOIs with synergistic and additive responses represent candidate biomarkers of exposure. Results show the effects of OA and BP-3 are interactive with respect to their impact on cnidarians. This investigation offers mechanistic data that supports the expression profiles and underpins higher order physiological responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Photopatch testing represents the gold standard for the diagnosis of photoallergic contact dermatitis (PACD). We aimed to identify common photoallergens in our tertiary dermatological referral centre from 2012 to 2021, to compare this to the preceding period studied, and data from other communities. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all 90 patients who underwent photopatch testing at the National Skin Centre, Singapore, between 2012 and 2021. Results: Of 90 patients, 19 (21.1%) were male, and the mean age was 41.6 years. Eighty‐four (93.3%) underwent testing to our standard sunscreen series, 10 (11.1%) to our extended series, and 73 (81.1%) to their own items. Seventeen (18.9%) were diagnosed with PACD (i.e., photocontact allergy with present or past relevance), 12 (13.3%) with ACD, and 4 (4.4%) with photoaugmented ACD. Relevant reactions were commonest to oxybenzone (8, 9.5%) and mexenone (3, 3.6%). Eleven (15.1%) had PACD to their own items, with 3 of 4 (75%) tested to ketoprofen diagnosed with PACD and the remaining 1 (25%) with photoaugmented ACD. Age, race, sex, atopy, and site of involvement were not associated with photocontact allergy. Compared to the preceding time period, the overall frequency of photocontact allergy and PACD decreased, but rates of photoallergic reactions to individual photoallergens were not significantly different. Conclusion: Organic ultraviolet absorbers such as oxybenzone and mexenone remained the most relevant photoallergens. Personal item testing was valuable, and testing to ketoprofen should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cnidarians face significant threats from ocean acidification (OA) and anthropogenic pollutants such as oxybenzone (BP-3). The convergence of threats from multiple stressors is an important area to investigate because of potential significant synergistic or antagonistic interactions. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to characterize the expression profiles of twenty-two genes of interest (GOI) in sea anemones (Exaiptasia diaphana) exposed to one of four treatments: 1) 96 h of OA conditions followed by a 4 h exposure to 20 ppb BP-3; 2) Exposure to 4 h 20 ppb BP-3 without 96 h of OA; 3) Exposure to 96 h of OA alone; or 4) laboratory conditions with no exposure to BP-3 and/or OA. These 22 GOIs represent cellular processes associated with proton-dependent transport, sodium-dependent transport, metal cation binding/transport, extracellular matrix, amino acid metabolism/transport, immunity, and/or steroidogenesis. These 22 GOIs provide new insight into vulnerable cellular processes in non-calcifying anthozoans exposed to OA and BP-3. Expression profiles were categorized as synergistic, antagonistic, or additive of BP-3 in the presence of OA. Two GOIs were synergistic. Fifteen GOIs were antagonistic and the remaining five GOIs were additive in response to BP-3 in acidified seawater. A subset of these GOIs appear to be candidate biomarkers for future in situ investigations. In human health, proton-dependent monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are promising pharmacological targets and recognized as potential biomarkers. By comparison, these same MCTs appear to be targets of xenobiotic chemical pollutants in cnidarian physiology. In the presence of BP-3, a network of collagen synthesis genes are upregulated and antagonistic in their expression profiles. Cytochrome b561 is a critical protein required for collagen synthesis and in silico modeling demonstrates BP-3 binds in the pocket of cytochrome b561. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of “drug-like” compounds such as BP-3 may lead to a more comprehensive interpretation of transcriptional expression profiles. The collective antagonistic responses of GOIs associated with collagen synthesis strongly suggests these GOIs should be considered candidate biomarkers of effect. GOIs with synergistic and additive responses represent candidate biomarkers of exposure. Results show the effects of OA and BP-3 are interactive with respect to their impact on cnidarians. This investigation offers mechanistic data that supports the expression profiles and underpins higher order physiological responses.

The need for extra protection to mitigate the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV), such as direct or indirect DNA damage, has become of great importance in the last decades. Synthetic photoprotectors, commonly used in sunscreen formulations, are associated with a large number of genotoxic, photoallergic, and environmental problems. Thus, the interest of both scientific research and industry has notably increased, aiming to advance in new developments that will improve effectiveness, minimizing detrimental effects. Nevertheless, due to the high benefit-risk ratio of synthetic photoprotectors, there is still a dilemma between either continuing their use or replacing them with more sustainable alternatives. In this regard, natural photoprotectors emerged as promising substitutes to synthetic ones, although they cannot usually be obtained on a large scale, and do not always represent an adequate option. Most of the scientific literature is biased towards natural or synthetic photoprotectors, and therefore a rigorous comparison between them is necessary to access a more accurate and critical view. In this work, a comprehensive one-to-one comparison was made between benzophenone-3 (oxybenzone) and gadusol, chosen as representative models of synthetic and natural photoprotectors, respectively. The review of their physicochemical properties allows an in-depth understanding of their behavior under UV solar radiation exposure and their environmental fate. Even though synthetic sunscreens cannot be completely replaced by natural ones immediately, the information provided in this work seeks to set a starting point for studies that aim the development of more efficient sunscreens.

Personal care products, such as UV filters, are frequently present in aquatic ecosystems, but studies on their impact on marine organisms are still scarce. Here we addressed the effects of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) on the antioxidant status of Perna perna mussels exposed to concentrations of 0.1 and 3 μg.L−1 for 72 h and 7 days. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity and lipoperoxidation (MDA) were evaluated in the gills. A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activity of G6PDH and GPx was observed after exposure for 7 days to 0.1 µg.L−1. However, no significant differences were observed in GST activity and MDA levels, independently of the exposure time. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed an association of BP-3 highest concentration with GR and MDA at 72 h and only with GR at 7 days of exposure. Similarly, the integrated biomarker response (IBR) demonstrated GR and MDA alterations. In conclusion, environmentally relevant concentrations of BP-3 altered antioxidant and auxiliary enzymes, which could cause long-term damage to P.perna mussels. The need to implement more efficient techniques in wastewater treatment systems is pointed out, especially in summer, when UV filters are used more frequently and abundantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a well-known pseudo-persistent environmental pollutant, oxybenzone (BP-3) and its related organic ultraviolet (UV) filters have been verified to directly contribute to the increasing mortality rate of coral reefs. Previous studies have revealed the potential role of symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae in protecting corals from the toxic effects of UV filters. However, the detailed protection mechanism(s) have not been explained. Here, the impacts of BP-3 on the symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae Cladocopium goreaui were explored. C. goreaui cells exhibited distinct cell growth at different BP-3 doses, with increasing growth at the lower concentration (2 mg L–1) and rapid death at a higher concentration (20 mg L–1). Furthermore, C. goreaui cells showed a significant BP-3 uptake at the lower BP-3 concentration. BP-3 absorbing cells exhibited elevated photosynthetic efficiency, and decreased cellular carbon and nitrogen contents. Besides, the derivatives of BP-3 and aromatic amino acid metabolism highly responded to BP-3 absorption and biodegradation. Our physiological and metabolic results reveal that the symbiotic Symbiodiniaceae could resist the toxicity of a range of BP-3 through promoting cell division, photosynthesis, and reprogramming amino acid metabolism. This study provides novel insights into the influences of organic UV filters to coral reef ecosystems, which urgently needs increasing attention and management.

Background: Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and its major metabolite benzophenone-1 (BP-1) are widely used as UV filters in sunscreens and cosmetics to prevent sunburn and skin damage, or as stabilizers to prevent photodegradation in many commercial products. As a result, their presence is ubiquitous in the environment, wildlife and humans. Based on endocrine disruption concerns, international regulatory agencies are performing a closer evaluation. Objective and methods: This work aimed to comprehensively review the available human relevant evidence for safety issues in MEDLINE/PubMed in order to create a structured database of studies, as well as to conduct an integrative analysis as part of the Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) Initiative. Results: A total of 1,635 titles and abstracts were screened and 254 references were evaluated and tabulated in detail, and classified in different categories: i) exposure sources and predictors; ii) human biomonitoring (HBM) exposure levels to perform a meta-analysis; iii) toxicokinetic data in both experimental animals and humans; iv) in vitro and in vivo rodent toxicity studies; and v) human data on effect biomarkers and health outcomes. Our integrative analysis showed that internal peak BP-3 concentrations achieved after a single whole-body application of a commercially available sunscreen (4% w/w) may overlap with concentrations eliciting endocrine disrupting effects in vitro, and with internal concentrations causing in vivo adverse female reproductive effects in rodents that were supported by still limited human data. The adverse effects in rodents included prolonged estrous cycle, altered uterine estrogen receptor gene expression, endometrium hyperplasia and altered proliferation and histology of the mammary gland, while human data indicated menstrual cycle hormonal alterations and increased risk of uterine fibroids and endometriosis. Among the modes of action reported (estrogenic, anti-androgenic, thyroid, etc.), BP-3 and especially BP-1 showed estrogenic activity at human-relevant concentrations, in agreement with the observed alterations in female reproductive endpoints. The meta-analysis of HBM studies identified a higher concern for North Americans, showing urinary BP-3 concentrations on average 10 and 20 times higher than European and Asian populations, respectively. Discussion and conclusions: Our work supports that these benzophenones present endocrine disrupting properties, endorsing recent European regulatory efforts to limit human exposure. The reproducible and comprehensive database generated may constitute a point of departure in future risk assessments to support regulatory initiatives. Meanwhile, individuals should not refrain from sunscreen use. Commercially available formulations using inorganic UV filters that are practically not absorbed into systemic circulation may be recommended to susceptible populations.

Purpose: Oxybenzone has received widespread attention owing to its extensive accumulation in the soil and adverse effects on plant growth. The aim of the study was to verify the potential of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) combined with the use of adenine and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Methylophilus sp. strain FP-6) to enhance the efficiency of oxybenzone removal from the soil, and investigate the interaction between adenine and strain FP-6 that occurred during the phytoremediation process. Methods: First, we determined whether the presence of adenine stimulated the growth and plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits of strain FP-6, which was isolated in our previous study and demonstrated considerable potential for the degradation of oxybenzone. The combined effects of strain FP-6 and adenine on the growth of tobacco and the efficiency of oxybenzone removal from the soil were then investigated. Furthermore, we evaluated the soil enzyme activities and microbial community composition in tobacco-growing soil containing oxybenzone. Results: The adenine-FP6 amendment significantly improved photosynthetic efficiency and maintained the ion homeostasis of tobacco, which was destroyed by oxybenzone, thereby promoting the efficiency of phytoremediation of oxybenzone by tobacco (97.99%). Furthermore, a series of hydrolases involved in nutrient cycles and oxidoreductases with high reactivity to phenolic compounds in the soil were significantly up-regulated under this remediation strategy, which might be attributed to the increased relative abundance of some rhizosphere bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium, Agathobacter, and Sphingomonas. Conclusion: The findings of this study provide an economical and ecological phytoremediation strategy for the efficient remediation of oxybenzone -contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to high variability during clinical pharmacokinetic (PK) evaluation, the prediction of in vivo exposure from in vitro absorption testing of topical semisolid and liquid dermal products has historically proven difficult. Since absorption from unoccluded formulations can be influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and humidity, maximal effort must be placed on the harmonization of experimental parameters between in vitro and in vivo testing conditions to establish accurate in vitro/in vivo correlations (IVIVC). Using four different sunscreen formulations as a model, we performed in vitro permeation testing (IVPT) studies with excised human skin and maintained strict harmonization techniques to control application time, occlusion, temperature, and humidity during in vivo human serum PK evaluation. The goal was to investigate if increased control over experimental parameters would result in decreased inter-subject variability of common topical formulations leading to acceptable IVIVC establishment. Using a deconvolution-based approach, excellent point-to-point (Level A correlation) IVIVC for the entire 12-h study duration was achieved for all four sunscreen formulations with < 10% prediction error of both area under the curve (AUC) and peak concentration (Cmax) estimation. The low variability of in vivo absorption data presents a proof-of-concept protocol design for testing of complex semisolid and liquid topical formulations applied over a large surface area with reapplication in a reliable manner. This work also presents the opportunity for expanded development of testing for the impact of altered temperature and humidity conditions on product absorption in vivo with a high degree of precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzophenone-3 (BP-3), utilized as a UV filter in cosmetic products, is an emerging contaminant that constitutes a threat to natural resources and environmental health. This study investigated the assimilation of the UV filter BP-3 in Crassostrea gigas oysters collected in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Lyophilized oyster tissue extracts were prepared using the QuEChERS method, and LC-MS/MS was employed to determine the BP-3 concentration in the samples. The method was applied to specimens intentionally exposed to two concentrations of the contaminant, for different periods of exposure (1 and 7 days). Samples from treatment 1 (T1) were exposed to a concentration of 1 μg L−1 of the BP-3 standard, and samples from treatment 2 (T2) were exposed to a concentration of 100 μg L−1 of the BP-3 standard. The results revealed rapid absorption of BP-3, with an increase of 126% for lower concentrations, reaching 1.13 μg of BP-3 per gram of oyster tissue, and 17% for higher concentrations, reaching 34.6 μg of BP-3 per gram of oyster tissue after 7 days. The presence of BP-3 even in samples not directly exposed to the contaminant indicates its widespread environmental distribution. The rapid bioaccumulation suggests the need to consider seasonal variations, such as increased tourism in the summer. The validated analytical method demonstrated efficacy in quantifying BP-3, providing an integrated approach for long-term monitoring of pollution levels and their dynamic variations over time. In addition, variation in BP-3 levels in the samples may be related to transport patterns influenced by tides and discharges from septic system, highlighting the need to improve wastewater treatment. These findings underscore the necessity for continuous biomonitoring and effective environmental management to safeguard the health of marine ecosystems and humans. [Display omitted] • LC-MS/MS was optimized and validated for the extraction of analyte in oysters. • The recovery of the analyte was 89–101% confirming the accuracy of the method. • Benzophenone-3 was detected and quantified in the soft tissue of oysters. • Oysters are shown to be optimal biomonitors of benzophenone-3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From March to June 2020, governments across the world imposed lockdowns in an attempt to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 during the early phase of the pandemic. This period of time in which human activity slowed worldwide has been coined the "Anthropause". The goal of this study was to determine if sunscreen pollution abated during the Anthropause and to identify the severity of the pollution when tourism/recreation recovered at two coastal units of the U.S. National Park System: Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park in Hawaiʻi, U.S.A. and Cape Lookout National Seashore in North Carolina, U.S.A. Active ingredients of sunscreen products were measured in water and sand samples at both locations, including oxybenzone, octinoxate, octocrylene, octisalate, homosalate, and relevant breakdown products of some of these ingredients. A risk assessment was conducted on Anthropause and post-Anthropause contaminant levels for both locations to determine if there was a threat reduction during the Anthropause, and whether tourism recovery in the post-Anthropause period served as a threat to coastal wildlife. Both national park units exhibited an almost absolute reduction in the levels of sunscreen contamination during the Anthropause period, a striking commonality considering the geographic expanse separating the parks. Once travel restrictions were lifted, a large influx of tourists ensued at both locations, resulting in a relatively sudden and dangerous increase in the levels of sunscreen chemical pollution. This study supports the argument that unmanaged tourism is a source of coastal sunscreen pollution that poses a threat to the localized continuity of species populations and biodiversity, especially to coral reefs and fisheries. [Display omitted] • Sunscreen pollution in two U.S. National Park was abated during the 2020 COVID- Anthropause. • Post-Anthopause sunscreen levels at both National Parks were a hazard to wildlife. • Tourism and recreational-use were the primary sources of sunscreen pollution. • Mitigation includes education, accessibility of mineral sunscreens, and prohibitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxybenzone (OBZ), one of a broad spectrum of ultraviolet (UV) absorbents, has been proven to be harmful to both plants and animals, while omics analysis of big data at the molecular level is still lacking. Lysine succinylation (Ksuc) is an important posttranslational modification of proteins that plays a crucial role in regulating the metabolic network in organisms under stress. Here, we report the changes in intracellular Ksuc modification in plants under OBZ stress. A total of 1276 succinylated sites on 507 proteins were identified. Among these sites, 181 modified proteins were hypersulfinylated/succinylated in OBZ-stressed pakchoi leaves. Differentially succinylated proteins (DSPs) are distributed mainly in the chloroplast, cytoplasm, and mitochondria and are distributed mainly in primary metabolic pathways, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, stress resistance, energy generation and transfer, photosynthetic carbon fixation, glycolysis, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Comprehensive analysis shows that Ksuc mainly changes the carbon flow distribution, enhances the activity of the antioxidant system, affects the biosynthesis of amino acids, and increases the modification of histones. The results of this study first showed the profiling of the Kusc map under OBZ treatment and proposed the adaptive mechanism of pakchoi in response to pollutants and other abiotic stresses at the posttranslational level, which revealed the importance of Ksuc in the regulation of various life activities and provides a reference dataset for future research on molecular function.

Experimental studies have suggested benzophenone-3 (BP-3), a sunscreen ingredient, may have endocrine-disrupting properties. A cohort of girls were recruited at ages 6–7 years and returned semi-annually for pubertal maturation staging, provided blood for serum hormone analyses [estradiol, estrone, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S)], and urine to measure BP-3 concentrations. We found a significant negative linear association between amount of reported sunscreen use and testosterone levels at the onset of puberty (N = 157, adjusted β = −0.0163, 97.5% CI:-0.0300,-0.0026). The 2nd quartile of the BP-3 biomarker had earlier thelarche compared to the 1st quartile (N = 282, adjusted HR = 1.584, 97.5% CI:1.038,2.415). Results suggest that higher report of sunscreen use may be associated with lower testosterone levels at thelarche and a non-linear relationship between the BP-3 urinary biomarker and onset of puberty, although the clinical significance of the finding is limited and may be a random effect. Improved methods of BP-3 exposure characterization are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Between 1988 and 2012, prevalence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) increased in the U.S., especially in adolescents and non-Hispanic Whites. Female predominance of ANA suggests a role for hormonal factors, including xenobiotic exposures that may disrupt endocrine signaling. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is one such chemical with increasing exposure through sunscreen use. We investigated whether urinary BP-3 levels were related to ANA in adolescents and young adults. Methods: In a sample of 1,785 individuals ages 12-39 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 2003-4, 2011-12), we examined cross-sectional associations of ANA (N=192; 3+ or 4+ at the 1:80 dilution, measured by HEp-2 immunofluorescence) with urinary BP-3, and other phenols bisphenol-A, triclosan, and parabens. Adjusted prevalence odds ratios (POR) were calculated in season-stratified models [winter (November-April) and summer (May-October)], given differences in sunscreen use and BP-3 concentrations. Results: BP-3 concentrations (detected in >98.5% of individuals) did not differ by ANA positivity in the summer (geometric mean, GM 30.6 ng/ml ANApositive vs. 35.3 ANA-negative; GM ratio 1.15), but in winter were higher among ANA-positives (50.2 vs. 20.1 ANA-negative; GM ratio 2.50). ANA was associated with log10BP-3 in winter (POR 1.57; 95%CI 1.07-2.30 per unit increase) but not summer (0.94; 0.61, 1.44; interaction p=0.09). Triclosan, parabens, and bisphenol-A levels were unrelated to ANA overall or by season (ORs 0.64 to 1.33). Conclusions: The association of urinary BP-3 with ANA in the winter may reflect different exposure patterns or unmeasured confounders. Findings warrant replication in prospective studies and including past and year-round exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions between the popular sunscreen ingredients oxybenzone and homosalate and DNA bases have been studied using density functional theory and ab initio methods. Low-energy structures for each sunscreen ingredient interacting with each nucleotide base in either a pi-stacked or hydrogen-bonded fashion were found. The binding energies are comparable to those for the Watson–Crick–Franklin Ade-Thy and Cyt-Gua pairs. Pi-stacked and hydrogen-bonded structures are comparable in energy, with hydrogen-bonded structures having a more negative counterpoise-corrected binding energy, while the final pi-stacked structures are lower in energy. This is due to a geometrical rearrangement required to form the hydrogen bonds that raise the total energy of the complex. It was also found that when using the M06-2X density functional, the STO-3G basis set favors hydrogen bonding, but 6-31G(d) and 6–31 + G(s) basis sets predict similar binding geometries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing use of UV filters, such as benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs), has raised concerns regarding their ecotoxicological effects on the aquatic environment. The aim of the present study was to examine the embryo-larval toxicity attributed to BP-3 or TiO 2 NPs, either alone or in a mixture, utilizing zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) as a model after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of these compounds. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to BP-3 (10, 100, or 1000 ng/L) or TiO 2 NPs (1000 ng/L) alone or in a mixture (BP-3 10, 100, or 1000 ng/L plus 1000 ng/L of TiO 2 NPs) under static conditions for 144 hr. After exposure, BP-3 levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). BP-3 levels increased in the presence of TiO 2 NPs, indicating that the BP-3 degradation decreased in the presence of the NPs. In addition, in the presence of zebrafish, BP-3 levels in water decreased, indicating that zebrafish embryos and larvae might absorb BP-3. Data demonstrated that, in general, environmentally relevant concentrations of BP-3 and TiO 2 NPs, either alone or in a mixture, did not significantly induce changes in heart and spontaneous contractions frequencies, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), morphological and morphometric parameters as well as mortality rates during 144 hr exposure. However, the groups exposed to TiO 2 NPs alone and in a mixture with BP-3 at 10 ng/L exhibited an earlier significant hatching rate than the controls. Altogether, the data indicates that a potential ecotoxicological impact on the aquatic environment exists.

Background: Benzophenone-3 is a type of ketone with 2 benzene rings attached to a carbonyl group (C=O) and one benzene ring attached to a hydroxyl group (-OH). As an endocrine-disrupting chemical, benzophenone-3 is known to be associated with reproductive, developmental, thyroid, and endocrine toxicities. Benzophenone-3 is commonly used in hair products, cosmetics, and ultraviolet (UV) filters because of its characteristic property to absorb UV light. This study aims to investigate the association between the use of hair products and urine benzophenone-3 using the data from the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4 (2018-2020), which represents the Korean population., Methods: Using the KoNEHS cycle 4 survey, the data of 3,796 adults aged ≥ 19 years were analyzed. Based on the 75th percentile concentration of urine benzophenone-3, the participants were divided into the low- and high-concentration groups. Chi-square test was conducted to analyze the association of urine benzophenone-3 with distribution of general characteristics, use of personal care products, consumption of marine foods, and use of plastic products as the variable. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for the high-concentration group of urine benzophenone-3 based on the use of hair products., Results: Women with < 6 times or ≥ 6 times of hair product usage had significantly higher adjusted ORs compared to those who did not use hair products. The calculated ORs were 1.24 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-1.38) for women with < 6 times of usage and 1.54 (95% CI: 1.33-1.79) for women with ≥ 6 times of usage., Conclusions: This study revealed the association between the use of hair products and the concentration of urine benzophenone-3 in the general Korean population., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Korean Society of Occupational & Environmental Medicine.)

Oxybenzone is an emerging aquatic pollutant whose widespread use has contributed to its detection in the surface waters and body-burdens of exposed biota. In this study, the sub-lethal toxicity effects of oxybenzone were studied at the environmentally relevant concentrations of 0.6 and 5.2 µg/L (including 0.01% DMSO as the solvent control). An integrative in vivo and in silico experimental approach was taken to study the effects of exposure on the metabolic physiology of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) after 7 days of exposure (from 2 to 9 days post fertilization). The use of whole-organism respirometry showed a statistically significant ∼2x increase in metabolic rate for the 0.6 µg/L treatment group, with no significant differences between the solvent control versus 5.2 µg/L oxybenzone treatment level. The analysis of whole-transcriptome RNA-sequencing data showed functional categories related to metabolism (metabolic enzymes) and biological regulation (genome regulation, cell signaling) to be highly dysregulated. The transcriptomics changes for metabolic enzyme genes were used to parameterize in silico stoichiometric metabolic models for each treatment group. Flux balance analysis (FBA) simulations for each metabolic model revealed glycerolipid metabolism to be highly affected under the low dose oxybenzone exposure. The further analysis of core metabolic pathways revealed elevated flux through the esterification reactions of glycerolipid metabolism, producing triglycerides. The elevated in vivo metabolic rate observed for 0.6 µg/L oxybenzone is explainable by the elevated catalytic activities of the esterification reactions. Furthermore, the disruption of glycerolipid metabolism predicted by our in silico analysis agrees with the results of non-targeted metabolomics studies performed by other authors, and which demonstrate oxybenzone exposure to cause dyslipidemia and affect glycerophospholipid metabolism. Therefore, the methods of our study provide a framework for integrated biological pathways-based toxicological analysis.

BackgroundBetween 1988 and 2012, prevalence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) increased in the U.S., especially in adolescents and non-Hispanic Whites. Female predominance of ANA suggests a role for hormonal factors, including xenobiotic exposures that may disrupt endocrine signaling. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is one such chemical with increasing exposure through sunscreen use. We investigated whether urinary BP-3 levels were related to ANA in adolescents and young adults.MethodsIn a sample of 1,785 individuals ages 12-39 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; 2003-4, 2011-12), we examined cross-sectional associations of ANA (N=192; 3+ or 4+ at the 1:80 dilution, measured by HEp-2 immunofluorescence) with urinary BP-3, and other phenols bisphenol-A, triclosan, and parabens. Adjusted prevalence odds ratios (POR) were calculated in season-stratified models [winter (November-April) and summer (May-October)], given differences in sunscreen use and BP-3 concentrations.ResultsBP-3 concentrations (detected in >98.5% of individuals) did not differ by ANA positivity in the summer (geometric mean, GM 30.6 ng/ml ANA-positive vs. 35.3 ANA-negative; GM ratio 1.15), but in winter were higher among ANA-positives (50.2 vs. 20.1 ANA-negative; GM ratio 2.50). ANA was associated with log10BP-3 in winter (POR 1.57; 95%CI 1.07-2.30 per unit increase) but not summer (0.94; 0.61, 1.44; interaction p=0.09). Triclosan, parabens, and bisphenol-A levels were unrelated to ANA overall or by season (ORs 0.64 to 1.33).ConclusionsThe association of urinary BP-3 with ANA in the winter may reflect different exposure patterns or unmeasured confounders. Findings warrant replication in prospective studies and including past and year-round exposures.

Coral reefs have been declining globally at a historically unprecedented rate. Ultraviolet (UV) filters used in sunscreens may contribute to this decline at local scales, which has already led to bans on various organic UV filters in some regions. However, the underlying studies for these bans demonstrated significant flaws in the experimental design due to a lack of validated and standardized testing methods for corals. This study aimed to investigate options for the development of a standard acute toxicity test for the larval stage of scleractinian corals. Planula larvae of two brooding (Leptastrea purpurea and Tubastraea faulkneri) and two spawning (Acropora digitifera and A. millepora) species were exposed to the organic UV filter benzophenone-3 (BP3) for 48 h under static conditions. We observed interspecific variations in toxicity, with A. digitifera being the most sensitive (LC50 = 0.75 µg L−1) and T. faulkneri the least sensitive (LC50 = 2951.24 µg L−1) species. Inhibition of settlement was found to be a useful endpoint leading to an EC50 of 1.84 µg L−1 in L. purpurea larvae. Although the analytical challenges of measuring lipophilic substances in small volume test setups remain, the here applied test design and selected endpoints are suitable for further validation and subsequent standardization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxybenzone (OBZ; benzophenone-3, CAS# 131–57–7), as a new pollutant and ultraviolet absorbent, shows a significant threat to the survival of phytoplankton. This study aims to explore the acute toxic effects of OBZ on the growth of the microalga Selenastrum capricornutum , as well as the mechanisms for its damage to the primary metabolic pathways of photosynthesis and respiration. The results demonstrated that the concentrations for 50 % of maximal effect (EC50) of OBZ for S. capricornutum were 9.07 mg L−1 and 8.54 mg L−1 at 72 h and 96 h, respectively. A dosage of 4.56 mg L−1 OBZ significantly lowered the photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate of S. capricornutum in both light and dark conditions for a duration of 2 h, while it had no effect on the respiratory oxygen consumption rate under darkness. OBZ caused a significant decline in the efficiency of photosynthetic electron transport due to its damage to photosystem II (PSII), thereby decreasing the photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate. Over-accumulated H 2 O 2 was produced under light due to the damage caused by OBZ to the donor and acceptor sides of PSII, resulting in increased peroxidation of cytomembranes and inhibition of algal respiration. OBZ's damage to photosynthesis and respiration will hinder the conversion and reuse of energy in algal cells, which is an important reason that OBZ has toxic effects on S. capricornutum. The present study indicated that OBZ has an acute toxic effect on the microalga S. capricornutum. In the two most important primary metabolic pathways in algae, photosynthesis is more sensitive to the toxicity of OBZ than respiration, especially in the dark. • OBZ is highly toxic to the freshwater alga S. capricornutum by damaging photosynthesis and respiration. • OBZ have a direct toxic to photosystem II, thereby decreasing the photosynthetic capacity of algae. • OBZ causes increased H 2 O 2 and peroxidation of cytomembranes, further indirectly inhibition of algal respiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there are several methods for assessing the sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreen products, there is no standard and reliable in vitro method. Each test entails limitations and drawbacks. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the employability of FTIR as an alternative and quick method to evaluate the efficacy of various sunscreen formulations, their concentrations, and the timing of their application. Infrared radiation has longer wavelengths than ultraviolet, penetrates deeply into the skin, and hence enables the understanding of sunscreens' ability to block the transmission of radiation. The FTIR transmission using synthetic skin to study the effect of sunscreen agents (oxybenzone, octyl methoxycinnamate, titanium dioxide (TiO2), and zinc oxide (ZnO)) was conducted in the range 450–4000cm−1. Comparison studies were made at the peak of 805cm−1. After 2 h of sunscreen application, using the maximum concentrations, the FTIR peak at wavenumber 805cm−1 demonstrated a significant reduction of transmission from 96.55 to 60.09%, 57.59%, 32.02%, and 37.1% for oxybenzone, octyl methoxycinnamate, TiO2, and ZnO respectively (P<0.05). A significant reduction in transmission was observed (P<0.05) with increasing sunscreen concentrations after 2 h of application. Nevertheless, the upper limit of concentration showed no appreciable change from the middle level of concentration, and hence it is cost-effective to employ the middle concentration. Inorganic sunscreens showed a higher protection level than organic. Fixed-dose combinations of sunscreens showed an enhanced effect yet were not synergistic. In conclusion, the use of FTIR spectroscopy with synthetic skin is a quick and user-friendly technique that enables the assessment of the efficacy of sunscreen formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Innovative technologies have been designed to improve efficacy and safety of chemical UV filters. Encapsulation can enhance efficacy and reduce transdermal permeation and systemic exposure. The aims of this work were (i) to determine the cutaneous biodistribution of avobenzone (AVO), oxybenzone (OXY), and octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) incorporated in mesoporous silica SBA-15 and (ii) to perform preclinical (in vitro) and (iii) clinical safety studies to demonstrate their innocuity and to evaluate sun protection factor (SPF) in humans. Skin penetration studies showed that deposition of OXY and AVO in porcine and human skin after application of stick formulation with incorporated filters (stick incorporated filters) was significantly lower than from a marketed (non-encapsulated) stick. Cutaneous deposition and transdermal permeation of OXY in and across human skin were 3.8-and 13.4- fold lower, respectively, after application of stick entrapped filters. Biodistribution results showed that encapsulation in SBA-15 decreased AVO and OXY penetration reaching porcine and human dermis. Greater deposition (and permeation) of OXY in porcine skin than in human skin, pointed to the role of follicular transport. Stick incorporated filters had good biocompatibility in vivo and safety profiles, even under sun-exposed conditions. Entrapment of UV filters improved the SPF by 26% and produced the same SPF profile as a marketed stick. Overall, the results showed that SBA-15 enabled safety and efficacy of UV filters to be increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UV-filters are widely used in cosmetics and personal care products to protect users' skin from redamage caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Globally, an estimated 16,000 to 25,000 tonnes of products containing UV-filters were used in 2014 with modern consumption likely to be much higher. Beyond this use in cosmetics and personal care products, UV-filters are also widely used to provide UV-stability in industrial products such as paints and plastics. This review discusses the main routes by which UV-filters enter aquatic environments and summarises the conclusions of studies from the past 10 years that have investigated the effects of UV-filters on environmentally relevant species including corals, microalgae, fish, and marine mammals. Safety data regarding the potential impact of UV-filters on human health are also discussed. Finally, we explore the challenges surrounding UV-filter removal and research on more environmentally friendly alternatives to current UV-filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second part of this CME article discusses sunscreen regulation and safety considerations for humans and the environment. First, we provide an overview of the history of the United States Food and Drug Administration's regulation of sunscreen. Recent Food and Drug Administration studies clearly demonstrate that organic ultraviolet filters are systemically absorbed during routine sunscreen use, but to date there is no evidence of associated negative health effects. We also review the current evidence of sunscreen's association with vitamin D levels and frontal fibrosing alopecia, and recent concerns regarding benzene contamination. Finally, we review the possible environmental effects of ultraviolet filters, particularly coral bleaching. While climate change has been shown to be the primary driver of coral bleaching, laboratory-based studies suggest that organic ultraviolet filters represent an additional contributing factor, which led several localities to ban certain organic filters., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

BP-3 is one of the most used organic UV filters. However, its widespread use and release into aquatic environment can induce ecotoxicological impact on aquatic organisms. Thus, the aim of the current study is to evaluate the gills and liver of freshwater fish Poecilia reticulata subjected to acute exposure (96 h) to BP-3 at environmentally relevant concentrations (10–1000 ng L−1). The study was based on adopting qualitative and semi-quantitative approach to assess histopathological changes and integrated the biomarker response in order to investigate organ-specific responses to BP-3 exposure. BP-3 has induced high histopathological index associated with circulatory disturbances, as well as with regressive and immunological changes in gills, whereas the hepatic histopathological index was associated with circulatory disturbances. Moreover, lower BP-3 concentrations were mostly associated with changes in gills, whereas higher BP-3 concentration was mostly linked to hepatic changes. In conclusion, acute exposure to BP-3 at environmentally relevant concentrations had stronger impact on gills than on the liver of P. reticulata, which confirmed organ-specific responses to UV filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is a health concern due to its ability to cause sunburn, photoaging, and skin cancer. Sun protection products (e.g., sunscreens) comprising of chemical ingredients called UV filters have been developed to protect human skin against harmful UVR. Usage of sunscreen often involves outdoor activities and the release of UV filters (e,g, benzophenone-3 (BP-3) or ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC)) into the aquatic environment which has resulted in regulatory restrictions. Much of the existing research has focused on UV filters in the marine ecosystems, while less research has addressed impacts of UV filters to freshwater ecosystems. This paper presents the results of a data gap analysis for environmental risk assessment of BP-3 and EHMC in freshwater environments. The Laurentian Great Lakes are a significant water resource containing 84% of North America's fresh surface water. As such, it is an ideal target environment for this data needs analysis. A literature review of the available freshwater ecotoxicology and occurrence data for BP-3 and EHMC was performed. There is a relatively complete hazard data set for each UV filter; however, many threshold values were found to exceed the water solubility limit of the test substances and were not verified using analytical methodologies. No Great Lakes sampling measurements were found. In the absence of measured data, a screening exposure assessment was conducted for three Great Lakes beaches. This exercise illustrated key data gaps needed to conduct a more representative exposure assessment, such as environmental partitioning potential and consumer sunscreen usage amounts. This analysis is a starting point to better assess the potential adverse effects of UV filters on the Great Lakes ecosystem. As new data, assumptions, methods, and models are developed, environmental risk assessments should be reiterated to improve understanding and better inform decision-making to protect both human health and the environment.

The fate of selected UV filters (UVFs) was investigated in two soil aquifer treatment (SAT) systems, one supplemented with a reactive barrier containing clay and vegetable compost and the other as a traditional SAT reference system. We monitored benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and its transformation products (TPs), including benzophenone-1 (BP-1), 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone (4DHB), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4HB), and 2,2'-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (DHMB), along with benzophenone-4 (BP-4) and avobenzone (AVO) in all involved compartments (water, aquifer sediments, and biofilm). The reactive barrier, which enhances biochemical activity and biofilm development, improved the removal of all detected UVFs in water samples. Among monitored UVFs, only 4HB, BP-4, and AVO were detected in sediment and biofilm samples. But the overall retained amounts were several orders of magnitude larger than those dissolved. These amounts were quantitatively reproduced with a specifically developed simple analytical model that consists of a mobile compartment and an immobile compartment. Retention and degradation are restricted to the immobile water compartment, where biofilm absorption was simulated with well-known compound-specific K ow values. The fact that the model reproduced observations, including metabolites detected in the biofilm but not in the (mobile) water samples, supports its validity. The results imply that accumulation ensures significant biodegradation even if the degradation rates are very low and suggest that our experimental findings for UVFs and TPs can be extended to other hydrophobic compounds. Biofilms act as accumulators and biodegraders of hydrophobic compounds.

Ex vivo mammary explant systems are an excellent model to study interactions between epithelium and stromal cell types because they contain physiologically relevant heterotypic interactions in the background of genetically diverse patients. The intact human mammary tissue, termed patient‐derived explant (PDE), can be used to investigate cellular responses to a wide variety of external stimuli in situ. For this study, we examined the impact of cytokines or environmental chemicals on macrophage phenotypes. We demonstrate that we can polarize macrophages within human breast tissue PDEs toward M1 or M2 through the addition of interferon‐γ (IFNγ) + lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin (IL)‐4 + IL‐13, respectively. Elevated expression levels of M(IFNγ + LPS) markers (HLADRA and CXCL10) or M(IL‐4 + IL‐13) markers (CD209 and CCL18) were observed in cytokine‐treated tissues. We also examined the impact of the endocrine‐disrupting chemical, benzophenone‐3, on PDEs and measured significant, yet varying effects on macrophage polarization. Furthermore, a subset of the PDEs respond to IL‐4 + IL‐13 through downregulation of E‐cadherin and upregulation of vimentin which is reminiscent of epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) changes. Finally, we were able to show immortalized nonmalignant breast epithelial cells can exhibit EMT characteristics when exposed to growth factors secreted by M(IL‐4 + IL‐13) macrophages. Taken together, the PDE model system is an outstanding preclinical model to study early tissue‐resident immune responses and effects on epithelial and stromal responses to stimuli found both endogenously in the breast and exogenously as a result of exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A skin irritation test using in vitro reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) models was established for hazard identification of irritant chemicals in accordance with UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) category. In this study, EpiDerm™ was used to assess skin irritation by oxybenzone and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), which are widely used sunscreen and insect repellent components, respectively. EpiDerm™ was applied with oxybenzone and DEET, combined and sequentially with each single dose. Epidermal morphology and differentiation/proliferation were examined microscopically. Oxybenzone and sequential administration groups were determined as nonirritant with cell viability >50% and the morphology was comparable to the human epidermis. Contrastingly, the DEET and coadministration groups exhibited cell viability <50% and poor epidermal morphology. Interleukin (IL)-1α release from substance-treated EpiDerm™ increased inversely to cell viability, suggesting the pro-inflammatory reaction was initiated by DEET. CK-10, E-cadherin, Ki-67, laminin, and ceramide were identified as relevant markers to assess oxybenzone- or DEET-induced epidermal injury. In conclusion, these results may indicate to be aware of the possible skin irritation by indiscriminate use of oxybenzone and DEET without animal testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (HMB) is a common ingredient in personal care products and used as an UV stabilizer. In these studies, disposition and metabolism of [14C]HMB in rats and mice was assessed following single gavage administration (10, 100, or 500 mg/kg), single IV administration (10 mg/kg), or dermal application (0.1, 1, 10, or 15 mg/kg). Following gavage administration, [14C]HMB was well absorbed and excreted mainly in urine (39–57%) and feces (24–42%) with no apparent difference between doses, species or sexes. Distribution of HMB in tissues was minimal in rats (0.36%) and mice (<0.55%). Distribution of HMB following dermal application was comparable to that following gavage administration; no differences between doses, sexes, or species were observed but absorption varied between dose vehicles. Light paraffin oil had the highest absorption and excretion (98% of the HMB dose absorbed). In rats, HMB slowly appeared in the systemic circulation (Tmax ∼2–6 h) and had poor bioavailability (F%<1). Urine metabolites for both species and all routes included HMB, HMB-glucuronide, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB), DHB-glucuronide, and DHB-sulfates, and novel minor dihydroxy metabolites including 2,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone. In vitro hepatic metabolism in mice differed from human and in vivo metabolism especially for phase II conjugates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite growing apprehension regarding the fate of organic micropollutants (MPs) of emerging concern, little attention has been paid to their presence in domestic greywater, where they mainly originate from personal care products. Many MPs are not fully removed in conventional greywater treatments and require additional treatment. Vacuum-UV radiation (VUV) can generate ·OH in situ, via water photolysis, initiating advanced oxidation process (AOP) without any chemical addition. Despite growing interest in VUV-based AOP, its performance in real-life grey- or wastewater matrices has hardly been investigated. The present study investigates the removal of triclosan (TCS) and oxybenzone (BP3), common antibacterial and UV-filter MPs, in deionized water (DIW) and in treated greywater (TGW) using combined UVC/VUV or UVC only radiation in a continuous-flow reactor. Degradation kinetics of these MPs and their transformation products (TPs) were addressed, as well as bacterial growth inhibition of the resulting reactor's effluent. In DIW, MP degradation was much faster under the combined UVC/VUV irradiation. In TGW, the combined radiation successfully removed both MPs but at lower efficiency than in DIW, as particles and dissolved organic matter (DOM) acted as radical scavengers. Filtration and partial DOM removal prior to irradiation improved the process efficiency and reduced energy requirements under the combined radiation (from 1.6 and 167 to 1.1 and 6.0 kWh m−3·ּorder−1 for TCS and BP3, respectively). VUV radiation also reduced TP concentrations in the effluent. As a result, bacterial growth inhibition of triclosan solution irradiated by VUC/VUV was lower than that irradiated by UVC light alone, for UV dose > 120 mJ cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxybenzones like benzophenone-3 (BP3) are ultraviolet (UV) filters widely used in personal care products such as sunscreens. BP3 is currently receiving a great deal of attention because many of its properties, including high water solubility and potential to bioaccumulate, enable it to have damaging effects on aquatic ecosystems. One of these effects, the induction of coral bleaching, has led Hawaii to ban all sunscreens containing BP3. BP3 also appears to have endocrine-disrupting properties and has been found to affect animal physiology. However, behavioural consequences of BP3 exposure have yet to be thoroughly characterized. In the present study, we investigated the effects of BP3 on boldness, courtship and aggression in male Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens , as little is known about the effects that BP3 has on fish social behaviour. To accomplish this, we assigned males to a treatment group (control, low, medium or high BP3 concentration) and completed individual (empty tank, novel environment and shoal) and social (courtship and aggression) behavioural assays before and after a 28-day exposure period. BP3 influenced the expression of social behaviours, with individual boldness generally unaffected. Changes in shoaling occurred regardless of BP3 concentration, while BP3-associated decreases in courtship and aggression were concentration dependent. Abnormal social behaviour may impede successful mating and alter territorial dynamics, with potentially heightened effects in species already experiencing other anthropogenic stressors. • UV filter BP3 changes social behaviour in male Siamese fighting fish. • Exposure to BP3 at any concentration led to more shoaling. • Dose-dependent effects of BP3 were found for courtship and aggression. • Distance displays were reduced by the two highest concentrations. • Contact behaviour decreased with low or high BP3 exposure but only for aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The occurrence of UV-filters in the environment has raised concerns over potentially adverse impacts on corals. In this study, the concentrations of 13 UV-filters and 11 hormones were measured in surface seawater, sediment, and coral tissue from 19 sites in Oahu, Hawaii. At least eight UV-filters were detected in seawater, sediment, and coral tissue and total mass concentrations of all UV-filters were <750 ng L−1, <70 ng g−1 dry weight (dw), and <995 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Four UV-filters were detected in water, sediment, and coral tissue at detection frequencies of 63–100%, 56–91%, and 82–100%, respectively. These UV-filter concentrations generally varied as follows: water, homosalate (HMS) > octisalate (OS) > benzophenone-3 (BP-3, also known as oxybenzone) > octocrylene (OC); sediment, HMS > OS > OC > BP-3; coral, OS ≈ HMS > OC ≈ BP-3. BP-3 concentrations in surface seawater were <10 ng L−1 at 12 of 19 sites and highest at Waikiki beach (e.g. , 10.9–136 ng L−1). While BP-3 levels were minimal in sediment (e.g. , <1 ng g−1 dw at 18 of 19 sites), and ranged from 6.6 to 241 ng g−1 dw in coral tissue. No quantifiable levels of 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (also known as octinoxate) were recorded in surface seawater or coral tissues, but 5–12.7 ng g−1 dw was measured for sediment at 5 of 19 sites. No hormones were detected in seawater or sediment, but 17α-ethinylestradiol was present in three corals from Kaneohe Bay. Surfactant degradation products were present in seawater, especially at Waikiki beach. These results demonstrate ubiquitous parts-per-trillion concentrations of UV-filters in surface seawater and is the first report of UV-filters in coral tissue from U.S.A. coastal waters. These data inform the range of environmentally-relevant concentrations for future risk assessments on the potential impacts of UV-filters on coral reefs in Oahu, Hawaii. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • First report of UV-filters in coral tissue from a USA coral reef. • At least 8 UV-filters 8detected in matched surface seawater, sediment and coral tissue from 19 sites in Oahu, Hawaii. • 8UV-filter concentrations in the parts per trillion (ng L-1) 8in surface seawater and in ng g-1 dw. in sediment and corals. • Octinoxate, 11 hormones and sucralose were not detected in surface seawater but surfactant degradation products were. • Overall highest UV-filter concentrations in all matrices were for homoslate and octisalate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the prevalence of skin cancer, sunscreens are recommended by dermatologists including the American Academy of Dermatology to protect skin from harmful ultraviolet rays. Unfortunately, this leads to an estimated 14,000 tons of sunscreen entering waterways each year. Many of the chemicals in sunscreens, such as oxybenzone and benzophenone-2, are indicated to have adverse effects on corals and other aquatic life. As an eco-conscious alternative, physical barrier sunscreens, such as non-nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2), have been suggested as a replacement. This study examines the impact of a non-nano-TiO2-based sunscreen over a nationally sold brand of sunscreen containing oxybenzone, on clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris). Animals were evaluated for mortality, swimming behavior, and feeding behavior. Our data indicate that at an exposure level of 100 mg/L oxybenzone-containing sunscreen had a negative impact on mortality, leading to 25% death by the end of the 97-h testing period. Negative impacts on behavior were even more dramatic for the 100 mg/L oxybenzone-containing sunscreen, with 100% of the animals failing to feed over the first 49 h of testing and 100% of animals demonstrating abnormal swimming behavior over the entire testing period. By comparison, the non-nano-(TiO2) sunscreen at 100 mg/L had little (6.7%) negative impact on mortality and feeding. While swimming behavior was disrupted during the first 25 h of testing (26.7% abnormal movement), animals recovered well over the remainder of the testing period (out to 97 h). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Oxybenzone (OBZ), an active ingredient in most sunscreens, was recently shown to be toxic to humans, corals and other animals. This study is the first to demonstrate that OBZ can significantly inhibit photosynthesis and respiration in the leaves of a higher plant, cucumber. An OBZ suspension content as low as 0.228 mg/L obviously inhibited the photosynthesis and respiration of cucumber. OBZ instantly inhibits the electron transport of chloroplasts and mitochondria in cucumber leaves. Probit analysis demonstrated that the effective content for 20% inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport was 11.7 mg/L (95% confidence level). The inhibition of photosynthesis and respiration restricts carbohydrate synthesis and ATP regeneration, respectively, limiting the energy available for metabolic processes including the synthesis of vital organic macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids in plant cells. The inhibition of photosynthesis also enhanced the excess excitation energy in chloroplasts, resulting in overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the inhibition of respiration aggravated this process. ROS accumulation adversely affects the structure and function of proteins, DNA and membrane lipids in plant cells, interfering with normal metabolism and even leading to plant death. Therefore, reducing the use of OBZ is important for protecting global ecological security. Graphical abstract OBZ can enter cells to significantly inhibit photosynthesis and respiration in the leaves of a higher plant, cucumber. OBZ can instantly inhibit the electron transports of chloroplasts and mitochondria. The inhibition of photosynthesis and respiration would restrict the synthesis of carbohydrates and the regeneration of ATP, limiting the energy available for metabolic processes. The inhibition of photosynthesis increased the excess excitation energy in the plant cells, resulting in over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the inhibition of respiration aggravated this process. The over-accumulation of ROS adversely affects the structure and function of proteins, DNA and membrane lipids in plant cells, interfering with normal metabolism and even leading to the death of plant. Image 103 Highlights • The OBZ suspension can instantly inhibit the electron transports of chloroplasts and mitochondria of cucumber. • An OBZ suspension content as low as 0.228 mg/L obviously inhibited the photosynthesis and respiration of cucumber. • The inhibition of photosynthesis and respiration cause the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]