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In this article I examine the concept of 'gentrification' from its inception to its current varied uses and interpretations. Using the Oxford English Dictionary's third edition illustrative quotations database as a diachronic corpus of English, I employ a corpus-assisted and cognitive linguistics-inspired critical discourse analysis to trace the genealogy of the term within the broader field of related terms. By disentangling the emergence of this ideologically-laden term, the study enhances our understanding of how class-struggle discourse has evolved from the late Middle Ages to the Enlightenment and late-modernity. It is argued that a robust definition of 'gentrification' – which foregrounds the displacement of low-income residents – depends on historicizing the phenomenon, i.e. tracing its roots in concepts, practices and values. • The article traces the genealogy of gentrification , from its origin in related terms to its modern meanings. • It employs a critical discourse analysis, using the OED's illustrative quotations as a diachronic English corpus. • It contextualizes gentrification within class-struggle discourse, as it evolved from the late Middle Ages to today. • It argues for a robust definition of gentrification , emphasizing that displacement is central to its original meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the meaning of the term entitled and its connection to social privilege. Topics discussed include the way the "Oxford English Dictionary" presented the term as a verb, the adjectival potential of the term in describing a group of people, and the characterization of entitled individuals in terms of personality type.

The author explores the meaning of term inclusive and its connection to social equality. Topics discussed include the definition offered by the "Oxford English Dictionary" for the word and related terms such as inclusion and inclusivity, its use in the works of playwright William Shakespeare and author Arnold Bennett, and brief details about the inclusive language social movement, the link between inclusion and equal access, and diversity, equality, and inclusion (DEI) policies.

The author explores the concept, origins, and meanings of the term intelligence. Topics discussed include the complexity of its definition particularly in response to political, scientific, and technological changes, the definition offered by the "Oxford English Dictionary" for the terms intellect, intelligent design (ID), and intelligence quotient (IQ), and the synonymity of intelligence with the words knowledge and information, among others.

Recent decades have seen small batches of Chinese loanwords and words from Chinese English entering the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Meanwhile, a muddle of misinformation on the dictionary's inclusion of certain Chinese-origin words has occurred again and again in various Chinese media forms. The present study examines the extent to which these uninformed news stories are associated with prominent features of the OED. In order to assess the possibility of including the words mentioned in the pieces of misinformation, the study explores the current treatment of Chinese-origin words in the OED and adopts Diamond's (2016) four criteria for entry, namely evidence of usage, longevity, naturalization, and lexicographical significance. Although the words examined are inadequate in meeting all criteria for inclusion, the misinformed new stories attest to an awareness of Chinese influence on the English lexicon and evidence the reception and reputation of the OED in Chinese media and culture. Moreover, the bits of false news reports expose lexicographers to new knowledge of some prospective candidates for lexicographical inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comparative analyses of the 1989 and 2022 revised editions of the "Oxford English Dictionary," focusing on the antedating of entries. It discusses the incidence of revised earliest dates of bibliographical adjustments, number of entries revised with near antedates, longer antedatings, antedatings attributed to the availability of high-quality historical text databases, and revisions to the 1989 edition earliest citations by quarterly update and original earliest date.

This study offers an overview of contemporary translingual English words derived from Korean and examines their unique characteristics. Previous research has highlighted that translingual words transcend borders (Kiaer, 2019), can emerge accidentally and swiftly propagate through online platforms, and exhibit various spelling variations (Ahn, 2021). By analyzing data from online databases like the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and Google Trends, this study explores additional qualities present in translingual English words originating from Korean. The qualities of Korean translingual words reveal intricate and diverse developmental trajectories. They enjoy widespread usage in a global context even before gaining local traction. The popularity of these words has surged alongside the remarkable growth of the K-pop fandom and the influence of Asian English speakers who introduce variations in spelling and meaning. Ultimately, this study delves into the pragmatic borrowing of Korean words by English speakers worldwide, underscoring the significant impact of Korean on contemporary English language dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first English dictionary of military terms was published anonymously in 1702 under the title A Military Dictionary. However, one glossary of this nature had already been attached to Robert Barret's (Anon. 1702) The Theorike and Practike of Moderne Warres in 1598: 'A Table, shewing the signification of sundry forraine words, vsed in these discourses'. Barret had fought in many battles in Europe, where English soldiers came into contact with comrades-in-arms from other countries. Hence, Barret's glossary constitutes a first-hand source of information on the loanwords used in English to refer to technological and strategic novelties on the field of military science at the time. This article (i) provides a first analysis of Barret's glossary; (ii) confirms that Barret's professional expertise as a soldier contributed to more complete and informative definitions than the ones in contemporary general dictionaries; (iii) compares the source languages Barret assigned to the entries in his glossary with the source languages specified in contemporary lexicographical works and in the Oxford English Dictionary ; and (iv) confirms the relevance of Barret's glossary as a testimony to the military jargon incorporated into English from different languages during the sixteenth century. Finally, a close comparison of the definitions of the same entries in Barret's glossary and Florio's A Worlde of Wordes (1598) has revealed Florio's indebtedness to Barret's military glossary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Oxford English Dictionary lists eight distinct meanings for the noun “wave” and 10 for the verb form. Physical phenomena of waves, as known by scientists and engineers, are ubiquitous and include those on water surfaces, in sound, seismology, clouds, electromagnetism, cosmic gravitational radiation, in sand, and so on. In the conventional technical sense, waves almost always have some mathematically stated connection between the wavelength (distance between crests), the phase speed (or frequency), and, sometimes, the amplitude. Various exceptions are known, including solitary waves (solitons) and shock waves. Often the waves are mere propagators of motion, but in other cases, they can transport material as well. With the evolution of the English language, the term “wave” has been invoked to describe a huge variety of phenomena ranging from waves of disease, disorder, and emotion, to hair (“permanent waves”), to crowd behavior in stadiums, to “waving” goodbye, to the World War II women's military WAVES, to the titles of novels—for example, from Virginia Woolf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed study of individual lexemes can open up interesting angles on the cultural underpinnings needed for the understanding of linguistic history. This paper surveys that element of Scots vocabulary that has been flagged as derived, even if at several removes, from Arabic. To do so, it draws primarily on the materials supplied by the Dictionaries of the Scots Language and the Oxford English Dictionary, supplemented by wider contextual analysis.

Beginning with a full text search for the term 'provincialism' across all entries in the OED Online , this article tracks 'provincialism' through the digitized fiction of the nineteenth century, eavesdropping on the ways in which the term was used in a dataset of references drawn from 165 nineteenth-century novels brought together from the British Library 19th Century Collection and the Hathi Trust Digital Library. The focus is not on a close reading of a small number of novels, a novel subgenre, or iterations of a single novel, but on a close reading of multiple short, references to the term 'provincialism' drawn from a large number of nineteenth-century digitized novels. Attention is concentrated on the textually small, the fleeting yet potent uses of the term deployed by nineteenth-century novelists writing in a mass cultural medium with a local and global reach. The findings offer up a relational and multidimensional picture of the term aggregated from the textually small, as it plays out in relation to class, gender, the city, the four nations of the UK, the British Empire and the wider world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to foster debate on the treatment of vocabulary related to climate change and environmental sustainability in online English lexicography and, thus, to contribute to the development of an area of great academic interest in Linguistics from a metalexicographic perspective, this paper investigates the language of the climate emergency in three Oxford online English dictionaries, namely the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (OALD), and "powered by Oxford Languages" Google's English Dictionary. The rationale behind this research lies in the special attention recently paid by lexicographers at Oxford University Press to this evolving area of language, an interest which manifested itself first in 2019, when the phrase climate emergency was named the Oxford Word of the Year and the entire shortlist was chosen exclusively from climate-related language, and secondly, in 2021 when the editors of the historical OED embarked on a research project which led to the October 2021 update, with almost 100 revised and new climate-related entries and senses added to the dictionary. What attracted lexicographers' attention was the prominence of climate vocabulary in written and spoken communication and the dramatic increase in more emotive and strategic language applied to this global issue. Accordingly, with a descriptive and comparative approach, this pilot study examines a sample of lemmas representing this language development in Oxford research and shows whether and how the three dictionaries record and mirror the sense of urgency, or the tell it like it is strategy characterising people's language choices for their respective target users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) lists 1571 as the year of the first recorded use of the English word 'masculinity'; the Ancient Greek α ˘ ν δ ρ ϵ ι ´ α ¯ (andreia), usually translated as 'courage', was also used to refer to manliness. The notion of manliness or masculinity is undoubtedly older still. Yet, despite this seeming familiarity, not only is the notion proving to be highly elusive, its understanding by the society being in a constant flux, but is also one which is at the root of bitter division and confrontation, and which has tangible and far-reaching real-world effects. At the same time, while masculinity has been attracting an increasing amount of attention in academia, the large body of published work seldom goes to the very foundations of the issue, failing to explicitly and with clarity reach a consensus as to how masculinity ought to be understood. Herein, I critique the leading contemporary thought, showing it to be poorly conceived and confounded, and often lacking in substance which would raise it to the level of the actionable and constructive. Hence, I propose an alternative view which is void of the observed deficiencies, and discuss how its adoption would facilitate a conciliation between the currently warring factions, focusing everybody's efforts on addressing the actual ethical, deconfounded of specious distractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This book review discusses "Argument structure in flux: The development of impersonal constructions in Middle and Early Modern English, with special reference to verbs of desire" by Noelia Castro-Chao. The book examines the changes in argument structure in the English language, specifically the decline of impersonal constructions, using a Construction Grammar framework and quantitative corpus linguistics methods. It analyzes data from the Oxford English Dictionary, the Middle English Dictionary, and the Early English Books Online database. The book aims to fill a gap in the literature by exploring the factors that led to the decline of impersonal constructions and the patterns that replaced them in Early Modern English. Chapters 6, 7, and 8 focus on the diachronic development of complementation patterns for the verbs lust, long, and thirst, showing a decrease in clausal realizations and an increase in zero complements for lust, an increase in prepositional complements for thirst, and prepositional complements becoming the most frequent pattern for long. The study contributes to our understanding of the history of English and challenges Jespersen's reanalysis hypothesis. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores datasets curated from the citation evidence in successive editions and revisions of the Oxford English Dictionary (1884–2022), which have been annotated to reflect the gender of the authors and other bibliographical metadata. This exploration aims both to supplement the historical account of the dictionary's uses of female-authored quotation sources, correcting and elaborating some figures which have previously been reported, and to provide a contemporary account of women's representation in OED Online , using the revision published in June 2022. In seeking to establish a more objective and empirical basis for judging 'representativeness', I treat the OED both as a self-contained bibliographical and lexicographical work, and comparatively, against other comprehensive or very large bibliographical corpora, namely the Garside et al. surveys of early English novels, the Library of Congress Catalog, and the HathiTrust Digital Library. The OED data studied here represents a significant (if restricted) subset, rather than a representative sample, of the OED corpus as a whole: modern (post-1700) quotations from books appearing with their author's name in the OED evidence are considered. While this approach does not claim to make an objectively complete tally of every woman-authored quotation collected in the OED, it does enable a more detailed and accurate account than has previously been possible, and allows for a number of consistent cross-comparisons. A companion document of Supplementary Data & Notes , available at The Review of English Studies online, describes in technical terms how the data was compiled and the processes and principles by which it was annotated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detailed study of individual lexemes can open up interesting angles on the cultural underpinnings needed for the understanding of linguistic history. This paper surveys that element of Scots vocabulary that has been flagged as derived, even if at several removes, from Arabic. To do so, it draws primarily on the materials supplied by the Dictionaries of the Scots Language and the Oxford English Dictionary, supplemented by wider contextual analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Philologist / Filolog: Journal of Language, Literary & Cultural Studies is the property of University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Philology / Univerzitet u Banjoj Luci, Filoloski Fakultet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The unprecedented enlargement of the English lexicon in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries included a conspicuous group of new compounds with 'self' as the first element. After only a handful of such compounds in Middle English, nearly 150 were coined in the sixteenth century, and then an astonishing 600 or so in the seventeenth (approaching half of all such compounds recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary). This sudden obsession with one compounded element is unparalleled in English lexical history. It signals a very significant conceptual and ideological shift, one which we might expect to herald modernity's positive emphasis on subjectivity and individuality. However, these compounds came into being to express not the potentiality and value of individual experience but deep anxiety and wariness about ‐ even loathing and castigation of ‐ the self as the primary tool of Satan: Adam and Eve fell though becoming 'selfists'. This paper explores this disquiet through discussion of a range of such compounds recorded in OED from Puritan texts, to conclude that they articulated not a growing confidence in the self and encouragement to self‐reliance and self‐realisation, but a drive towards self‐abnegation and subjection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented enlargement of the English lexicon in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries included a conspicuous group of new compounds with 'self' as the first element. After only a handful of such compounds in Middle English, nearly 150 were coined in the sixteenth century, and then an astonishing 600 or so in the seventeenth (approaching half of all such compounds recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary). This sudden obsession with one compounded element is unparalleled in English lexical history. It signals a very significant conceptual and ideological shift, one which we might expect to herald modernity's positive emphasis on subjectivity and individuality. However, these compounds came into being to express not the potentiality and value of individual experience but deep anxiety and wariness about ‐ even loathing and castigation of ‐ the self as the primary tool of Satan: Adam and Eve fell though becoming 'selfists'. This paper explores this disquiet through discussion of a range of such compounds recorded in OED from Puritan texts, to conclude that they articulated not a growing confidence in the self and encouragement to self‐reliance and self‐realisation, but a drive towards self‐abnegation and subjection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the etymology and evolving meanings of the term "twee," as documented in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Topics include the term's historical usage and its transition from "sweet" to a more pejorative sense of being overly dainty or precious, the phonetic origins and influences surrounding "twee," and the potential connections to miniaturized aesthetics and specialized tools.

Translating terminology and newly coined expressions is a daunting challenge for technical translators. Translation of such words or phrases between, e.g. Chinese and English has received little help from dictionaries. With this as motivation, this study explores four methods by analysing results from an experiment with search engines as a retrieval tool for tackling such translation tasks. Specifically, taking 700 new terminologies from The Oxford English Dictionary as the research objects, this study experimentally examines the four terminology translation extraction methods. For each method, the effectiveness is assessed. This article finds that template-based and dictionary-based translation extraction methods have the highest accuracy rates of 86 and 89%, respectively. The semantic prediction search method proves to be the most flexible with the highest retrieval rate of 95%, although its results are not always accurate. Based on the results, this study proposes a model for quantitatively and qualitatively verifying the accuracy of translation results obtained from search engines. The quantitative analysis examines the use frequency of all translations obtained, while the qualitative analysis looks into their contexts. These findings have implications for translating, via search engine retrieval tools, terminology between other language pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical novelist Lyndsay Faye pilfered Hemingway's 1918 correspondence for slang usages that would definitively locate the characters in her 2019 book, The Paragon Hotel, in the late nineteen-teens, rather than have the novel's dialogue bleed into usages more common in the high-Jazz Age. Crossreferencing text from the novel with Hemingway's 1918 correspondence collected in the Hemingway Letters Project, then comparing the results against entries from the Oxford English Dictionary and the New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, shows the complex relationship between the voices of the Faye's characters--particularly the novel's narrator--and the young Ernest Hemingway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED3) incorporates a new approach to the pronunciation sections of combining form and affix entries. Headword-level pronunciations are replaced by statements pertaining to typical stress patterns and vowel reduction, while thousands of lemmas contained within these entries receive British and American pronunciations for the first time. Accounting for the four different structures of current OED combining form and affix entries, the integration of pronunciation information is tailored to supply the user with an appropriate and useful level of information in each case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I investigate whether there is a systematic relation in present-day English between words of the form Xify and those of the form Xific (e.g., terrify and terrific). Data gathered from the Oxford English Dictionary Online (OEDO) do not support any such relation. The same method does support positing a systematic relation among the sets Xification, Xificatory, and Xificative. More generally, the OEDO is shown to be a useful tool for investigating the morphology of patterns borrowed into English from other languages, notably French and Latin, in order to discover which apparent patterns are viable in the language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lexikos is the property of Bureau of the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lexikos is the property of Bureau of the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper focuses on English taboo vocabulary concerning female anatomy as represented in lexicography. It examines the Oxford English Dictionary and its many biases and subjectivity concerning gender, among other things. The analysis considers the three editions of the dictionary, the diachronic evolution of taboo words, how these have been defined in the OED, and tabooing practices like euphemism or dysphemism. Results show how linguistic censorship promotes the creation of highly inventive new expressions and sheds light on the culture(s) that enforce the use of taboo words and the ideologies behind their inevitably selective representation in lexicography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Epos is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) developed a 'Working Definition of Antisemitism' in 2016. Whilst the definition has received a significant amount of media attention, we are not aware of any comprehensive philosophical analysis. This article analyses this definition. We conclude that the definition and its list of examples ought to be rejected. The urgency to do so stems from the fact that pro-Israel activists can and have mobilised the IHRA document for political goals unrelated to tackling antisemitism, notably to stigmatise and silence critics of the Israeli government. This causes widespread self-censorship, has an adverse impact on freedom of speech, and impedes action against the unjust treatment of Palestinians. We also identify intrinsic problems in the way the definition refers to criticism of Israel similar 'to that leveled against any other country', ambiguous wording about 'the power of Jews as a collective', lack of clarity as to the Jewish people's 'right to self-determination', and its denial of obvious racism. We consider alternative definitions and prefer one like the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) definition, 'hostility to or prejudice against Jews', with the addition of the words 'as Jews'. We recognise that the Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism (JDA) can play a useful purpose in illustrating the shortcomings of the IHRA definition. However, we do not advocate promoting it as the prime international definition. Indeed, we question the efficacy of using complex new definitions to combat racism against Jews or other groups, and instead advocate combatting it through collective action across societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the temporal labels and other specifications of time affixed to twenty-five words in monolingual dictionaries of English. The selection of works studied includes learners', collegiate, and general-purpose dictionaries, both British and American. In addition, the treatment of the lexemes in the Oxford English Dictionary is noted. The analysis reveals some clear differences between the different types of dictionaries in the overall propensity to furnish temporal labels and other specifications of time. The terminology employed to convey such information varies from one group of dictionaries to another. There is also plenty of variation between the individual volumes inside each group. The target audience of the works examined varies, which explains some of the differences in the treatment of particular lexemes. In general, Osselton's calls for more consistent terminology in the labelling of old words, presented several decades ago, are still valid. The differences between the labels are not always clear, and the explanations in the front matter of the dictionary may be lacking or unhelpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I report on the predatory interaction of Peregrine Falcons and flocks of European Starlings in British Columbia, and I review the literature of raptors hunting starlings at their roost sites in Europe. A video analysis of peregrines attacking roosting flocks of starlings over Rome is compared to my long-term observations of peregrines hunting passerines and sandpipers in Canada. The results suggest that the starling murmurations are an anti-predator strategy. My observations, and a review of historical notes in the Oxford English Dictionary, show that the term murmuration was originally inspired by the chorus song of breeding starlings and that today's common use of that term to describe their roost site flights is a misnomer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is not the usual work on post-truth. It does not expose, assuming that there is a univocal concept of post-truth, how to avoid its danger. On the contrary, the paper attempts to question the very notion of post-truth. The procedure consists of a lexical-logical analysis and a hermeneutic synthesis of the definitions of "posttruth" in the most emblematic dictionaries of the English and Spanish languages. It studies, first, the unemotional pure reason of the OED, and, second, the naive intact realism of the DLE. The main conclusion is that the distinction between truth and post-truth is rhetorical-pragmatic, not ontological. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Oxford English Dictionary defines fulfilment as 'satisfaction or happiness as a result of fully developing one's potential or realizing one's aspirations; self‐fulfillment'. Not only has the idea of fulfilment underpinned 'approximately twenty centuries of philosophy' as Lefebvre notes, it plays an indispensable role in both popular and scholarly accounts of education and upbringing. Experiences of education, of upbringing and of 'life lessons', however, are so often not about the fulfilment of oneself, about the discovery and actualisation of one's full potential. Such experiences instead involve moments of sometimes irreparable failure and loss—a matter that has not received a great deal of attention in educational research and theory. After briefly examining the way that fulfilment is favourably framed both in humanistic psychology and in neo‐humanist Bildungstheorie, this paper considers some of the exceptions to the nearly ubiquitous identification of education with fulfilment: Arthur Schopenhauer's view of the irrationality of human (developmental) experience and Ludwig Wittgenstein's use of the term 'conditioning' (Abrichtung) in some of his accounts of learning and socialisation. We then focus on failure and loss in education through an overview of the pedagogical theory of O.F. Bollnow. Bollnow, as is gradually being recognised in English‐language scholarship, saw moments of uncertainty, disorientation and above all crisis as indispensable in educational experience—for both student and teacher. In this way, we show that instead of being the pursuit of self‐fulfilment, education is unavoidably a matter of difficulty, disruption and also failure. It reshapes us, and this reshaping can be seen as being as much about formation as it is about deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the origin of the phrase "my two cents' worth" which means giving a piece of advice whether welcome or not. Topics include the figurative usage of the phrase beginning in the Early Modern period according to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), a depreciative sense in which the modifiers "two cent" and "two penny" were commonly employed, and the figurative use of "two cents' worth" by the U.S. Treasury Department in 1864.

Copyright of Actas de Diseño is the property of Facultad de Diseno y Comunicacion, Fundacion Universidad de Palermo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The meanings of words sometimes shift towards those of similar-sounding words. For example, expunge is etymologically related to puncture but now connotes "wiping away," and according to the Oxford English Dictionary, this shift "is probably influenced by phonetic association with sponge." However, evidence for such form-based semantic shifts is anecdotal. We therefore conducted two experiments where participants learned novel words in sentence contexts (e.g., The boss embraiched the team's proposal, so they had to start over) and applied the inferred meanings to ambiguous sentences by providing ratings on a 7-point scale (e.g., Carol embraiched Gerald. How pleased was Gerald?). The inferred meanings of novel words that are spelt like existing words (e.g., embraich, like embrace) shifted towards the meanings of those existing words, relative to control novel words learned in identical contexts (e.g., fline; participants rated Gerald as more pleased to be embraiched than to be flined). These experiments provide the first evidence that newly learned words can indeed undergo form-based semantic shifts. We propose that shifts like these occur during word learning, when words activate rather than inhibit similar-sounding words, and we discuss why they seem to be more common in low-frequency words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws on previous work on word geography in Northern Middle English and Early Modern English, which has made use of English monolingual sources, and, for the first time, applies it to the vocabulary present in multilingual texts whose matrix language is Medieval Latin, in this case, the Durham Account Rolls (DAR). Taking a database of c. 380 lexical items culled from the DAR as its basis, it proposes a taxonomy for the study of northern vernacular vocabulary on the grounds of different kinds of evidence: orthographic (words exhibiting northern orthography), textual (words recorded in northern manuscripts), semantic (words for northern concepts) and diachronic development (words established as northern in later forms of English). It highlights the role of dictionaries such as the OED, MED and DOST in constructing our understanding of what is meant by ‘northern’ and emphasises how often it might be essential to revise the lexicographical labels of these dictionaries. More importantly, it underscores the potential of multilingual texts in enlarging the body of historical sources, traditionally in monolingual English, used for lexicographical and lexicological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article traces the origin of the 16th to 18th-century underclass slang word autem mort which means married woman. Topics include the definition of the word in the "Oxford English Dictionary," the early lexicographer's description of autem mort, the first element of autem mort for which the OED has a very limited commentary, and the origin of the term from Old Norse murta or small trout or other fish.

The article explores the terms used to express public cries in Medieval languages in Great Britain. Topics discussed include the meaning of the term "havoc" in the modern era according to the "Oxford English Dictionary," attestation of the medieval use of the crying havoc, the resemblance between the Old English "heafoc" and the Anglo-French "havoc," and the use of the term "hack" pertaining to the idea of controlled access to the supply of food.

According to the Oxford English Mini Dictionary, the term ‘outsider’ refers to a person who does not belong to a particular group (Soanes 390). Due to several reasons like ideology, belief, practice someone may differ from others and such person can be found surrounding us. Those people are often placed outside from a particular group and ignored most of the time in a normal society. From psychoanalytical point of view, some people may undergo certain psychological issues which force them to lead a different life from the rest. In the novel The French Lieutenant’s Woman by John Fowles in 1969 several instances can be found in relation to psychoanalytical criticism. The present paper aims to study the novel The French Lieutenant’s Woman, from psychoanalytical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information related to "Honky-Tonk: Lexicogenesis and Etymology" by William Sayers, which appeared in the periodical "ANQ" on March 2022. Topic includes on the electronic edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, carry a side-bar that states when the commentary was last updated. Just where editorial revisions have been introduced is not indicated, although a smaller font used after basic etymological information suggests recent additions.

That Richard Baxter was a prolific author is well known but not that he was also, and perhaps unexpectedly given the haste with which he wrote, closely attentive to words and their meanings. This essay examines this neglected aspect of his career and, on the basis chiefly of the evidence available in the Oxford English Dictionary, demonstrates for the first time just how extensive a contribution he made to the development of the English lexicon, among the most significant of any seventeenth-century author. He is the first recorded user of over 200 words, the majority of which may be supposed his coinages, and in addition he was the first to use another 100 or more in specific senses, many of them still current. His concern for semantic accuracy and his lexical inventiveness is set in the contexts of: the period's general preoccupation with denotative precision; Baxter's ecumenical mission; and his distrust as a 'mere Christian' of linguistic formulae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Placed at the interface between metalexicography and gender studies, this short article discusses issues concerning gender representations in present-day dictionaries. Evoking recent controversies regarding the representation of gender-related terms such as "cisgender" or "woman" in The Oxford English Dictionary, the essay goes on to discuss the prescriptive/descriptive opposition concerning lexicographical representations, taking its cue from previous approaches, which suggest re-envisaging the prescriptive/descriptive dyad as a continuum (Straaijer, 2009; Wilton 2014), or replacing this traditional binary model with a nonbinary approach (Nossem, 2018; Turton, 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translators faced unusual and surprising linguistic challenges in keeping the original element of the J. K. Rowling's style in the Harry Potter series. Our paper focuses on the impact of the British writer's story by highlighting the subtle puns and hidden clues in her made-up words that have gone "beyond the book" and even leapt into the Oxford English Dictionary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents etymological observations on some number terms. Topics include the origin of the word zero according to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the origin of the word love as a numeral, and an explanation for an arbitrary or humorous alteration to the word zillion which is first recorded in 1944.