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Purpose: Small choroidal melanocytic lesions have a low rate of metastasis and can be reasonably managed with surveillance until they demonstrate evidence of growth or clinical risk factors for melanoma. However, even choroidal nevi are not stationary, with many exhibiting slow growth over time. We sought to quantify the growth rates of indeterminate choroidal lesions that were initially observed prior to a clinical diagnosis of melanoma., Methods: A single-center retrospective study was performed of patients diagnosed with choroidal melanoma based upon clinical characteristics who were initially followed for indeterminate lesions over at least 6 months. Subjects were included if they had a minimum of two B-scan ultrasound measurements prior to the visit at which melanoma was diagnosed. Demographic and tumor characteristics were collected from the medical record. Growth rates were calculated as the change in lesion thickness in mm per month and were recorded at 6-month intervals; ultrasound measurements less than 1 month apart were excluded. The characteristics of indeterminate lesions with faster versus slower growth rates prior to melanoma diagnosis were compared., Results: Fifty-four patients met inclusion criteria. The mean age at melanoma diagnosis was 67.4 years, and 53.7% were female. Subjects had a median of four B-scan ultrasound measurements prior to melanoma diagnosis (range 2-19) and were followed for a median of 40.6 months (range 9.9-138.0 months). The mean lesion thickness was 1.4 mm (range 0.5-2.2 mm) at presentation, and increased to 2.3 mm (range 1.5-5.7 mm) at melanoma diagnosis. The mean growth rate did not exceed 0.021 mm/month (95% CI: 0.004-0.039; equivalent to 0.25 mm/year) for indeterminate lesions, but increased to 0.057 mm/month (95% CI: 0.043-0.071 mm/month; equivalent to 0.68 mm/year) at the time of melanoma diagnosis. Rapidly growing lesions had a greater tumor thickness and shorter duration of observation at the time of melanoma diagnosis., Conclusion: For most indeterminate choroidal lesions eventually diagnosed as melanoma, the lesion thickness was relatively stable for a period of time, then rose significantly between the penultimate visit and the final visit. These findings confirm the recommendation for continued monitoring of suspicious choroidal lesions, as the growth rate may accelerate just prior to melanoma diagnosis. Lesions with a mean growth rate of up to 0.25 mm/year were observed, whereas lesions clinically determined to have transformed into melanoma demonstrated a mean growth rate of 0.68 mm/year. These values provide a baseline for future studies and potential therapies directed at stabilizing or reducing the growth of indeterminate choroidal lesions or small choroidal melanomas. Limitations of this study include its retrospective nature and reliance on clinical diagnostic criteria., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: To compare outcomes in a large patient cohort with small-medium tumors located within 1 disc diameter (DD) of the optic nerve and/or fovea treated with 50 Gy or 70 Gy proton therapy., Design: Retrospective cohort study., Subjects: A total of 1120 patients with uveal melanomas ≤ 15 mm in largest basal diameter, ≤ 5 mm in height, located within 1 DD of the optic nerve and/or fovea, who received primary treatment with protons between 1975 and 2016 at Massachusetts Eye and Ear/Massachusetts General Hospital., Methods: The rates of outcomes were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Differences between the radiation dose groups were tested using the log-rank test., Main Outcome Measures: Local tumor recurrence, melanoma-related mortality, and visual acuity preservation (≥ 20/200, ≥ 20/40)., Results: Local tumor recurrence was observed in 1.8% of the 50 Gy group and 1.5% of the 70 Gy group. The median time to recurrence was 30.7 months for patients treated with 50 Gy and 32.0 months for those treated with 70 Gy (P = 0.28). Five-year rates of vision retention (≥20/40, ≥ 20/200) were 19.4% and 49.3% for patients treated with 50 Gy and 16.4% and 40.7% in those treated with 70 Gy. Ten-year rates of melanoma-related mortality were 8.4% in the 50 Gy group and 8.9% in the 70 Gy group (P = 0.47)., Conclusions: Comparable rates of local control are achieved treating small-medium tumors near the optic nerve and/or fovea with 50 Gy or 70 Gy proton therapy, supporting the use of the lower dose in patients with these tumor characteristics., (Copyright © 2022 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aims: To assess treatment outcomes after proton beam irradiation (PBI) without surgical localisation of uveal melanomas involving the iris, ciliary body and anterior choroid., Methods: Retrospective chart review of 125 patients evaluated at Massachusetts Eye and Ear and treated with PBI using a light field set-up without localisation surgery between November 1975 and April 2017. The tumours were characterised as follows: iris (n=18, 14.4%), ciliary body (n=12, 9.6%), iridociliary (n=58, 46.4%), ciliochoroidal (n=24, 19.2%) and iridociliochoroidal (n=13, 10.4%). The tumours were measured by transillumination and ultrasonography before treatment. Tumours with posterior margin located less than two disc diameters from the ora serrata were treated using the light field technique. Patient outcomes after PBI were evaluated., Results: Most patients had good vision at the time of tumour diagnosis (69.6% had baseline visual acuity (VA) of ≥20/40). Median VA at last follow-up (median follow-up: 72.1 months) was 20/63. Recurrences occurred in 12 patients (9.6%) at a median time of 4.0 years post-treatment. Recurrences were treated by repeat PBI (n=5) or enucleation (n=7). Secondary enucleation was performed in 18 patients (14.4%), and 61.1% of these were due to complications. Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) developed in 21 patients (16.8%). Of seven patients who developed NVG after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies became available, five were treated with intravitreal Avastin injections (23.8% of patients with NVG). Of 69 patients diagnosed with cataract after treatment, 51 (73.9%) were characterised as radiation-related. Death from metastatic uveal melanoma occurred in 20.8% of the cohort, with a median follow-up of 10.1 years., Conclusions: Patients treated with PBI using a light field set-up technique experience good outcomes after irradiation. Eye preservation and retention of good VA are seen in the majority of cases, and tumour recurrence is low., Competing Interests: Competing interests: IKK: Novartis; Castle Biosciences; Biophytis; Kodak. ESG: Astellas Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Aura Pharmaceuticals; Valeant. HS: UpToDate (writer); Radiosurgery Society (Board of Directors); Cleveland Clinic (expert testimony); prIME Oncology (Educational Symposium Speaker)., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

To frame the substantial prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) as a 'Modern Preventable Pandemic' (MPP) and present certain replicable policy lessons from the COVID-19 crisis to address it. A literature and policy review was performed to analyze data about the COVID-19 and T2D pandemics to establish their multi-factorial health, social, and economic impacts. With the global prevalence of T2D tripling in the last two decades, T2D has become an MPP largely due to modifiable human behaviors. Certain successful elements of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic provide important lessons that can be adapted for the growing T2D MPP. With proper education and access to resources, it is possible to mitigate the T2D MPP through focused government policies as illustrated by many of the lessons of the COVID-19 pandemic response. Without such government intervention, the T2D MPP will continue to grow at an unsustainable pace with enormous health, social and economic implications. Immediate action is necessary. The scale of the T2D pandemic warrants a robust response in health policy as outlined through eight coordinated efforts; the lessons of the COVID-19 crisis should be studied and applied to the T2D MPP., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2021 The Author(s).)

Purpose: The diagnosis of iris melanoma can be difficult, with no established diagnostic criteria currently available. Careful monitoring of patients with suspicious iris lesions is one approach to managing these tumors. We determined the risk of malignant transformation and melanoma-related mortality in patients under observation to evaluate the validity of this management approach., Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of patients with suspicious iris lesions diagnosed at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (MEE) between 1975 and 2014. All patients with an initial diagnosis of suspicious iris lesion followed and/or treated after malignant transformation at the MEE in this 39-year period were included in the cohort. Rates of malignant transformation and melanoma-related mortality were calculated. Treatment outcomes after proton beam irradiation were evaluated in patients who developed iris melanomas during observation., Results: Two hundred thirty-four patients had a diagnosis of suspicious iris lesion (median follow-up, 5.8 years). Malignant transformation occurred in 16 (6.8%) patients with suspicious lesions during the observation period (median follow-up, 9.9 years). All patients diagnosed with iris melanomas were treated with proton beam irradiation (PBI). Complications after treatment included cataract (18.8%), secondary glaucoma (6.3%), and neovascular glaucoma (12.5%). Two of 16 patients (12.5%) who developed iris melanomas died of metastatic melanoma 32.6 months and 10 years after treatment with PBI. Both cases had been followed regularly to monitor for malignant transformation of their suspicious lesions (8.2 years and 3.2 years before melanoma diagnosis, respectively)., Conclusions: These data suggest that suspicious iris lesions have low malignant potential, and a conservative approach to the management of these lesions is appropriate. Survival does not appear to be compromised with an observational approach, and there is potential for preservation of good visual function because vision-threatening treatments can be avoided.