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In this study, density functional theory (DFT) within generalized gradient approximation (GGA) as implemented in Quantum ESPRESSO package has been employed. The structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of single Vanadium atom (V)-doped germanene monolayer have been investigated. The doping is carried out in 2x2x1 supercell with 32 atoms which gives around 3.12% doping concentration. The results revealed that single V atom doped Germanene monolayer induced both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic behavior with total magnetic moment of about 0.77 μB and 1.95 μB respectively. Also the behavior of the pristine germanene remains unaffected by the single V doping. The stability of the doped system are investigated by calculating cohesive and binding energies. These results are in good agreement with many reported results in case of both graphene and silicene. It’s also suggested that, the single V-doped germanene monolayer can support the quantum anomalous Hall effect, which has significant potential for spintronic applications. Keyword: Density Functional Theory (DFT), Generalized Gradient Approximation (GGA), Structural, Electronic and Magnetic Properties, Doping, Germanene Monolayer

Spinel LiMn2O4 offers a potentially attractive alternative to the commercialized LiCoO2 because of its low cost, non-toxicity, good rate performance and superior safety, but experiences severe capacity fading as a result of Jahn-Teller cubic phase transition to unstable tetragonal phase especially when operated at elevated temperature (>55oC). Among the various techniques carried out to overcome these setbacks is doping with cations to raise the oxidation state of Mn thereby decreasing the amount of unstable Mn3+. This study focuses on the investigation of the structural and electronic properties of Cu2+ doped LiMn2O4 using ab-initio computational method. The structural properties of both un-doped LiMn2O4 and Cu2+ doped LiMn2O4 were collectively obtained using both generalized gradient approximation (GGA) employing pseudo-potentials, plane wave basis sets and XcryDen. From the electronic properties of undoped LiMn2O4, it was revealed that in LiMn2O4, only Mn3+ ions contribute to conduction, even though Mn3+ ions and Mn4+ ions exist together. Increasing the number of Mn3+ brings it a unique challenge of instability. Due to this instability, avoiding the Mn3+ state of manganese prevents Jahn-teller distortion, resulting in a reduced phase transition. Based on the results from the first-principles calculation of Cu2+ doped LiMn2O4, the Cu valence in doped spinel LiCu0.25Mn0.75O4 is Cu2+ at a fully lithiated state. When half of the Li ions are extracted, the Cu2+ ions oxidized to Cu3+ ions. Since Cu2+ is a di-valent element, the dopant act as electrochemically active centres for valence change, leaving two trivalent ions to only take on +4 oxidation states stably, thus increasing Mn-O bonding strength which ultimately suppressed Jahn-Teller distortions. However, previous studies show that Cu2+ substitution shrinks the lattice because the ionic radius of Cu2+ is smaller than that of the host Mn3+ ions, thereby the reversible capacity of Cu-doped spinel may be reduced as Cu ions can only provide one electron per ion.

Joshua Owolabi1,2 1Department of Anatomy, University of Global Health Equity, Butaro, Rwanda; 2Department of Anatomy, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, NigeriaCorrespondence: Joshua Owolabi, Department of Anatomy, University of Global Health Equity, Butaro, Rwanda, Tel +234-80-6488-4305, Email jowolabi@ughe.orgAbstract: Drug epidemiology basically involves the methodical study of the incidence, distribution, and impact of drug or substance abuse in populations and associated factors with a view to proffering solutions or interventions. Drug epidemiology has significantly evolved over the years. The nature of substances that are being used or abused has also drastically evolved, just as the factors that are associated are also evolving. Populations appear to have observable trends or patterns and characteristic underlying factors that are primarily responsible for the trends. Unfortunately, there have not been adequate efforts to appreciate the evolutions that have characterized the patterns of drug or substance abuse or the factors that are responsible for these trends. This is also because drug epidemiology has arguably not been given the attention that it probably deserves worldwide. Judging by recent developments and data on prevalence, drug epidemiology warrants significant attention. This article provides insights into drug epidemiology, not just as a concept but a subject of public and global health, and health equity. It also highlights challenges and matters arising in drug epidemiology, sheds light on contemporary issues, and attempts to suggest solutions. Finally, it advocates for policies and practices that are in line with global realities and trends.Keywords: drug epidemiology, substance abuse, mental health, global health, equity

Joshua Owolabi,1 Robert Ojiambo,2 Daniel Seifu,3 Arlene Nishimwe,4 Ornella Masimbi,5 Chinonso Emmanuel Okorie,6 Darlene Ineza,4 Abebe Bekele7 1Department of Anatomy, Division of Basic Medical Science, University of Global Health Equity, Butaro, Rwanda; 2Department of Physiology, Division of Basic Medical Science, University of Global Health Equity, Butaro, Rwanda; 3Department of Biochemistry, Division of Basic Medical Science, University of Global Health Equity, Butaro, Rwanda; 4Division of Basic Medical Science, University of Global Health Equity, Butaro, Rwanda; 5The UGHE Simulation Centre, University of Global Health Equity, Butaro, Rwanda; 6Doctors without Borders, Brussels, Belgium; 7School of Medicine, University of Global Health Equity, Butaro, RwandaCorrespondence: Joshua Owolabi, Department of Anatomy, Division of Basic Medical Science, University of Global Health Equity, Butaro, Rwanda, Tel +250 781164365, Email jowolabi@ughe.orgBackground: This article presents a qualitative study of African anatomists and anatomy teachers on the Anatomage Table–a modern medical education technology and innovation, as an indicator of African anatomy medical and anatomy educators’ acceptance of EdTech. The Anatomage Table is used for digital dissection, prosection, functional anatomy demonstration, virtual simulation of certain functions, and interactive digital teaching aid.Materials and Methods: Anatomy teachers [n=79] from 11 representative African countries, Ghana, Nigeria [West Africa], Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda [East Africa], Namibia [South Africa], Zambia [Southern Africa], Egypt [North Africa], and Sudan [Central Africa], participated in this study. Focus group discussions [FGDs] were set up to obtain qualitative information from stakeholders from representative institutions. In addition, based on the set criteria, selected education leaders and stakeholders in representative institutions participated in In-depth Interviews [IDIs]. The interview explored critical issues concerning their perceptions about the acceptance, adoption, and integration of educational technology, specifically, the Anatomage Table into the teaching of Anatomy and related medical sciences in the African continent. Recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed using the Dedoose software.Results: African anatomists are generally technology inclined and in favor of EdTech. The most recurring opinion was that the Anatomage Table could only be a “complementary teaching tool to cadavers” and that it “can’t replace the real-life experience of cadavers.” Particularly, respondents from user institutions opined that it “complements the traditional cadaver-based approaches” to anatomy learning and inquiry, including being a good “complement for cadaveric skill lab” sessions. Compared with the traditional cadaveric dissections a majority also considered it less problematic regarding cultural acceptability and health and safety-related concerns. The lifelikeness of the 3D representation is a major factor that drives acceptability.Keywords: anatomy, Anatomage, educational technology, medical education, innovations, Africa

Joshua Owolabi Anatomy Department, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Global Health Equity, Butaro, RwandaCorrespondence: Joshua Owolabi, Email jowolabi@ughe.orgAbstract: The ASIC [adaptation, standardisation, integration and compliance] framework was developed to set the standard for the use of innovations and technologies in medical education. There is a need to develop frameworks and reference guides for educational technologies [EdTechs] and innovations, noting that EdTechs are becoming increasingly important to the delivery of medical education. The ASIC framework as previously published presents four major tenets including: adaptation, standardisation, integration and compliance. The operational matrix is now developed and presented in this article. Each tenet of the ASIC framework has key requirements or questions that the user of an EdTech or educational innovation should address. Each question represents a key requirement to be satisfied by the user of the EdTech to satisfy the ASIC tenets. Each question is also equally weighted as every other one. The matrix has 12 key questions, representing 12 key requirements. The results measurement can either be a fraction of 12 or a percentage. As a requirement, the minimum score under each category is 2 out of 3; ideally, optimisation of an educational innovation or technology requires that all boxes are checked in the affirmative. However, a minimum of 2 out of 3 in every category would indicate a minimum score or threshold. This effort is in line with previous and ongoing efforts to ensure that educational technologies and innovation that are deployed to deliver medical education are adapted for optimal performance, standardised for the use of training, integrated into the medical education delivery system, and compliant with professional, institutional, and regulatory standards.Keywords: innovation, technology, medical education, ASIC, framework, operational matrix, adaptation, standardisation, integration, compliance

Joshua Owolabi Department of Anatomy, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Global Health Equity, Butaro, Burera, RwandaCorrespondence: Joshua OwolabiDepartment of Anatomy, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Global Health Equity, Butaro, Burera, RwandaTel +250 781164365Email jowolabi@ughe.orgAbstract: Educational technologies are becoming important and integral to medical education and practice more than ever before. The scope and appreciation for digital medicine is also widening. No thanks to the covid-19 induced restrictions including physical distancing and lockdown measures, which has changed the mode of educational delivery in many climes. Technology became a major avenue for sustaining medical education and practice. However, what this has also revealed is the heterogeneity in the deployment of technologies and educational innovations based on factors that are linked but not limited to human and system factors. There is currently no generally accepted framework to guide the use of medical education technologies and innovations in the teaching of human anatomy to medical and allied health students. The current framework attempts to provide a framework that could work for various medical education systems, centred on four key considerations: adaptation, standardization, integration, and compliance. In this article, the ASIC framework is presented, illustrated, and succinctly discussed.Keywords: anatomy, education, technology, innovation, adaptation, standardization, integration, compliance

Caffeine, nicotine, and MDMA are generally referred to as psychoactive substances which contain chemical substances that change the function of the brain and result in alteration of mood, perception, consciousness, cognition, or behavior. These substances are both rewarding and positively reinforcing which indicates a potential for inducing addiction. The hippocampus is an important part of the brain whose primary function is learning and memory. This study aimed to investigate the impact of combining caffeine, nicotine, and MDMA on the hippocampus of Wistar rats. A total of 32 Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of eight animals. Group A served as the control and received normal saline (2 ml/kg.bw). Group B received a combination of caffeine (100 mg/kg) and nicotine (50 mg/kg), Group C received a combination of caffeine (100 mg/kg) and MDMA (10 mg/kg), and Group D received a combination of nicotine (50 mg/kg) and MDMA (10 mg/kg). The administration of substances continued for a duration of 21 days. The result showed that there was a significant increase in the level of neurotransmitters, Neuroarchitecture using different staining techniques and neurostructural changes were observed on the hippocampus, especially in the dentate gyrus across the co-administered groups. The coadministration of caffeine, nicotine, and MDMA did not cause any extensive hippocampal degeneration or localized neurodegeneration, however, there was an increase in the number of cells in the dentate gyrus which suggested a possible neurogenesis. Neurobehavioural analysis showed impairment in learning and memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Kratzer‐Fues potential is coupled with its self to form a double Kratzer‐Fues potential. The solutions of the radial Schrödinger equation with the combined potential are obtained via two different methodologies. Using the supersymmetric approach, the energy equation for a non‐approximated centrifugal term is obtained. The energy equation for the approximated centrifugal term is obtained using the parametric Nikiforov‐Uvarov method. Numerical results are computed for five molecules using MATLAB software program. The computed numerical values are compared with the experimental values and the ground state energy obtained from Herzberg's energy level equation. The study revealed that the results of the approximated centrifugal term are better than the results of the non‐approximated centrifugal term for four molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper briefly describes the analytical and experimental utilizations of data generated from plant (wonderful kola seeds), natural resources (distilled water), organic material (iron chloride salt) and plant-mediated synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles in a bid to understudy their applications and economic relevance. The data extrapolated from the characterization phase were theoretically, chemically and statistically analyzed as a result of comparison with other data set obtained from relatively published articles or journals, which are in line with nuclear applications and energy generation. The data (generated from the experimental procedure) were converted to energy calibrated values in Mega-electron Volt (MeV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]