209 results on '"Owen CG"'
Search Results
2. Retinal microvascular associations with cardiometabolic risk factors differ by diabetes status: results from the UK Biobank
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Tapp, RJ, Owen, CG, Barman, SA, Strachan, DP, Welikala, RA, Foster, PJ, Whincup, PH, Rudnicka, AR, and UK Biobank Eyes and Vision Consortium
- Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of the study was to examine the association of retinal vessel morphometry with BP, body composition and biochemistry, and to determine whether these associations differ by diabetes status. METHODS: The UK Biobank ocular assessment included 68,550 participants aged 40-70 years who underwent non-mydriatic retinal photography, BP and body composition measurements, and haematological analysis. A fully automated image analysis program provided measurements of retinal vessel diameter and tortuosity. The associations between retinal vessel morphology and cardiometabolic risk factors by diabetes status were examined using multilevel linear regression, to provide absolute differences in vessel diameter and percentage differences in tortuosity (allowing for within-person clustering). RESULTS: A total of 50,233 participants (a reduction from 68,550) were included in these analyses. Overall, those with diabetes had significantly more tortuous venules and wider arteriolar diameters compared with those without. Associations between venular tortuosity and cardiometabolic risk factors differed according to diabetes status (p interaction
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- 2022
3. Foveal Curvature and Its Associations in UK Biobank Participants
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Olvera-Barrios, A, Kihara, Y, Wu, Y, N Warwick, A, Müller, PL, Williams, KM, Rudnicka, AR, Owen, CG, Lee, AY, Egan, C, Tufail, A, and UK Biobank Eyes and Vision Consortium
- Abstract
Purpose: To examine whether sociodemographic, and ocular factors relate to optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived foveal curvature (FC) in healthy individuals. Methods: We developed a deep learning model to quantify OCT-derived FC from 63,939 participants (age range, 39-70 years). Associations of FC with sociodemographic, and ocular factors were obtained using multilevel regression analysis (to allow for right and left eyes) adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, height (model 1), visual acuity, spherical equivalent, corneal astigmatism, center point retinal thickness (CPRT), intraocular pressure (model 2), deprivation (Townsend index), higher education, annual income, and birth order (model 3). Fovea curvature was modeled as a z-score. Results: Males had on average steeper FC (0.077; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.077-0.078) than females (0.068; 95% CI 0.068-0.069). Compared with whites, non-white individuals showed flatter FC, particularly those of black ethnicity. In black males, -0.80 standard deviation (SD) change when compared with whites (95% CI -0.89, -0.71; P 5.2e10-68). In black females, -0.70 SD change when compared with whites (95% CI -0.77, -0.63; p 2.3e10-93). Ocular factors (visual acuity, refractive status, and CPRT) showed a graded inverse association with FC that persisted after adjustment. Macular curvature showed a positive association with FC. Income showed a linear trend increase in males (P for linear trend = 0.005). Conclusions: We demonstrate marked differences in FC with ethnicity on the largest cohort studied for this purpose to date. Ocular factors showed a graded association with FC. Implementation of FC quantification in research and on the clinical setting can enhance the understanding of clinical macular phenotypes in health and disease.
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- 2022
4. Association of ambient air pollution with age-related macular degeneration and retinal thickness in UK Biobank
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Chua, SYL, Warwick, A, Peto, T, Balaskas, K, Moore, AT, Reisman, C, Desai, P, Lotery, AJ, Dhillon, B, Khaw, PT, Owen, CG, Khawaja, AP, Foster, PJ, Patel, PJ, and UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium
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genetic structures ,sense organs ,eye diseases - Abstract
AIM: To examine the associations of air pollution with both self-reported age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and in vivo measures of retinal sublayer thicknesses. METHODS: We included 115 954 UK Biobank participants aged 40-69 years old in this cross-sectional study. Ambient air pollution measures included particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Participants with self-reported ocular conditions, high refractive error (< -6 or > +6 diopters) and poor spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) image were excluded. Self-reported AMD was used to identify overt disease. SD-OCT imaging derived photoreceptor sublayer thickness and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) layer thickness were used as structural biomarkers of AMD for 52 602 participants. We examined the associations of ambient air pollution with self-reported AMD and both photoreceptor sublayers and RPE layer thicknesses. RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, people who were exposed to higher fine ambient particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter
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- 2022
5. OP39 Reassessing patterns and time trends in body mass index in black african and south asian children between 2007 and 2013: the national child measurement programme
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Hudda, MT, Nightingale, CM, Donin, AS, Owen, CG, Rudnicka, AR, Wells, JCK, Rutter, H, Cook, DG, and Whincup, PH
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- 2017
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6. Effect of ethnicity and other sociodemographic factors on attendance at diabetic eye screening: a 12-month retrospective cohort study
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Olvera-Barrios, A, Seltene, M, Heeren, TFC, Chambers, R, Bolter, L, Tufail, A, Owen, CG, Rudnicka, AR, Egan, C, and Anderson, J
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OBJECTIVES: To examine the association of sociodemographic characteristics with attendance at diabetic eye screening in a large ethnically diverse urban population. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Screening visits in the North East London Diabetic Eye Screening Programme (NELDESP). PARTICIPANTS: 84 449 people with diabetes aged 12 years or older registered in the NELDESP and scheduled for screening between 1 April 2017 and 31 March 2018. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Attendance at diabetic eye screening appointments. RESULTS: The mean age of people with diabetes was 60 years (SD 14.2 years), 53.4% were men, 41% South Asian, 29% White British and 17% Black; 83.4% attended screening. Black people with diabetes had similar levels of attendance compared with White British people. However, South Asian, Chinese and 'Any other Asian' background ethnicities showed greater odds of attendance compared with White British. When compared with their respective reference group, high levels of deprivation, younger age, longer duration of diabetes and worse visual acuity, were all associated with non-attendance. There was a higher likelihood of attendance per quintile improvement in deprivation (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.08), with increasing age (OR per decade, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.19), with better visual acuity (OR per Bailey-Lovie chart line 1.12; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.14) and with longer time of NELDESP registration (OR per year, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.03). CONCLUSION: Ethnic differences in diabetic eye screening uptake, though small, are evident. Despite preconceptions, a higher likelihood of screening attendance was observed among Asian ethnic groups when compared with the White ethnic group. Poorer socioeconomic profile was associated with higher likelihood of non-attendance for screening. Further work is needed to understand how to target individuals at risk of non-attendance and reduce inequalities.
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- 2021
7. Use of Static Cutoffs of Hypertension to Determine High cIMT in Children and Adolescents: An International Collaboration Study
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Yang, L, Whincup, PH, López-Bermejo, A, Caserta, CA, Muniz Medeiros, CC, Kollias, A, Pacifico, L, Reinehr, T, Litwin, M, Owen, CG, Bassols, J, Romeo, EL, Almeida Ramos, TD, Stergiou, GS, Zhao, M, Xargay-Torrent, S, Amante, A, Estrela, TM, Grammatikos, E, Wang, M, Prats-Puig, A, Franklin de Carvalho, D, Carreras-Badosa, G, de Oliveira Simões, M, Mas-Pares, B, Shui, W, Deanfield, JE, Magnussen, CG, Xi, B, and International Childhood Vascular Structure Evaluation Consortium
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pediatric hypertension is typically defined as blood pressure ≥ sex-, age-, and height-specific 95th percentile (high) cutoffs. Given the number of strata, there are hundreds of cutoffs for defining elevated and high blood pressure that make it cumbersome to use in clinical practice. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of the static cutoffs for pediatric hypertension (120/80 mm Hg for children and 130/80 mm Hg for adolescents) in determining high carotid intimamedia thickness (cIMT) in children and adolescents. METHODS: Data were from 6 population-based cross-sectional studies in Brazil, China, Greece, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. A total of 4280 children and adolescents, aged 6 to 17 years, were included. High cIMT was defined as cIMT ≥ sex-, age- and cohort-specific 90th percentile cutoffs. RESULTS: Compared with normal blood pressure, hypertension defined using the percentile-based cutoffs from 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics guideline, and the static cutoffs were associated with similar higher odds for high cIMT (percentile-based cutoffs: odds ratio [OR], 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-1.86; static cutoffs: OR, 1.65, 95% CI, 1.25-2.17), after adjustment for sex, age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting blood glucose. The similar utility of 2 definitions in determining high cIMT was further confirmed by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and net reclassification improvement methods (P for difference > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Static cutoffs (120/80 mm Hg for children, 130/80 mm Hg for adolescents) performed similarly compared with percentile-based cutoffs in determining high cIMT, supporting the use of static cutoffs in identifying pediatric hypertension in clinical practice.
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- 2020
8. Association Between Polygenic Risk Score and Risk of Myopia
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Mojarrad, NG, Plotnikov, D, Williams, C, Guggenheim, JA, Aslam, T, Barman, SA, Barrett, JH, Bishop, P, Blows, P, Bunce, C, Carare, RO, Chakravarthy, U, Chan, M, Chua, SYL, Crabb, DP, Cumberland, PM, Day, A, Desai, P, Dhillon, B, Dick, AD, Egan, C, Ennis, S, Foster, P, Fruttiger, M, Gallacher, JEJ, Garway-Heath, DF, Gibson, J, Gore, D, Hammond, CJ, Hardcastle, A, Harding, SP, Hogg, RE, Hysi, P, Keane, PA, Khaw, SPT, Khawaja, AP, Lascaratos, G, Lotery, AJ, Macgillivray, T, Mackie, S, Martin, K, McGaughey, M, McGuinness, B, Mckay, GJ, McKibbin, M, Mitry, D, Moore, T, Morgan, JE, Muthy, ZA, O'Sullivan, E, Owen, CG, Patel, P, Paterson, E, Peto, T, Petzold, A, Rahi, JS, Rudnikca, AR, Self, J, Sivaprasad, S, Steel, D, Stratton, I, Strouthidis, N, Sudlow, C, Thomas, D, Trucco, E, Tufail, A, Vitart, V, Vernon, SA, Viswanathan, AC, Williams, K, Woodside, JV, Yates, MM, Yip, J, Zheng, Y, Mojarrad, NG, Plotnikov, D, Williams, C, Guggenheim, JA, Aslam, T, Barman, SA, Barrett, JH, Bishop, P, Blows, P, Bunce, C, Carare, RO, Chakravarthy, U, Chan, M, Chua, SYL, Crabb, DP, Cumberland, PM, Day, A, Desai, P, Dhillon, B, Dick, AD, Egan, C, Ennis, S, Foster, P, Fruttiger, M, Gallacher, JEJ, Garway-Heath, DF, Gibson, J, Gore, D, Hammond, CJ, Hardcastle, A, Harding, SP, Hogg, RE, Hysi, P, Keane, PA, Khaw, SPT, Khawaja, AP, Lascaratos, G, Lotery, AJ, Macgillivray, T, Mackie, S, Martin, K, McGaughey, M, McGuinness, B, Mckay, GJ, McKibbin, M, Mitry, D, Moore, T, Morgan, JE, Muthy, ZA, O'Sullivan, E, Owen, CG, Patel, P, Paterson, E, Peto, T, Petzold, A, Rahi, JS, Rudnikca, AR, Self, J, Sivaprasad, S, Steel, D, Stratton, I, Strouthidis, N, Sudlow, C, Thomas, D, Trucco, E, Tufail, A, Vitart, V, Vernon, SA, Viswanathan, AC, Williams, K, Woodside, JV, Yates, MM, Yip, J, and Zheng, Y
- Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Myopia is a leading cause of untreatable visual impairment and is increasing in prevalence worldwide. Interventions for slowing childhood myopia progression have shown success in randomized clinical trials; hence, there is a need to identify which children would benefit most from treatment intervention. OBJECTIVES: To examine whether genetic information alone can identify children at risk of myopia development and whether including a child's genetic predisposition to educational attainment is associated with improved genetic prediction of the risk of myopia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Meta-analysis of 3 genome-wide association studies (GWAS) including a total of 711 984 individuals. These were a published GWAS for educational attainment and 2 GWAS for refractive error in the UK Biobank, which is a multisite cohort study that recruited participants between January 2006 and October 2010. A polygenic risk score was applied in a population-based validation sample examined between September 1998 and September 2000 (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children [ALSPAC] mothers). Data analysis was performed from February 2018 to May 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) in analyses for predicting myopia, using noncycloplegic autorefraction measurements for myopia severity levels of less than or equal to -0.75 diopter (D) (any), less than or equal to -3.00 D (moderate), or less than or equal to -5.00 D (high). The predictor variable was a polygenic risk score (PRS) derived from genome-wide association study data for refractive error (n = 95 619), age of onset of spectacle wear (n = 287 448), and educational attainment (n = 328 917). RESULTS: A total of 383 067 adults aged 40 to 69 years from the UK Biobank were included in the new GWAS analyses. The PRS was evaluated in 1516 adults aged 24 to 51 years from the ALSPAC mothers cohort. The PRS had an AUROC of 0.67 (95%
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- 2020
9. Associations of Retinal Microvascular Diameters and Tortuosity With Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness: United Kingdom Biobank
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Tapp, RJ, Owen, CG, Barman, SA, Welikala, RA, Foster, PJ, Whincup, PH, Strachan, DP, Rudnicka, AR, and UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium
- Abstract
To examine the baseline associations of retinal vessel morphometry with blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness in United Kingdom Biobank. The United Kingdom Biobank included 68 550 participants aged 40 to 69 years who underwent nonmydriatic retinal imaging, BP, and arterial stiffness index assessment. A fully automated image analysis program (QUARTZ [Quantitative Analysis of Retinal Vessel Topology and Size]) provided measures of retinal vessel diameter and tortuosity. The associations between retinal vessel morphology and cardiovascular disease risk factors/outcomes were examined using multilevel linear regression to provide absolute differences in vessel diameter and percentage differences in tortuosity (allowing within person clustering), adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, clinic, body mass index, smoking, and deprivation index. Greater arteriolar tortuosity was associated with higher systolic BP (relative increase, 1.2%; 95% CI, 0.9; 1.4% per 10 mmHg), higher mean arterial pressure, 1.3%; 0.9, 1.7% per 10 mmHg, and higher pulse pressure (PP, 1.8%; 1.4; 2.2% per 10 mmHg). Narrower arterioles were associated with higher systolic BP (-0.9 µm; -0.94, -0.87 µm per 10 mmHg), mean arterial pressure (-1.5 µm; -1.5, -1.5 µm per 10 mmHg), PP (-0.7 µm; -0.8, -0.7 µm per 10 mmHg), and arterial stiffness index (-0.12 µm; -0.14, -0.09 µm per ms/m2). Associations were in the same direction but marginally weaker for venular tortuosity and diameter. This study assessing the retinal microvasculature at scale has shown clear associations between retinal vessel morphometry, BP, and arterial stiffness index. These observations further our understanding of the preclinical disease processes and interplay between microvascular and macrovascular disease.
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- 2019
10. Patterns of childhood body mass index (BMI), overweight and obesity in South Asian and black participants in the English National child measurement programme: effect of applying BMI adjustments standardising for ethnic differences in BMI-body fatness associations
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Hudda, MT, Nightingale, CM, Donin, AS, Owen, CG, Rudnicka, AR, Wells, JCK, Rutter, H, Cook, DG, and Whincup, PH
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Male ,Pediatric Obesity ,Pediatric Original Article ,Body Weight ,Black People ,Overweight ,Body Mass Index ,Cohort Studies ,Adipose Tissue ,Asian People ,England ,Child, Preschool ,Humans ,Female ,Child - Abstract
BACKGROUND: The National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) records weight and height and assesses overweight-obesity patterns in English children using body mass index (BMI), which tends to underestimate body fatness in South Asian children and overestimate body fatness in Black children of presumed African ethnicity. Using BMI adjustments to ensure that adjusted BMI was similarly related to body fatness in South Asian, Black and White children, we reassessed population overweight and obesity patterns in these ethnic groups in NCMP. METHODS: Analyses were based on 2012-2013 NCMP data in 582 899 children aged 4-5 years and 485 362 children aged 10-11 years. Standard centile-based approaches defined weight status in each age group before and after applying BMI adjustments for English South Asian and Black children derived from previous studies using the deuterium dilution method. FINDINGS: Among White children, overweight-obesity prevalences (boys, girls) were 23% and 21%, respectively, in 4-5 year olds and 33% and 30%, respectively, in 10-11 year olds. Before adjustment, South Asian children had lower overweight-obesity prevalences at 4-5 years (19%, 19%) and slightly higher prevalences at 10-11 years (42%, 34%), whereas Black children had higher overweight-obesity prevalences both at 4-5 years (31%, 29%) and 10-11 years (42%, 45%). Following adjustment, overweight-obesity prevalences were markedly higher in South Asian children both at 4-5 years (39%, 35%) and at 10-11 years (52%, 44%), whereas Black children had lower prevalences at 4-5 years (11%, 12%); at 10-11 years, prevalences were slightly lower in boys (32%) but higher in girls (35%). INTERPRETATION: BMI adjustments revealed extremely high overweight-obesity prevalences among South Asian children in England, which were not apparent in unadjusted data. In contrast, after adjustment, Black children had lower overweight-obesity prevalences except among older girls. FUNDING: British Heart Foundation, NIHR CLAHRC (South London), NIHR CLAHRC (North Thames).
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- 2018
11. Ethnic differences in carotid intima media thickness and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity are present in UK children
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Whincup, PH, Nightingale, CM, Rapala, A, Joysurry, DJ, Prescott, MH, Donald, AE, Ellins, EA, Donin, AS, Masi, S, Owen, CG, Rudnicka, AR, Sattar, N, Cook, DG, and Deanfield, JE
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- 2011
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12. Adiposity and cardiometabolic risk markers among Indian children: comparison with Indian and white European children in the UK
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Nightingale, CM, Krishnaveni, GV, Rudnicka, AR, Owen, CG, Veena, SR, Hill, JC, Cook, DG, Fall, CHD, and Whincup, PH
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- 2011
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13. Associations between markers of childhood body composition and type 2 diabetes in adulthood
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Hudda, MT, Aarestrup, J, Owen, CG, Cook, DG, Sørensen, TIA, Rudnicka, AR, Baker, JL, Whincup, PH, and Nightingale, CM
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- 2019
14. Prevalence of overweight and obesity and associations with socioeconomic indicators: the study of health and activity among adolescents in Kuwait
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Rey-López, JP, Hashem, R, Hamer, M, McMunn, A, Whincup, PH, Owen, CG, and Stamatakis, E
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Kuwait is one of the Arab countries with the highest prevalence of overweight or obesity. However, few studies have described the prevalence of obesity in this country. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Kuwaiti adolescents; and to examine the association of overweight and obesity status with familial socioeconomic status (SES).\ud METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 591 adolescent students (47% boys, median age: 16 years) from the Study of Health and Activity among Adolescents in Kuwait in 2012 and 2013. Body weight status was determined using the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) body mass index standards. SES was based on parental education. Odds ratio for overweight and obesity were calculated using multiple logistic regression.\ud RESULTS: In our study, over half of the adolescents were overweight or obese 54.3% (95% CI: 49.9-58.4). The prevalence of overweight (including obesity) was higher in boys (59.8%, 95% CI: 54.3-66.3) than girls (49.2%, 95% CI: 43.5-54.8). No association between parental education and the risk of overweight/obesity was found.\ud CONCLUSIONS: There is an alarmingly high rate of overweight/obesity among Kuwaiti adolescents, but we did not find evidence of a social gradient in obesity risk. Urgent actions are needed to reverse this epidemic across all social groups.
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- 2019
15. Associations with photoreceptor thickness measures in the UK Biobank
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Chua, SYL, Dhillon, B, Aslam, T, Balaskas, K, Yang, Q, Keane, PA, Tufail, A, Reisman, C, Foster, PJ, Patel, PJ, Bishop, P, Barman, SA, Barrett, JH, Blows, P, Bunce, C, Carare, RO, Chakravarthy, U, Chan, M, Crabb, DP, Cumberland, PM, Day, A, Desai, P, Sudlow, C, Dick, AD, Egan, C, Ennis, S, Fruttiger, M, Gallacher, JEJ, Garway-Heath, DF, Gibson, J, Gore, D, Guggenheim, JA, Hammond, CJ, Hardcastle, A, Harding, SP, Hogg, RE, Hysi, P, Khaw, SPT, Khawaja, AP, Lascaratos, G, Lotery, AJ, Macgillivray, T, Mackie, S, Martin, K, Mcgaughey, M, Mcguinness, B, Mckay, GJ, Mckibbin, M, Mitry, D, Moore, T, Morgan, JE, Muthy, ZA, O'Sullivan, E, Owen, CG, Paterson, E, Peto, T, Petzold, A, Rahi, JS, Rudnicka, AR, Self, J, Sivaprasad, S, Steel, D, Stratton, I, Strouthidis, N, Thaung, C, Thomas, D, Trucco, E, Vitart, V, Vernon, SA, Viswanathan, AC, Williams, C, Williams, K, Woodside, J, Yates, MM, Yip, J, Zheng, Y, Tapp, R, Chua, SYL, Dhillon, B, Aslam, T, Balaskas, K, Yang, Q, Keane, PA, Tufail, A, Reisman, C, Foster, PJ, Patel, PJ, Bishop, P, Barman, SA, Barrett, JH, Blows, P, Bunce, C, Carare, RO, Chakravarthy, U, Chan, M, Crabb, DP, Cumberland, PM, Day, A, Desai, P, Sudlow, C, Dick, AD, Egan, C, Ennis, S, Fruttiger, M, Gallacher, JEJ, Garway-Heath, DF, Gibson, J, Gore, D, Guggenheim, JA, Hammond, CJ, Hardcastle, A, Harding, SP, Hogg, RE, Hysi, P, Khaw, SPT, Khawaja, AP, Lascaratos, G, Lotery, AJ, Macgillivray, T, Mackie, S, Martin, K, Mcgaughey, M, Mcguinness, B, Mckay, GJ, Mckibbin, M, Mitry, D, Moore, T, Morgan, JE, Muthy, ZA, O'Sullivan, E, Owen, CG, Paterson, E, Peto, T, Petzold, A, Rahi, JS, Rudnicka, AR, Self, J, Sivaprasad, S, Steel, D, Stratton, I, Strouthidis, N, Thaung, C, Thomas, D, Trucco, E, Vitart, V, Vernon, SA, Viswanathan, AC, Williams, C, Williams, K, Woodside, J, Yates, MM, Yip, J, Zheng, Y, and Tapp, R
- Abstract
Spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) provides high resolution images enabling identification of individual retinal layers. We included 32,923 participants aged 40-69 years old from UK Biobank. Questionnaires, physical examination, and eye examination including SD-OCT imaging were performed. SD OCT measured photoreceptor layer thickness includes photoreceptor layer thickness: inner nuclear layer-retinal pigment epithelium (INL-RPE) and the specific sublayers of the photoreceptor: inner nuclear layer-external limiting membrane (INL-ELM); external limiting membrane-inner segment outer segment (ELM-ISOS); and inner segment outer segment-retinal pigment epithelium (ISOS-RPE). In multivariate regression models, the total average INL-RPE was observed to be thinner in older aged, females, Black ethnicity, smokers, participants with higher systolic blood pressure, more negative refractive error, lower IOPcc and lower corneal hysteresis. The overall INL-ELM, ELM-ISOS and ISOS-RPE thickness was significantly associated with sex and race. Total average of INL-ELM thickness was additionally associated with age and refractive error, while ELM-ISOS was additionally associated with age, smoking status, SBP and refractive error; and ISOS-RPE was additionally associated with smoking status, IOPcc and corneal hysteresis. Hence, we found novel associations of ethnicity, smoking, systolic blood pressure, refraction, IOPcc and corneal hysteresis with photoreceptor thickness.
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- 2019
16. Multi-trait genome-wide association study identifies new loci associated with optic disc parameters
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Bonnemaijer, PWM, van Leeuwen, EM, Iglesias, AI, Gharahkhani, P, Vitart, V, Khawaja, AP, Simcoe, M, Hoehn, R, Cree, AJ, Igo, RP, Burdon, KP, Craig, JE, Hewitt, AW, Jonas, J, Khor, C-C, Pasutto, F, Mackey, DA, Mitchell, P, Mishra, A, Pang, C, Pasquale, LR, Springelkamp, H, Thorleifsson, G, Thorsteinsdottir, U, Viswanathan, AC, Wojciechowski, R, Wong, T, Young, TL, Zeller, T, Atan, D, Aslam, T, Barman, SA, Barrett, JH, Bishop, P, Blows, P, Bunce, C, Carare, RO, Chakravarthy, U, Chan, M, Chua, SYL, Crabb, DP, Cumberland, PM, Day, A, Desai, P, Dhillon, B, Dick, AD, Egan, C, Ennis, S, Foster, P, Fruttiger, M, Gallacher, JEJ, Garway, DF, Gibson, J, Gore, D, Guggenheim, JA, Hardcastle, A, Harding, SP, Hogg, RE, Keane, PA, Khaw, PT, Lascaratos, G, Macgillivray, T, Mackie, S, Martin, K, McGaughey, M, McGuinness, B, Mckay, GJ, McKibbin, M, Mitry, D, Moore, T, Morgan, JE, Muthy, ZA, O'Sullivan, E, Owen, CG, Patel, P, Paterson, E, Peto, T, Petzold, A, Rahi, JS, Rudnikca, AR, Self, J, Sivaprasad, S, Steel, D, Stratton, I, Strouthidis, N, Sudlow, C, Thomas, D, Trucco, E, Tufail, A, Vernon, SA, Williams, C, Williams, K, Woodside, JV, Yates, MM, Yip, J, Zheng, Y, Allingham, R, Budenz, D, Bailey, JC, Fingert, J, Gaasterland, D, Gaasterland, T, Haines, JL, Hark, L, Hauser, M, Kang, JH, Kraft, P, Lee, R, Lichter, P, Liu, Y, Moroi, S, Pericak, M, Realini, A, Rhee, D, Richards, JR, Ritch, R, Scott, WK, Singh, K, Sit, A, Vollrath, D, Weinreb, R, Wollstein, G, Wilmer, DZ, Gerhold-Ay, A, Nickels, S, Wilson, JF, Hayward, C, Boutin, TS, Polasek, O, Aung, T, Khor, CC, Amin, N, Lotery, AJ, Wiggs, JL, Cheng, C-Y, Hysi, PG, Hammond, CJ, Thiadens, AAHJ, MacGregor, S, Klaver, CCW, van Duijn, CM, Bonnemaijer, PWM, van Leeuwen, EM, Iglesias, AI, Gharahkhani, P, Vitart, V, Khawaja, AP, Simcoe, M, Hoehn, R, Cree, AJ, Igo, RP, Burdon, KP, Craig, JE, Hewitt, AW, Jonas, J, Khor, C-C, Pasutto, F, Mackey, DA, Mitchell, P, Mishra, A, Pang, C, Pasquale, LR, Springelkamp, H, Thorleifsson, G, Thorsteinsdottir, U, Viswanathan, AC, Wojciechowski, R, Wong, T, Young, TL, Zeller, T, Atan, D, Aslam, T, Barman, SA, Barrett, JH, Bishop, P, Blows, P, Bunce, C, Carare, RO, Chakravarthy, U, Chan, M, Chua, SYL, Crabb, DP, Cumberland, PM, Day, A, Desai, P, Dhillon, B, Dick, AD, Egan, C, Ennis, S, Foster, P, Fruttiger, M, Gallacher, JEJ, Garway, DF, Gibson, J, Gore, D, Guggenheim, JA, Hardcastle, A, Harding, SP, Hogg, RE, Keane, PA, Khaw, PT, Lascaratos, G, Macgillivray, T, Mackie, S, Martin, K, McGaughey, M, McGuinness, B, Mckay, GJ, McKibbin, M, Mitry, D, Moore, T, Morgan, JE, Muthy, ZA, O'Sullivan, E, Owen, CG, Patel, P, Paterson, E, Peto, T, Petzold, A, Rahi, JS, Rudnikca, AR, Self, J, Sivaprasad, S, Steel, D, Stratton, I, Strouthidis, N, Sudlow, C, Thomas, D, Trucco, E, Tufail, A, Vernon, SA, Williams, C, Williams, K, Woodside, JV, Yates, MM, Yip, J, Zheng, Y, Allingham, R, Budenz, D, Bailey, JC, Fingert, J, Gaasterland, D, Gaasterland, T, Haines, JL, Hark, L, Hauser, M, Kang, JH, Kraft, P, Lee, R, Lichter, P, Liu, Y, Moroi, S, Pericak, M, Realini, A, Rhee, D, Richards, JR, Ritch, R, Scott, WK, Singh, K, Sit, A, Vollrath, D, Weinreb, R, Wollstein, G, Wilmer, DZ, Gerhold-Ay, A, Nickels, S, Wilson, JF, Hayward, C, Boutin, TS, Polasek, O, Aung, T, Khor, CC, Amin, N, Lotery, AJ, Wiggs, JL, Cheng, C-Y, Hysi, PG, Hammond, CJ, Thiadens, AAHJ, MacGregor, S, Klaver, CCW, and van Duijn, CM
- Abstract
A new avenue of mining published genome-wide association studies includes the joint analysis of related traits. The power of this approach depends on the genetic correlation of traits, which reflects the number of pleiotropic loci, i.e. genetic loci influencing multiple traits. Here, we applied new meta-analyses of optic nerve head (ONH) related traits implicated in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG); intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness using Haplotype reference consortium imputations. We performed a multi-trait analysis of ONH parameters cup area, disc area and vertical cup-disc ratio. We uncover new variants; rs11158547 in PPP1R36-PLEKHG3 and rs1028727 near SERPINE3 at genome-wide significance that replicate in independent Asian cohorts imputed to 1000 Genomes. At this point, validation of these variants in POAG cohorts is hampered by the high degree of heterogeneity. Our results show that multi-trait analysis is a valid approach to identify novel pleiotropic variants for ONH.
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- 2019
17. Cohort profile: design and methods in the eye and vision consortium of UK Biobank
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Chua, SYL, Thomas, D, Allen, N, Lotery, A, Desai, P, Patel, P, Muthy, Z, Sudlow, C, Peto, T, Khaw, PT, Foster, PJ, Aslam, T, Barman, SA, Barrett, JH, Bishop, P, Blows, P, Bunce, C, Carare, RO, Chakravarthy, U, Chan, M, Crabb, DP, Cumberland, PM, Day, A, Dhillon, B, Dick, AD, Egan, C, Ennis, S, Foster, P, Fruttiger, M, Gallacher, JEJ, Garway-Heath, DF, Gibson, J, Gore, D, Guggenheim, JA, Hammond, CJ, Hardcastle, A, Harding, SP, Hogg, RE, Hysi, P, Keane, PA, Khawaja, AP, Lascaratos, G, Lotery, AJ, Gillivray, T, Mackie, S, Martin, K, McGaughey, M, McGuinness, B, McKay, GJ, McKibbin, M, Mitry, D, Moore, T, Morgan, JE, Muthy, ZA, O'Sullivan, E, Owen, CG, Paterson, E, Petzold, A, Rahi, JS, Rudnikca, AR, Self, J, Sivaprasad, S, Steel, D, Stratton, I, Strouthidis, N, Trucco, E, Tufail, A, Vitart, V, Vernon, SA, Viswanathan, AC, Williams, C, Williams, K, Woodside, JV, Yates, MM, Yip, J, Zheng, Y, Chua, SYL, Thomas, D, Allen, N, Lotery, A, Desai, P, Patel, P, Muthy, Z, Sudlow, C, Peto, T, Khaw, PT, Foster, PJ, Aslam, T, Barman, SA, Barrett, JH, Bishop, P, Blows, P, Bunce, C, Carare, RO, Chakravarthy, U, Chan, M, Crabb, DP, Cumberland, PM, Day, A, Dhillon, B, Dick, AD, Egan, C, Ennis, S, Foster, P, Fruttiger, M, Gallacher, JEJ, Garway-Heath, DF, Gibson, J, Gore, D, Guggenheim, JA, Hammond, CJ, Hardcastle, A, Harding, SP, Hogg, RE, Hysi, P, Keane, PA, Khawaja, AP, Lascaratos, G, Lotery, AJ, Gillivray, T, Mackie, S, Martin, K, McGaughey, M, McGuinness, B, McKay, GJ, McKibbin, M, Mitry, D, Moore, T, Morgan, JE, Muthy, ZA, O'Sullivan, E, Owen, CG, Paterson, E, Petzold, A, Rahi, JS, Rudnikca, AR, Self, J, Sivaprasad, S, Steel, D, Stratton, I, Strouthidis, N, Trucco, E, Tufail, A, Vitart, V, Vernon, SA, Viswanathan, AC, Williams, C, Williams, K, Woodside, JV, Yates, MM, Yip, J, and Zheng, Y
- Abstract
PURPOSE: To describe the rationale, methods and research potential of eye and vision measures available in UK Biobank. PARTICIPANTS: UK Biobank is a large, multisite, prospective cohort study. Extensive lifestyle and health questionnaires, a range of physical measures and collection of biological specimens are collected. The scope of UK Biobank was extended midway through data collection to include assessments of other measures of health, including eyes and vision. The eye assessment at baseline included questionnaires detailing past ophthalmic and family history, measurement of visual acuity, refractive error and keratometry, intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal biomechanics, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the macula and a disc-macula fundus photograph. Since recruitment, UK Biobank has collected accelerometer data and begun multimodal imaging data (including brain, heart and abdominal MRI) in 100 000 participants. Dense genotypic data and a panel of 20 biochemistry measures are available, and linkage to medical health records for the full cohort has begun. FINDINGS TO DATE: A total of 502 665 people aged between 40 and 69 were recruited to participate in UK Biobank. Of these, 117 175 took part in baseline assessment of vision, IOP, refraction and keratometry. A subgroup of 67 321 underwent OCT and retinal photography. The introduction of eye and vision measures in UK Biobank was accompanied by intensive training, support and a data monitoring quality control process. FUTURE PLANS: UK Biobank is one of the largest prospective cohorts worldwide with extensive data on ophthalmic diseases and conditions. Data collection is an ongoing process and a repeat of the baseline assessment including the questionnaires, measurements and sample collection will be performed in subsets of 25 000 participants every 2-3 years. The depth and breadth of this dataset, coupled with its open-access policy, will create a powerful resource for all researchers to inves
- Published
- 2019
18. Quantile regression analysis reveals widespread evidence for gene-environment or gene-gene interactions in myopia development
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Pozarickij, A, Williams, C, Hysi, PG, Guggenheim, JA, Aslam, T, Barman, SA, Barrett, JH, Bishop, P, Blows, P, Bunce, C, Carare, RO, Chakravarthy, U, Chan, M, Chua, SYL, Crabb, DP, Cumberland, PM, Day, A, Desai, P, Dhillon, B, Dick, AD, Egan, C, Ennis, S, Foster, P, Fruttiger, M, Gallacher, JEJ, Garway-Heath, DF, Gibson, J, Gore, D, Hammond, CJ, Hardcastle, A, Harding, SP, Hogg, RE, Keane, PA, Khaw, SPT, Khawaja, AP, Lascaratos, G, Lotery, AJ, Mac Gillivray, T, Mackie, S, Martin, K, McGaughey, M, McGuinness, B, McKay, GJ, McKibbin, M, Mitry, D, Moore, T, Morgan, JE, Muthy, ZA, O'Sullivan, E, Owen, CG, Patel, P, Paterson, E, Peto, T, Petzold, A, Rahi, JS, Rudnikca, AR, Self, J, Sivaprasad, S, Steel, D, Stratton, I, Strouthidis, N, Sudlow, C, Thomas, D, Trucco, E, Tufail, A, Vitart, V, Vernon, SA, Viswanathan, AC, Williams, K, Woodside, J, Yates, MM, Yip, J, Zheng, Y, Pozarickij, A, Williams, C, Hysi, PG, Guggenheim, JA, Aslam, T, Barman, SA, Barrett, JH, Bishop, P, Blows, P, Bunce, C, Carare, RO, Chakravarthy, U, Chan, M, Chua, SYL, Crabb, DP, Cumberland, PM, Day, A, Desai, P, Dhillon, B, Dick, AD, Egan, C, Ennis, S, Foster, P, Fruttiger, M, Gallacher, JEJ, Garway-Heath, DF, Gibson, J, Gore, D, Hammond, CJ, Hardcastle, A, Harding, SP, Hogg, RE, Keane, PA, Khaw, SPT, Khawaja, AP, Lascaratos, G, Lotery, AJ, Mac Gillivray, T, Mackie, S, Martin, K, McGaughey, M, McGuinness, B, McKay, GJ, McKibbin, M, Mitry, D, Moore, T, Morgan, JE, Muthy, ZA, O'Sullivan, E, Owen, CG, Patel, P, Paterson, E, Peto, T, Petzold, A, Rahi, JS, Rudnikca, AR, Self, J, Sivaprasad, S, Steel, D, Stratton, I, Strouthidis, N, Sudlow, C, Thomas, D, Trucco, E, Tufail, A, Vitart, V, Vernon, SA, Viswanathan, AC, Williams, K, Woodside, J, Yates, MM, Yip, J, and Zheng, Y
- Abstract
A genetic contribution to refractive error has been confirmed by the discovery of more than 150 associated variants in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Environmental factors such as education and time outdoors also demonstrate strong associations. Currently however, the extent of gene-environment or gene-gene interactions in myopia is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that refractive error-associated variants exhibit effect size heterogeneity, a hallmark feature of genetic interactions. Of 146 variants tested, evidence of non-uniform, non-linear effects were observed for 66 (45%) at Bonferroni-corrected significance (P < 1.1 × 10-4) and 128 (88%) at nominal significance (P < 0.05). LAMA2 variant rs12193446, for example, had an effect size varying from -0.20 diopters (95% CI -0.18 to -0.23) to -0.89 diopters (95% CI -0.71 to -1.07) in different individuals. SNP effects were strongest at the phenotype extremes and weaker in emmetropes. A parsimonious explanation for these findings is that gene-environment or gene-gene interactions in myopia are pervasive.
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- 2019
19. Screen-time is associated with adiposity and insulin resistance in children
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Nightingale, CM, Rudnicka, AR, Donin, AS, Sattar, N, Cook, DG, Whincup, PH, and Owen, CG
- Abstract
Background Higher screen time is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk in adults, but the association with T2D risk markers in children is unclear. We examined associations between self-reported screen time and T2D risk markers in children.\ud \ud Methods Survey of 4495 children aged 9–10 years who had fasting cardiometabolic risk marker assessments, anthropometry measurements and reported daily screen time; objective physical activity was measured in a subset of 2031 children.\ud \ud Results Compared with an hour or less screen time daily, those reporting screen time over 3 hours had higher ponderal index (1.9%, 95% CI 0.5% to 3.4%), skinfold thickness (4.5%, 0.2% to 8.8%), fat mass index (3.3%, 0.0% to 6.7%), leptin (9.2%, 1.1% to 18.0%) and insulin resistance (10.5%, 4.9% to 16.4%); associations with glucose, HbA1c, physical activity and cardiovascular risk markers were weak or absent. Associations with insulin resistance remained after adjustment for adiposity, socioeconomic markers and physical activity.\ud \ud Conclusions Strong graded associations between screen time, adiposity and insulin resistance suggest that reducing screen time could facilitate early T2D prevention. While these observations are of considerable public health interest, evidence from randomised controlled trials is needed to suggest causality.
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- 2017
20. Automated diabetic retinopathy image assessment software: diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness compared with human graders
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Tufail, A, Rudisill, C, Egan, C, Kapetanakis, VV, Salas-Vega, S, Owen, CG, Lee, A, Louw, V, Anderson, J, Liew, G, Bolter, L, Srinivas, S, Nittala, M, Sadda, S, Taylor, P, and Rudnicka, AR
- Subjects
RE Ophthalmology - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: With the increasing prevalence of diabetes, annual screening for diabetic retinopathy (DR) by expert human grading of retinal images is challenging. Automated DR image assessment systems (ARIAS) may provide clinically effective and cost-effective detection of retinopathy. We aimed to determine whether ARIAS can be safely introduced into DR screening pathways to replace human graders. DESIGN: Observational measurement comparison study of human graders following a national screening program for DR versus ARIAS. PARTICIPANTS: Retinal images from 20 258 consecutive patients attending routine annual diabetic eye screening between June 1, 2012, and November 4, 2013. METHODS: Retinal images were manually graded following a standard national protocol for DR screening and were processed by 3 ARIAS: iGradingM, Retmarker, and EyeArt. Discrepancies between manual grades and ARIAS results were sent to a reading center for arbitration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Screening performance (sensitivity, false-positive rate) and diagnostic accuracy (95% confidence intervals of screening-performance measures) were determined. Economic analysis estimated the cost per appropriate screening outcome. RESULTS: Sensitivity point estimates (95% confidence intervals) of the ARIAS were as follows: EyeArt 94.7% (94.2%-95.2%) for any retinopathy, 93.8% (92.9%-94.6%) for referable retinopathy (human graded as either ungradable, maculopathy, preproliferative, or proliferative), 99.6% (97.0%-99.9%) for proliferative retinopathy; Retmarker 73.0% (72.0 %-74.0%) for any retinopathy, 85.0% (83.6%-86.2%) for referable retinopathy, 97.9% (94.9%-99.1%) for proliferative retinopathy. iGradingM classified all images as either having disease or being ungradable. EyeArt and Retmarker saved costs compared with manual grading both as a replacement for initial human grading and as a filter prior to primary human grading, although the latter approach was less cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS: Retmarker and EyeArt systems achieved acceptable sensitivity for referable retinopathy when compared with that of human graders and had sufficient specificity to make them cost-effective alternatives to manual grading alone. ARIAS have the potential to reduce costs in developed-world health care economies and to aid delivery of DR screening in developing or remote health care settings.
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- 2017
21. Diagnosis of childhood obesity using BMI: potential ethicolegal implications and downstream effects: a response
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Simmonds, M, Llewellyn, A, Owen, CG, and Woolacott, N
- Published
- 2017
22. RF9 Does moving into social, intermediate and market-rent accommodation in east village (the former london 2012 olympic athletes village) improve self-rated mental health, well-being and neighbourhood perceptions? evaluation of a natural experiment
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Ram, B, primary, Rudnicka, AR, additional, Shankar, A, additional, Nightingale, CM, additional, Limb, ES, additional, Cummins, S, additional, Lewis, D, additional, Corti, BG, additional, Ellaway, A, additional, Cooper, AS, additional, Page, A, additional, Whincup, PH, additional, Cook, DG, additional, and Owen, CG, additional
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- 2018
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23. OP79 The effect of moving to east village (the former london 2012 olympic games athletes village) on physical activity and adiposity levels
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Nightingale, CM, primary, Ram, B, additional, Limb, ES, additional, Shankar, A, additional, Procter, D, additional, Cooper, AR, additional, Page, AS, additional, Clary, C, additional, Lewis, D, additional, Cummins, S, additional, Ellaway, A, additional, Giles-Corti, B, additional, Whincup, PH, additional, Rudnicka, AR, additional, Cook, DG, additional, and Owen, CG, additional
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- 2018
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24. Automated retinal image quality assessment on the UK Biobank dataset for epidemiological studies
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Welikala, RA, Fraz, MM, Foster, PJ, Whincup, PH, Rudnicka, AR, Owen, CG, Strachan, DP, Barman, SA, and UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium, UKBEVC
- Abstract
Morphological changes in the retinal vascular network are associated with future risk of many systemic and vascular diseases. However, uncertainty over the presence and nature of some of these associations exists. Analysis of data from large population based studies will help to resolve these uncertainties. The QUARTZ (QUantitative Analysis of Retinal vessel Topology and siZe) retinal image analysis system allows automated processing of large numbers of retinal images. However, an image quality assessment module is needed to achieve full automation. In this paper, we propose such an algorithm, which uses the segmented vessel map to determine the suitability of retinal images for use in the creation of vessel morphometric data suitable for epidemiological studies. This includes an effective 3-dimensional feature set and support vector machine classification. A random subset of 800 retinal images from UK Biobank (a large prospective study of 500,000 middle aged adults; where 68,151 underwent retinal imaging) was used to examine the performance of the image quality algorithm. The algorithm achieved a sensitivity of 95.33% and a specificity of 91.13% for the detection of inadequate images. The strong performance of this image quality algorithm will make rapid automated analysis of vascular morphometry feasible on the entire UK Biobank dataset (and other large retinal datasets), with minimal operator involvement, and at low cost.
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- 2016
25. Global variations and time trends in the prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG): a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Kapetanakis, VV, Chan, MP, Foster, PJ, Cook, DG, Owen, CG, and Rudnicka, AR
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genetic structures ,eye diseases - Abstract
Systematic review of published population based surveys to examine the relationship between primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) prevalence and demographic factors. A literature search identified population-based studies with quantitative estimates of POAG prevalence (to October 2014). Multilevel binomial logistic regression of log-odds of POAG was used to examine the effect of age and gender among populations of different geographical and ethnic origins, adjusting for study design factors. Eighty-one studies were included (37 countries, 216 214 participants, 5266 POAG cases). Black populations showed highest POAG prevalence, with 5.2% (95% credible interval (CrI) 3.7%, 7.2%) at 60 years, rising to 12.2% (95% CrI 8.9% to 16.6%) at 80 years. Increase in POAG prevalence per decade of age was greatest among Hispanics (2.31, 95% CrI 2.12, 2.52) and White populations (1.99, 95% CrI 1.86, 2.12), and lowest in East and South Asians (1.48, 95% CrI 1.39, 1.57; 1.56, 95% CrI 1.31, 1.88, respectively). Men were more likely to have POAG than women (1.30, 95% CrI 1.22, 1.41). Older studies had lower POAG prevalence, which was related to the inclusion of intraocular pressure in the glaucoma definition. Studies with visual field data on all participants had a higher POAG prevalence than those with visual field data on a subset. Globally 57.5 million people (95% CI 46.4 to 73.1 million) were affected by POAG in 2015, rising to 65.5 million (95% CrI 52.8, 83.2 million) by 2020. This systematic review provides the most precise estimates of POAG prevalence and shows omitting routine visual field assessment in population surveys may have affected case ascertainment. Our findings will be useful to future studies and healthcare planning.
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- 2016
26. OP39 Reassessing patterns and time trends in body mass index in black african and south asian children between 2007 and 2013: the national child measurement programme
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Hudda, MT, primary, Nightingale, CM, additional, Donin, AS, additional, Owen, CG, additional, Rudnicka, AR, additional, Wells, JCK, additional, Rutter, H, additional, Cook, DG, additional, and Whincup, PH, additional
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- 2017
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27. Body mass index in early and middle adult life: prospective associations with myocardial infarction, stroke and diabetes over a 30-year period: the British Regional Heart Study
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Owen, CG, Kapetanakis, VV, Rudnicka, AR, Wathern, AK, Lennon, L, Papacosta, O, Cook, DG, Wannamethee, SG, and Whincup, PH
- Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Adiposity in middle age is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes; less is known about the impact of adiposity from early adult life. We examined the effects of high body mass index (BMI) in early and middle adulthood on myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and diabetes risks. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: 7735 men with BMI measured in middle age (40-59 years) and BMI ascertained at 21 years from military records or participant recall. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: 30-year follow-up data for type 2 diabetes, MI and stroke incidence; Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the effect of BMI at both ages on these outcomes, adjusted for age and smoking status. RESULTS: Among 4846 (63%) men (with complete data), a 1 kg/m(2) higher BMI at 21 years was associated with a 6% (95% CI 4% to 9%) higher type 2 diabetes risk, compared with a 21% (95% CI 18% to 24%) higher diabetes risk for a 1 kg/m(2) higher BMI in middle age (hazard ratio (HR) 1.21, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.24). Higher BMI in middle age was associated with a 6% (95% CI 4% to 8%) increase in MI and a 4% (95% CI 1% to 7%) increase in stroke; BMI at 21 years showed no associations with MI or stroke risk. CONCLUSIONS: Higher BMI at 21 years of age is associated with later diabetes incidence but not MI or stroke, while higher BMI in middle age is strongly associated with all outcomes. Early obesity prevention may reduce later type 2 diabetes risk, more than MI and stroke.
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- 2015
28. Cohort profile: Examining Neighbourhood Activities in Built Living Environments in London: the ENABLE London - Olympic Park cohort
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Ram, B, Nightingale, CM, Hudda, MT, Kapetanakis, VV, Ellaway, A, Cooper, AR, Page, A, Lewis, D, Cummins, S, Giles-Corti, B, Whincup, PH, Cook, DG, Rudnicka, AR, Owen, CG, Ram, B, Nightingale, CM, Hudda, MT, Kapetanakis, VV, Ellaway, A, Cooper, AR, Page, A, Lewis, D, Cummins, S, Giles-Corti, B, Whincup, PH, Cook, DG, Rudnicka, AR, and Owen, CG
- Abstract
PURPOSE: The Examining Neighbourhood Activities in Built Living Environments in London (ENABLE London) project is a natural experiment which aims to establish whether physical activity and other health behaviours show sustained changes among individuals and families relocating to East Village (formerly the London 2012 Olympics Athletes' Village), when compared with a control population living outside East Village throughout. PARTICIPANTS: Between January 2013 and December 2015, 1497 individuals from 1006 households were recruited and assessed (at baseline) (including 392 households seeking social housing, 421 seeking intermediate and 193 seeking market rent homes). The 2-year follow-up rate is 62% of households to date, of which 57% have moved to East Village. FINDINGS TO DATE: Assessments of physical activity (measured objectively using accelerometers) combined with Global Positioning System technology and Geographic Information System mapping of the local area are being used to characterise physical activity patterns and location among study participants and assess the attributes of the environments to which they are exposed. Assessments of body composition, based on weight, height and bioelectrical impedance, have been made and detailed participant questionnaires provide information on socioeconomic position, general health/health status, well-being, anxiety, depression, attitudes to leisure time activities and other personal, social and environmental influences on physical activity, including the use of recreational space and facilities in their residential neighbourhood. FUTURE PLANS: The main analyses will examine the changes in physical activity, health and well-being observed in the East Village group compared with controls and the influence of specific elements of the built environment on observed changes. The ENABLE London project exploits a unique opportunity to evaluate a 'natural experiment', provided by the building and rapid occupation of East Village
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- 2016
29. Influence of Adiposity on Insulin Resistance and Glycemia Markers Among UK Children of South Asian, Black African-Caribbean, and White European Origin Child Heart and Health Study in England
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Nightingale, CM, Rudnicka, AR, Owen, CG, Wells, JC, Sattar, N, Cook, DG, and Whincup, PH
- Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Ethnic differences in type 2 diabetes risk between South Asians and white Europeans originate before adult life and are not fully explained by higher adiposity levels in South Asians. Although metabolic sensitivity to adiposity may differ between ethnic groups, this has been little studied in childhood. We have therefore examined the associations among adiposity, insulin resistance, and glycemia markers in children of different ethnic origins.\ud \ud RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 4,633 9- to 10-year-old children (response rate 68%) predominantly of South Asian, black African-Caribbean, and white European origin (n = 1,266, 1,176, and 1,109, respectively) who had homeostasis model assessments of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glycemia markers (HbA1c and fasting glucose), and adiposity (BMI, waist circumference, skinfold thicknesses, and bioimpedance [fat mass]).\ud \ud RESULTS: All adiposity measures were positively associated with HOMA-IR in all ethnic groups, but associations were stronger among South Asians compared to black African-Caribbeans and white Europeans. For a 1-SD increase in fat mass percentage, percentage differences in HOMA-IR were 37.5% (95% CI 33.3–41.7), 29.7% (25.8–33.8), and 27.0% (22.9–31.2), respectively (P interaction < 0.001). All adiposity markers were positively associated with HbA1c in South Asians and black African-Caribbeans but not in white Europeans; for a 1-SD increase in fat mass percentage, percentage differences in HbA1c were 0.04% (95% CI 0.03–0.06), 0.04% (0.02–0.05), and 0.02% (−0.00 to 0.04), respectively (P interaction < 0.001). Patterns for fasting glucose were less consistent.\ud \ud CONCLUSIONS: South Asian children are more metabolically sensitive to adiposity. Early prevention or treatment of childhood obesity may be critical for type 2 diabetes prevention, especially in South Asians.
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- 2013
30. Patterns of body size and adiposity among UK children of South Asian, black African-Caribbean and white European origin: Child Heart And health Study in England (CHASE Study)
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Nightingale, CM, Rudnicka, AR, Owen, CG, Cook, DG, and Whincup, PH
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Background:\ud The objective of this study was to examine adiposity patterns in UK South Asian, black African–Caribbean and white European children using a range of adiposity markers. A cross-sectional survey in London, Birmingham and Leicester primary schools was conducted. Weight, height, waist circumference, skinfold thickness values (biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac) were measured. Fat mass was derived from bioimpedance; optimally height-standardized indices were derived for all adiposity markers. Ethnic origin was based on parental self-report. Multilevel models were used to obtain adjusted means and ethnic differences adjusted for gender, age, month, observer and school (fitted as a random effect). A total of 5887 children aged 9–10 years participated (response rate 68%), including 1345 white Europeans, 1523 South Asians and 1570 black African–Caribbeans.\ud \ud Results:\ud Compared with white Europeans, South Asians had a higher sum of all skinfolds and fat mass percentage, and their body mass index (BMI) was lower. South Asians were slightly shorter but use of optimally height-standardized indices did not materially affect these comparisons. At any given fat mass, BMI was lower in South Asians than white Europeans. In similar comparisons, black African–Caribbeans had a lower sum of all skinfolds but a higher fat mass percentage, and their BMI was higher. Black African–Caribbeans were markedly taller. Use of optimally height-standardized indices yielded markedly different findings; sum of skinfolds index was markedly lower, whereas fat mass index and weight-for-height index were similar. At any given fat mass, BMI was similar in black African–Caribbeans and white Europeans.\ud \ud Conclusions:\ud UK South Asian children have higher adiposity levels and black African–Caribbeans have similar or lower adiposity levels when compared with white Europeans. However, these differences are not well represented by comparisons based on BMI, which systematically underestimates adiposity in South Asians, and in black African–Caribbeans it overestimates adiposity because of its association with height.
- Published
- 2011
31. OP80 Cardiovascular risk factors over the adult life course: associations with carotid intima-media thickness and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity in older men in the british regional heart study
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Kapetanakis, V, primary, Smith, KE, additional, Papacosta, O, additional, Ellins, EA, additional, Lennon, LT, additional, Owen, CG, additional, Rudnicka, AR, additional, Halcox, JP, additional, Wannamethee, SG, additional, and Whincup, PH, additional
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- 2015
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32. OP16 Frequency of takeaway meal consumption and risk markers for coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity in 9–10 year-old children: cross-sectional study
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Donin, AS, primary, Nightingale, CM, additional, Rudnicka, AS, additional, Owen, CG, additional, Cook, DG, additional, and Whincup, PH, additional
- Published
- 2015
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33. Is body mass index before middle age related to coronary heart disease risk in later life? Evidence from observational studies
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Owen, CG, Whincup, PH, Orfei, L, Chou, QA, Rudnicka, AR, Wathern, AK, Kaye, SJ, Eriksson, JG, Osmond, C, and Cook, DG
- Published
- 2009
34. OP31 Effect of adiposity in early and middle adult life on cardiovascular disease and diabetes in later life; findings from the British Regional Heart Study
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Owen, CG, primary, Kapetanakis, V, additional, Rudnicka, AR, additional, Wathern, AK, additional, Lennon, L, additional, Papacosta, O, additional, Cook, DG, additional, Wannamethee, SG, additional, and Whincup, PH, additional
- Published
- 2014
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35. OP80 Birth weight and emerging type 2 diabetes risk in UK children of South Asian, black African-Caribbean and white European origin – Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE)
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Nightingale, CM, primary, Rudnicka, AR, additional, Owen, CG, additional, Newton, SL, additional, Bales, JL, additional, McKay, CM, additional, Steer, PJ, additional, Lawlor, DA, additional, Sattar, N, additional, Cook, DG, additional, and Whincup, PH, additional
- Published
- 2014
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36. OP19 Fruit, vegetable, vitamin C intakes and plasma vitamin C: associations with insulin resistance in UK primary school children
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Donin, AS, primary, Dent, JE, additional, Sattar, N, additional, Owen, CG, additional, Rudnicka, AR, additional, Nightingale, CM, additional, Stephen, AM, additional, Cook, DG, additional, and Whincup, PH, additional
- Published
- 2014
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37. OP29 Ethnic and Socioeconomic Influences on Childhood Blood Pressure: The Child Heart and Health Study in England (Chase)
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Thomas, C, primary, Nightingale, CM, additional, Donin, A, additional, Rudnicka, AR, additional, Owen, CG, additional, Cook, D, additional, and Whincup, PH, additional
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- 2012
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38. OP30 Are the Associations Between Adiposity, Insulin Resistance and Circulating Glucose Concentrations in Childhood Influenced by Ethnicity? Evidence from the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE)
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Nightingale, CM, primary, Rudnicka, AR, additional, Owen, CG, additional, Sattar, N, additional, Cook, DG, additional, and Whincup, PH, additional
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- 2012
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39. Ethnic and socioeconomic influences on childhood blood pressure: the Child Heart and Health Study in England.
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Thomas C, Nightingale CM, Donin AS, Rudnicka AR, Owen CG, Cook DG, Whincup PH, Thomas, Claudia, Nightingale, Claire M, Donin, Angela S, Rudnicka, Alicja R, Owen, Christopher G, Cook, Derek G, and Whincup, Peter H
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- 2012
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40. Ethnic differences in blood lipids and dietary intake between UK children of black African, black Caribbean, South Asian, and white European origin: the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE)
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Donin AS, Nightingale CM, Owen CG, Rudnicka AR, McNamara MC, Prynne CJ, Stephen AM, Cook DG, and Whincup PH
- Abstract
BACKGROUND: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) rates are lower in UK black Africans and black Caribbeans and higher in South Asians when compared with white Europeans. Ethnic differences in lipid concentrations may play a part in these differences. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate blood lipid and dietary patterns in UK children from different ethnic groups. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study in 2026 UK children (including 285 black Africans, 188 black Caribbeans, 534 South Asians, and 512 white Europeans) attending primary schools in London, Birmingham, and Leicester. We measured fasting blood lipid concentrations and collected 24-h dietary recalls. RESULTS: In comparison with white Europeans, black African children had lower total cholesterol (-0.14 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.25, -0.04 mmol/L), LDL-cholesterol (-0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.20, -0.01 mmol/L), and triglyceride concentrations (proportional difference: -0.11 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.06 mmol/L); HDL-cholesterol concentrations were similar. Lower saturated fat intakes (-1.4%; 95% CI: -1.9%, -0.9%) explained the differences between total and LDL cholesterol. Black Caribbean children had total, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations similar to those for white Europeans, with slightly lower saturated fat intakes. South Asian children had total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations similar to those for white Europeans, lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations (-0.7 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.11, -0.03 mmol/L), and elevated triglyceride concentrations (proportional difference: 0.14 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.20 mmol/L); higher polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat intakes did not explain these lipid differences. CONCLUSIONS: Only black African children had a blood lipid profile and associated dietary pattern likely to protect against future IHD. The loss of historically lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations among UK black Caribbeans and South Asians may have important adverse consequences for future IHD risk in these groups. Copyright © 2010 American Society for Nutrition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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41. Persistency with medical treatment for glaucoma and ocular hypertension in the United Kingdom: 1994-2005.
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Owen CG, Carey IM, de Wilde S, Whincup PH, Wormald R, Cook DG, Owen, C G, Carey, I M, de Wilde, S, Whincup, P H, Wormald, R, and Cook, D G
- Abstract
Purpose: To examine trends and demographic factors affecting persistence with ocular hypotensive therapy, from a period before prostaglandins were available to when they were the most common therapy.Methods: Computerised patient records from 94 general practices across the United Kingdom, identified 5670 registered patients newly prescribed an ocular hypotensive drug (1993-2005). Persistence was defined as continuing therapy without a 90-day gap in prescription for (i) any ocular hypotensive and (ii) initial monotherapy. Time to failure with the treatment was compared using proportional hazard analyses, adjusted for age, gender, practice, year of initial treatment, and a sociodemographic indicator. Study findings were set in the context of a review of the literature.Results: Percentage persistent at 1-year rose after 1997 when prostaglandins were introduced; from 61% in 1994-1996 to 70% in 2002-2004. Persistence with any treatment did not differ between those initiated on beta-blockers compared to prostaglandins (1.05, 95% CI 0.93-1.17). However, 20% of subjects initiated on beta-blockers received a prostaglandin by 1 year. Conversely, 8% of those initiated on prostaglandins received a beta-blocker. When failure with initial therapy was considered, beta-blockers appeared worse (1.35, 95% CI 1.21-1.50); this was consistent with findings from six studies in the review (1.40, 95% CI 1.34-1.46). Neither gender nor social factors were associated with persistence, but younger subjects (35-64 years) were significantly more likely to fail as were those over 85 years.Conclusions: Introduction of prostaglandins may explain an improvement in persistence over a decade. However, whether the higher cost of initiating patients on prostaglandins is justified remains questionable unless clinically indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2009
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42. Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review.
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Whincup PH, Kaye SJ, Owen CG, Huxley R, Cook DG, Anazawa S, Barrett-Connor E, Bhargava SK, Birgisdottir BE, Carlsson S, de Rooij SR, Dyck RF, Eriksson JG, Falkner B, Fall C, Forsén T, Grill V, Gudnason V, Hulman S, and Hyppönen E
- Abstract
Context: Low birth weight is implicated as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. However, the strength, consistency, independence, and shape of the association have not been systematically examined.Objective: To conduct a quantitative systematic review examining published evidence on the association of birth weight and type 2 diabetes in adults.Data Sources and Study Selection: Relevant studies published by June 2008 were identified through literature searches using EMBASE (from 1980), MEDLINE (from 1950), and Web of Science (from 1980), with a combination of text words and Medical Subject Headings. Studies with either quantitative or qualitative estimates of the association between birth weight and type 2 diabetes were included.Data Extraction: Estimates of association (odds ratio [OR] per kilogram of increase in birth weight) were obtained from authors or from published reports in models that allowed the effects of adjustment (for body mass index and socioeconomic status) and the effects of exclusion (for macrosomia and maternal diabetes) to be examined. Estimates were pooled using random-effects models, allowing for the possibility that true associations differed between populations.Data Synthesis: Of 327 reports identified, 31 were found to be relevant. Data were obtained from 30 of these reports (31 populations; 6090 diabetes cases; 152 084 individuals). Inverse birth weight-type 2 diabetes associations were observed in 23 populations (9 of which were statistically significant) and positive associations were found in 8 (2 of which were statistically significant). Appreciable heterogeneity between populations (I(2) = 66%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 51%-77%) was largely explained by positive associations in 2 native North American populations with high prevalences of maternal diabetes and in 1 other population of young adults. In the remaining 28 populations, the pooled OR of type 2 diabetes, adjusted for age and sex, was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.70-0.81) per kilogram. The shape of the birth weight-type 2 diabetes association was strongly graded, particularly at birth weights of 3 kg or less. Adjustment for current body mass index slightly strengthened the association (OR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.70-0.82] before adjustment and 0.70 [95% CI, 0.65-0.76] after adjustment). Adjustment for socioeconomic status did not materially affect the association (OR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.70-0.84] before adjustment and 0.78 [95% CI, 0.72-0.84] after adjustment). There was no strong evidence of publication or small study bias.Conclusion: In most populations studied, birth weight was inversely related to type 2 diabetes risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2008
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43. Birth weight and subsequent cholesterol levels: exploration of the "fetal origins" hypothesis.
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Huxley R, Owen CG, Whincup PH, Cook DG, Colman S, Collins R, Huxley, Rachel, Owen, Christopher G, Whincup, Peter H, Cook, Derek G, Colman, Sam, and Collins, Rory
- Abstract
Context: Inverse associations between birth weight and subsequent blood cholesterol levels have been used to support the "fetal origins" hypothesis of the relevance of fetal nutrition to adult disease.Objectives: To perform a systematic review of the association between birth weight and total blood cholesterol levels, and to explore the impact of including unpublished results, adjusting for potential confounders.Data Sources and Study Selection: Relevant studies published by September 30, 2004, were identified through literature searches using EMBASE and MEDLINE and MeSH heading search strategy (using terms such as birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, fetal growth retardation and cholesterol, lipoprotein, lipid). Studies that reported qualitative or quantitative estimates of the association between birth weight and total blood cholesterol, or had recorded both measures but not reported on their associations, were included.Data Extraction: A total of 79 relevant studies involving a total of 74,122 individuals were identified; 65 had reported on the direction of the association between birth weight and total blood cholesterol. Although regression coefficients were published for only 11 studies and other quantitative estimates for 3 other studies, regression coefficients (published or unpublished) were obtained for 58 studies among 68,974 individuals.Data Synthesis: Inverse associations were observed in 11 of 14 studies that had previously published quantitative estimates but in only 18 of the remaining 51 that had reported on the direction of this association (heterogeneity P = .004). Similarly, the weighted estimate for the 11 studies was -1.89 mg/dL (-0.049 mmol/L) total cholesterol per kilogram birth weight compared with -0.69 mg/dL (-0.018 mmol/L) per kilogram for 47 studies that provided unpublished regression coefficients (heterogeneity P = .009). Overall, the weighted estimate from the 58 contributing studies was -1.39 mg/dL (-0.036 mmol/L) per kilogram (95% confidence interval, -1.81 to -0.97 mg/dL [-0.047 to -0.025 mmol/L]), but there was significant heterogeneity between their separate results (P<.001). Part of this heterogeneity appears to reflect stronger associations reported from smaller studies and studies of cholesterol levels in infants.Conclusion: These findings suggest that impaired fetal growth does not have effects on blood cholesterol levels that would have a material impact on vascular disease risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2004
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44. British South Asians aged 13-16 years have higher fasting glucose and insulin levels than Europeans.
- Author
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Whincup PH, Gilg JA, Owen CG, Odoki K, Alberti KGM, and Cook DG
- Abstract
AIM: To examine whether plasma glucose, insulin resistance and markers of adiposity differed between British adolescents of South Asian and European origin. METHODS: School-based cross-sectional study (1998-2000), in which detailed measurements of adiposity, fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin were made in 90 South Asian and 1248 European pupils (overall 69% response rate). RESULTS: Compared with Europeans, South Asian subjects had higher mean fasting insulin levels (percentage mean difference 17.2%, 95% confidence interval 7.2-26.1%, P = 0.001), a higher mean fasting glucose (mean difference 0.19 mmol/l, 95% confidence interval 0.08-0.29 mmol/l, P = 0.0005) and a higher prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (> or = 6.1 mmol/l) (5.6% vs. 1.5%, odds ratio 3.9, 95% confidence interval 1.4-10.9, P = 0.004). Although South Asian children tended to have slightly higher indices of adiposity than Europeans (other than body mass index), the differences in glucose and insulin levels persisted after adjustment for adiposity and for pubertal status. CONCLUSIONS: The predisposition to Type 2 diabetes observed in South Asian adults is apparent before adult life. Establishing the contributions of the childhood and fetal environments and of genetic factors to the development of these ethnic differences is an important priority. Prevention of Type 2 diabetes in British South Asians needs to begin before adult life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
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45. Large Scale Population Assessment of Physical Activity Using Wrist Worn Accelerometers: The UK Biobank Study
- Author
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Doherty, A, Jackson, D, Hammerla, N, Plötz, T, Olivier, P, Granat, MH, White, T, Van Hees, VT, Trenell, MI, Owen, CG, Preece, SJ, Gillions, R, Sheard, S, Peakman, T, Brage, S, and Wareham, NJ
- Subjects
Male ,Wrist Joint ,Time Factors ,Middle Aged ,United Kingdom ,3. Good health ,Accelerometry ,Humans ,Female ,Public Health Surveillance ,Seasons ,10. No inequality ,Exercise ,Aged ,Biological Specimen Banks - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Physical activity has not been objectively measured in prospective cohorts with sufficiently large numbers to reliably detect associations with multiple health outcomes. Technological advances now make this possible. We describe the methods used to collect and analyse accelerometer measured physical activity in over 100,000 participants of the UK Biobank study, and report variation by age, sex, day, time of day, and season. METHODS: Participants were approached by email to wear a wrist-worn accelerometer for seven days that was posted to them. Physical activity information was extracted from 100Hz raw triaxial acceleration data after calibration, removal of gravity and sensor noise, and identification of wear / non-wear episodes. We report age- and sex-specific wear-time compliance and accelerometer measured physical activity, overall and by hour-of-day, week-weekend day and season. RESULTS: 103,712 datasets were received (44.8% response), with a median wear-time of 6.9 days (IQR:6.5-7.0). 96,600 participants (93.3%) provided valid data for physical activity analyses. Vector magnitude, a proxy for overall physical activity, was 7.5% (2.35mg) lower per decade of age (Cohen's d = 0.9). Women had a higher vector magnitude than men, apart from those aged 45-54yrs. There were major differences in vector magnitude by time of day (d = 0.66). Vector magnitude differences between week and weekend days (d = 0.12 for men, d = 0.09 for women) and between seasons (d = 0.27 for men, d = 0.15 for women) were small. CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to collect and analyse objective physical activity data in large studies. The summary measure of overall physical activity is lower in older participants and age-related differences in activity are most prominent in the afternoon and evening. This work lays the foundation for studies of physical activity and its health consequences. Our summary variables are part of the UK Biobank dataset and can be used by researchers as exposures, confounding factors or outcome variables in future analyses.
46. Treatment of Varicose Ulcers
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Owen Cg
- Subjects
Varicose Veins ,World Wide Web ,Text mining ,business.industry ,General Engineering ,Humans ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Medicine ,General Medicine ,business ,Varicose Ulcer ,General Environmental Science - Published
- 1945
47. The effect of breastfeeding on cardiorespiratory risk factors in adult life.
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Rudnicka AR, Owen CG, and Strachan DP
- Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Nutrition in the first weeks of life may program disease risk in adulthood. We examined the influence of initial infant feeding on cardiorespiratory risk factors in adulthood. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 9377 persons born during 1 week in 1958 in England, Scotland, and Wales were followed-up periodically from birth into adulthood. Infant feeding was recorded from a parental questionnaire at 7 years old as never breastfed, breastfed partially or wholly for <1 month, or breastfed for >1 month. Height; waist circumference; hip circumference; waist/hip ratio; body mass index; blood pressure; forced expiratory volume; total, high-density, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; triglycerides; hemoglobin A1c; fibrinogen; fibrin D-dimer; C-reactive protein; von Willebrand factor; and tissue plasminogen activator antigen were measured at 44 to 45 years of age. RESULTS: Breastfeeding for >1 month was associated with reduced waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, von Willebrand factor, and lower odds of obesity compared with formula feeding after adjustment for birth weight, prepregnancy maternal weight, maternal smoking during pregnancy, socioeconomic position in childhood and adulthood, region of birth, gender, and current smoking status. Infant feeding status was not associated with other cardiorespiratory risk factors after adjustment, except for lower fibrinogen and C-reactive protein levels in women. CONCLUSIONS: The inverse associations of breastfeeding for >1 month with measures of central obesity and inflammatory markers in the current study are small and of little public health importance. Although there was no substantial long-term protective effect of breastfeeding for >1 month on other cardiorespiratory risk factors in adult life, further studies with contemporaneous data on exclusive breastfeeding are needed to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
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48. Varying optimal power for height-standardisation of childhood weight, fat mass and fat-free mass across the obesity epidemic.
- Author
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Hudda MT, Aarestrup J, Owen CG, Baker JL, and Whincup PH
- Abstract
Introduction: Childhood adiposity markers can be standardised for height in the form of indices (marker/height
p ) to make meaningful comparisons of adiposity patterns within and between individuals of differing heights. The optimal value of p has been shown to differ by birth year, sex, age, and ethnicity. We investigated whether height powers for childhood weight and fat mass (FM) differed by birth year, sex, or age over the period before and during the child obesity epidemic in Copenhagen., Setting/methods: Population-based cross-sectional study of 391,801 schoolchildren aged 7 years, 10 years and 13 years, born between 1930 and 1996, from the Copenhagen School Health Records Register. Sex- and age-specific estimates of the height powers for weight and FM were obtained using log-log regression, stratified by a decade of birth., Results: For weight, amongst children born 1930-39, optimal height powers at 7 years were 2.20 (95% CI: 2.19-2.22) for boys and 2.28 (95% CI: 2.26-2.30) for girls. These increased with birth year to 2.82 (95% CI: 2.76-2.87) and 2.92 (95% CI: 2.87-2.97) for boys and girls born in 1990-96, respectively. For FM, amongst those born 1930-39, powers at 7 years were 2.46 (95% CI: 2.42-2.51) and 2.58 (95% CI: 2.53-2.63) for boys and girls, respectively, and increased with birth year reaching 3.89 (95% CI: 3.75-4.02) and 3.93 (95% CI: 3.80-4.06) for boys and girls born 1990-96, respectively. Powers within birth cohort groups for weight and FM were higher at 10 years than at 7 years, though similar increases across groups were observed at both ages. At 13 years, height powers for weight and FM initially increased with the birth year before declining from the 1970s/80s., Conclusion: Due to increases in the standard deviation of weight and FM during the obesity epidemic, optimal height powers needed to standardise childhood weight and FM varied by birth year, sex, and age. Adiposity indices using a uniform height power mean different things for different birth cohort groups, sexes, and ages thus should be interpreted with caution. Alternative methods to account for height in epidemiological analyses are needed., (© 2024. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2024
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49. School-level intra-cluster correlation coefficients and autocorrelations for children's accelerometer-measured physical activity in England by age and gender.
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Salway R, Jago R, de Vocht F, House D, Porter A, Walker R, Kipping R, Owen CG, Hudda MT, Northstone K, and van Sluijs E
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- Humans, Child, England, Female, Male, Cluster Analysis, Adolescent, Sex Factors, Age Factors, Accelerometry methods, Accelerometry statistics & numerical data, Exercise physiology, Schools statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: Randomised, cluster-based study designs in schools are commonly used to evaluate children's physical activity interventions. Sample size estimation relies on accurate estimation of the intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC), but published estimates, especially using accelerometry-measured physical activity, are few and vary depending on physical activity outcome and participant age. Less commonly-used cluster-based designs, such as stepped wedge designs, also need to account for correlations over time, e.g. cluster autocorrelation (CAC) and individual autocorrelation (IAC), but no estimates are currently available. This paper estimates the school-level ICC, CAC and IAC for England children's accelerometer-measured physical activity outcomes by age group and gender, to inform the design of future school-based cluster trials., Methods: Data were pooled from seven large English datasets of accelerometer-measured physical activity data between 2002-18 (> 13,500 pupils, 540 primary and secondary schools). Linear mixed effect models estimated ICCs for weekday and whole week for minutes spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and being sedentary for different age groups, stratified by gender. The CAC (1,252 schools) and IAC (34,923 pupils) were estimated by length of follow-up from pooled longitudinal data., Results: School-level ICCs for weekday MVPA were higher in primary schools (from 0.07 (95% CI: 0.05, 0.10) to 0.08 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.11)) compared to secondary (from 0.04 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.07) to (95% CI: 0.04, 0.10)). Girls' ICCs were similar for primary and secondary schools, but boys' were lower in secondary. For all ages, combined the CAC was 0.60 (95% CI: 0.44-0.72), and the IAC was 0.46 (95% CI: 0.42-0.49), irrespective of follow-up time. Estimates were higher for MVPA vs sedentary time, and for weekdays vs the whole week., Conclusions: Adequately powered studies are important to evidence effective physical activity strategies. Our estimates of the ICC, CAC and IAC may be used to plan future school-based physical activity evaluations and were fairly consistent across a range of ages and settings, suggesting that results may be applied to other high income countries with similar school physical activity provision. It is important to use estimates appropriate to the study design, and that match the intended study population as closely as possible., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2024
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50. Response to "Waist-circumference-to-height-ratio had better longitudinal agreement with DEXA-measured fat mass than BMI in 7237 children".
- Author
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Hudda MT, Owen CG, and Whincup PH
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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