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This study investigated the effect of plyometric training with and without additional load on young male soccer players' jumping ability and isokinetic strength. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 39 U-17 male trained soccer players were randomly divided into plyometric training with additional load (PT+AL), plyometric training with just bodyweight (PTBW) and control (CON) groups. PT+AL and PTBW were performed for six weeks (2 days/week). Absolute peak torque (APT), relative peak torque (RPT), average peak torque (AvPT), time-to-peak torque (TPT), average rate of force development (AvRFD), vertical jump height (VJH), standing long jump (SLJ) and 15-second repeated jump tests (RJ15s) were assessed before and after the interventions. The findings showed that the performance of knee extensors in TPT-60°/s and AvRFD-60°/s, and knee flexors in APT-60°/s, RPT-60°/s, AvPT-60°/s, AvPT-120°/s, AvRFD-60°/s and AvRFD-120°/s significantly increased after PT+AL, compared to the CON (p < 0.05). Also, a significant improvement in jumping ability was observed in PT+AL compared to CON (p < 0.05). Additionally, PTBW also improved the performance of knee flexors in TPT-120°/s and AvRFD-120°/s, as well as RJ15s performance compared to the CON (p < 0.05). Furthermore, knee flexors AvRFD-60°/s increased significantly after PT+AL, compared to PTBW (p < 0.05). SO, plyometric training, with or without additional load, improved young male soccer players' strength and jumping ability. However, strength parameters – especially the rate of force development – showed a greater increase following PT + AL compared to PTBW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The aging population is expected to triple by 2050. Executive functions decline with age, impacting daily tasks, and this is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Aerobic and resistance exercises positively affect cognitive function in older adults by influencing growth markers. However, the modalities of exercise and the optimal parameters for maximum cognitive benefits remain unclear. (2) Methods: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was conducted. The systematic search was on slowing cognitive decline and performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases. Articles were included if participants were ≥65 years, healthy, and performing resistance or aerobic exercise, and they were excluded if there was a combination of training and if they have neurological disease or cognitive impairment. (3) Results: The search strategy found a total of 1635 studies. After removing duplicates and assessing the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight articles were included in the meta-analysis, with a total of 463 healthy older adults analyzed. No significant differences between the intervention groups and the control groups after the aerobic or resistance programs were found. (4) Conclusions: Aerobic exercise interventions improved executive function more than resistance training in older adults, but without statistically significant differences. This can serve as a guide to see, with caution, whether we need a multidisciplinary approach to be more effective in improving the cortical health of older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To control the development of people with congenital heart disease (CHD), it is important to follow their aerobic capacity (AC), especially when they exercise. This research aimed to study the progress of AC during a follow-up of adults with CHD. This is a longitudinal study which involved 127 adults with a mean age of 33.8 (11.1) years (57.5% female; 75 moderate CHD and 52 complex CHD) who had undergone two cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CEPT) in at least one year between the first and the second test. The AC and exercise performance (EP) (duration of exercise time, velocity and percentage of grade) were assessed using a ramp protocol over a treadmill. In a mean of 4.5 (2.0) years of follow-up, there was a significant decrease in AC. The VO2peak at baseline was 27.8 (27.7) mL/kg/min (82.9% (20.3%) predicted) versus 26.6 (7.8) mL/kg/min (79.3% (20.8%) predicted) at the end of follow-up. This decline was independent of the body weight increase. There was no significant difference in HRpeak and EP among periods. These results suggest a sign of favorable evolution of adults with CHD. More research is needed to study different factors that could contribute to AC reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• NK cell mobilization post-exercise in MS patients is reduced as compared to controls. • Blood CD56bright NK cells redeployment after exercise is longer in controls than in MS. • NK cells mobilized after exercise in MS had a reduced expression of CX3CR1. • Beneficial effects of exercise program in MS might be aimed to improve NK cell function. Exercise may have beneficial effects in MS, remaining controversial its possible disease-modifying effects and which mechanisms might be involved. We evaluated whether exercise-induced lymphocyte redistribution differ in MS patients as compared to controls. Exercise was assessed in 12 relapsing-remitting MS patients and 11 controls in a cycle ergometer, obtaining blood samples before exercise, at maximal exercise capacity (T1), and after resting (T2). Peripheral lymphocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry, assessing chemokine receptor expression to study cell trafficking properties. Lymphocyte subsets in all cases increased after exercise and decreased at resting. However, total natural killer (NK) cells in patients as compared to controls had a lower exercise-induced redeployment at T1 (696 ± 581 cells/µL vs.1502 ± 641 cells/µL, p < 0.01). Evaluating NK cell subsets, CD56bright NK cells numbers decreased in peripheral blood in MS patients after resting (T2), contrasting with values remaining above baseline in healthy controls. NK cells mobilized after exercise at T1 in controls, as compared to patients, had a higher CX3CR1 expression (1402 ± 564/µL vs. 615 ± 548 cell//µL, p < 0.01). Exercise-induced redeployment of NK cells may be reduced in MS patients, as well as their migration capabilities, pointing to potential immunological mechanisms to be enhanced by exercise training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]