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The coupling between ionic degrees of freedom and ferroelectricity has received renewed attention in recent years, given that surface electrochemical processes have been shown to be intrinsically linked to ferroelectric phase stability in ultrathin ferroelectric films. However, the coupling between bulk ionic transport and local polarization switching has received less attention, as typically the bulk ionic mobilities are low for common ferroelectrics at room temperature. Here, we use the coupled band-excitation method in conjunction with site-correlated time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, to determine the coupling between ferroelectric switching and ionic motion in single crystal KTiOPO4. The local scanning probe measurements indicate a substantial softening, as determined by resonant frequency changes, during reversal of polarization along one direction. These changes are correlated with the mass spectrometry measurements, showing a polarization-dependent accumulation of K ions at the polar surfaces, thus corroborating their role in the screening process. These studies shed light on the interplay between ionic dynamics and bulk ferroelectric switching and have implications for studies on domain wall conductivity, chemical switching, and bulk and surface-screening phenomena., Export Date: 22 October 2018; Article; Correspondence Address: Vasudevan, R.K.; Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryUnited States; email: vasudevanrk@ornl.gov; Funding details: DOE, U.S. Department of Energy; Funding details: VR, Vetenskapsrådet; Funding details: SSF, Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning; Funding details: SC, Office of Science; Funding details: DE-AC05-00OR22725; Funding details: DMSE, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering; Funding details: CNMS2017-066; Funding text: A portion of this work was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division (R.K.V. and S.V.K.). Research was conducted at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (A.I., S.J., O.S.O.), which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility, and using instrumentation within ORNL’s Materials Characterization Core provided by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy. G.L. and C.C. acknowledge support and access to the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences through the proposal CNMS2017-066. G.L. and C.C. also acknowledge support from the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research and the Swedish Research Council (VR) through its Linné Center for Advanced Optics and Photonics (ADOPT). QC 20181112

It is traditionally considered that the scientific research work is carried out in higher education institutions only. But the development of types and ways of thinking happens much more earlier. That's why the research work should be an important part of school education. Every year students of schools of our town take part in a theoretical and practical conference where they are to present their research projects in different subjects. In this article we'll speak about the research projects in English and give a guide on what the research project is, Традиционно считается, что научно-исследовательская деятельность осуществляется в ВУЗе, но формирование типов и стилей мышления происходит значительно раньше, поэтому научно-исследовательская работа должна стать неотъемлемой частью школьного образования. Каждый год обучающиеся школ нашего города принимают участие в научно-практической конференции, на которой они должны представить научно-исследовательский проект по разным предметам. В статье мы рассматриваем, что представляет собой научно-исследовательский проект по предмету «Английский язык»

Рассматривается сущность процесса развития профессиональной коммуникативной компетентности будущих учителей иностранного языка, который направлен на обеспечение студентов профессиональными коммуникативными знаниями, развитие ценностно-мотивационной сферы, формирование практических умений иноязычного межличностного и межкультурного профессионального общения. Выделяются компоненты исследуемого педагогического процесса: целевой, содержательный, организационно-деятельностный и оценочно-результативный и дается описание каждого компонента., The process of developing the communicative competence of foreign language teachers is considered. The aim of this process is to give students professional communicative knowledge, to develop their value and motivational sphere, to form practical skills of interpersonal and intercultural professional communication. Goal, content, activities-organizing and result evaluation components of the educational process under study are distinguished. Each component is described.