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Pakistan is moving toward the large-scale use of coal. Coal plays a dominant role in Pakistan's energy mix and is estimated to reach 30% by 2030. The purpose of this study is to analyze coal imports and indigenous reserves in relation to CO2 emissions. In particular, this study constructs the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method to see the impact of the factors, decoupling index for the economic relationship, and pollution from coal-fired power plants from 1986 to 2019. The empirical results show that 1) coal consumption and imports are interrelated, while coal production has had the lowest production level since 1986; 2) the energy intensity impact plays a medium role in decreasing coal utilization, followed by the coal share effect; however, the aggregated impact accounts for 0.023% of the total coal use; 3) the economic and population activity effects progressively increase with coal consumption by 0.25% and 0.35%, respectively, with the annual average growth; 4) only "three" decoupling states were observed: expansive coupling, expansive negative decoupling, and weak decoupling. Expansive negative decoupling occurred due to high energy share and energy intensity. Expansive coupling occurred only in 2001 due to rapid growth in coal proportion and a sluggish decrease in energy intensity, and weak decoupling showed a decoupling association between economic growth and coal utilization; and 5) the various coal compositions, such as moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash, and sulfur, can be evaded by 1.82, 4.83, 5.16, 1.43, and 0.39 Mt currently. Finally, environmental analysis recognized that implementing clean coal technologies significantly saves fuel and, consequently, reduces emissions. This study also discusses further policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of service trade globalization on low-carbon globalization. Two newly developed non-radial directional distance functions of UEI (Unified Efficiency Index) and EEPI (Energy-Environmental Performance Index) were adopted to evaluate energy and CO2 emission performances of 30 countries during the period 1980–2013. A multiple regression analysis was conducted based on the Tobit model. Results showed that: (1) Service trade openness has a positive effect on energy and CO2 emission efficiency, and the effect has been intensified with time. (2) Emerging service sectors promoted the improvement of energy and CO2 emission efficiency, while the traditional sectors hindered the efficiency improvement. (3) There existed a "catch-up" effect between less developed countries and developed countries on energy and CO2 emission efficiency. Policy implications are thus drawn on how to promote the improvement of energy and carbon emission efficiency in the context of low-carbon globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]