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2. Evolutionary genomics analysis reveals a unique lineage of Megachile pruina found in an isolated population in Bermuda.

Author

Rose, Jennifer, Gilbert, M. Thomas P., Outerbridge, Mark, and Morales, Hernán E.

Subjects
GENETIC variation, INTRODUCED species, BEES, POLLINATORS, HYMENOPTERA
Abstract

The decline in bee diversity, largely driven by habitat loss, climate change and invasive species, is well‐documented. Within this context, the genus Megachile Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), a diverse group of solitary leafcutter bees, lacks comprehensive species‐level conservation and taxonomic assessments, potentially concealing population declines and extinctions.Megachile pruina is one of Bermuda's three bee species and possibly the last native bee on the island. Formerly distributed widely across the island, it is now restricted to a small 11.5 ha area within the Castle Harbour Islands Nature Reserve.Classified as 'Vulnerable' under the Bermuda Protected Species Act, its taxonomic and conservation status remains uncertain, particularly its evolutionary relationships with populations in the United States.Here, we analyse nuclear genomes and mitochondrial genomes to reveal that Bermuda's M. pruina population is genetically distinct from mainland US populations and show no close association with any sampled US population, suggesting that Bermuda's represent a unique evolutionary lineage.Our genetic diversity assessment shows lower genetic diversity in Bermuda's population compared with the United States, highlighting a higher level of vulnerability than originally thought.We recommend maintaining its current protection status and advocate for the pressing need of expanding ecological and biological studies to facilitate appropriate conservation and monitoring measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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4. Dynamic occupancy modelling to determine the status of a Critically Endangered lizard

Author

Turner, Heléna, Griffiths, Richard A., Outerbridge, Mark E., Garcia, Gerardo, Turner, Heléna, Griffiths, Richard A., Outerbridge, Mark E., and Garcia, Gerardo

Abstract

Monitoring of cryptic or threatened species poses challenges for population assessment and conservation, as imperfect detection gives rise to misleading inferences about population status. We used a dynamic occupancy model that explicitly accounted for occupancy, colonization, local extinction and detectability to assess the status of the endemic Critically Endangered Bermuda skink Plestiodon longirostris. During 2015–2017, skinks were detected at 13 of 40 surveyed sites in Bermuda, two of which were new records. Ten observation-level and site-specific covariates were used to explore drivers of occupancy, colonization, extinction and detectability. Sites occupied by skinks tended to be islands with rocky coastal habitat and prickly pear cacti; the same variables were also associated with reduced risk of local extinction. The presence of seabirds appeared to encourage colonization, whereas the presence of cats had the opposite effect. The probability of detection was p = 0.45, and on average, five surveys were needed to reliably detect the presence of skinks with 95% certainty. However, skinks were unlikely to be detected on sites with cat and rat predators. Dynamic occupancy models can be used to elucidate drivers of occupancy dynamics, which in turn can inform species conservation management. The survey effort needed to determine population changes over time can be derived from estimates of detectability.

Published
2023

8. Testing a global standard for quantifying species recovery and assessing conservation impact

Author

Grace, Molly K., primary, Akçakaya, H. Resit, additional, Bennett, Elizabeth L., additional, Brooks, Thomas M., additional, Heath, Anna, additional, Hedges, Simon, additional, Hilton‐Taylor, Craig, additional, Hoffmann, Michael, additional, Hochkirch, Axel, additional, Jenkins, Richard, additional, Keith, David A., additional, Long, Barney, additional, Mallon, David P., additional, Meijaard, Erik, additional, Milner‐Gulland, E.J., additional, Rodriguez, Jon Paul, additional, Stephenson, P.J., additional, Stuart, Simon N., additional, Young, Richard P., additional, Acebes, Pablo, additional, Alfaro‐Shigueto, Joanna, additional, Alvarez‐Clare, Silvia, additional, Andriantsimanarilafy, Raphali Rodlis, additional, Arbetman, Marina, additional, Azat, Claudio, additional, Bacchetta, Gianluigi, additional, Badola, Ruchi, additional, Barcelos, Luís M.D., additional, Barreiros, Joao Pedro, additional, Basak, Sayanti, additional, Berger, Danielle J., additional, Bhattacharyya, Sabuj, additional, Bino, Gilad, additional, Borges, Paulo A.V., additional, Boughton, Raoul K., additional, Brockmann, H. Jane, additional, Buckley, Hannah L., additional, Burfield, Ian J., additional, Burton, James, additional, Camacho‐Badani, Teresa, additional, Cano‐Alonso, Luis Santiago, additional, Carmichael, Ruth H., additional, Carrero, Christina, additional, Carroll, John P., additional, Catsadorakis, Giorgos, additional, Chapple, David G., additional, Chapron, Guillaume, additional, Chowdhury, Gawsia Wahidunnessa, additional, Claassens, Louw, additional, Cogoni, Donatella, additional, Constantine, Rochelle, additional, Craig, Christie Anne, additional, Cunningham, Andrew A., additional, Dahal, Nishma, additional, Daltry, Jennifer C., additional, Das, Goura Chandra, additional, Dasgupta, Niladri, additional, Davey, Alexandra, additional, Davies, Katharine, additional, Develey, Pedro, additional, Elangovan, Vanitha, additional, Fairclough, David, additional, Febbraro, Mirko Di, additional, Fenu, Giuseppe, additional, Fernandes, Fernando Moreira, additional, Fernandez, Eduardo Pinheiro, additional, Finucci, Brittany, additional, Földesi, Rita, additional, Foley, Catherine M., additional, Ford, Matthew, additional, Forstner, Michael R.J., additional, García, Néstor, additional, Garcia‐Sandoval, Ricardo, additional, Gardner, Penny C., additional, Garibay‐Orijel, Roberto, additional, Gatan‐Balbas, Marites, additional, Gauto, Irene, additional, Ghazi, Mirza Ghazanfar Ullah, additional, Godfrey, Stephanie S., additional, Gollock, Matthew, additional, González, Benito A., additional, Grant, Tandora D., additional, Gray, Thomas, additional, Gregory, Andrew J., additional, van Grunsven, Roy H.A., additional, Gryzenhout, Marieka, additional, Guernsey, Noelle C., additional, Gupta, Garima, additional, Hagen, Christina, additional, Hagen, Christian A., additional, Hall, Madison B., additional, Hallerman, Eric, additional, Hare, Kelly, additional, Hart, Tom, additional, Hartdegen, Ruston, additional, Harvey‐Brown, Yvette, additional, Hatfield, Richard, additional, Hawke, Tahneal, additional, Hermes, Claudia, additional, Hitchmough, Rod, additional, Hoffmann, Pablo Melo, additional, Howarth, Charlie, additional, Hudson, Michael A., additional, Hussain, Syed Ainul, additional, Huveneers, Charlie, additional, Jacques, Hélène, additional, Jorgensen, Dennis, additional, Katdare, Suyash, additional, Katsis, Lydia K.D., additional, Kaul, Rahul, additional, Kaunda‐Arara, Boaz, additional, Keith‐Diagne, Lucy, additional, Kraus, Daniel T., additional, de Lima, Thales Moreira, additional, Lindeman, Ken, additional, Linsky, Jean, additional, Louis, Edward, additional, Loy, Anna, additional, Lughadha, Eimear Nic, additional, Mangel, Jeffrey C., additional, Marinari, Paul E., additional, Martin, Gabriel M., additional, Martinelli, Gustavo, additional, McGowan, Philip J.K., additional, McInnes, Alistair, additional, Teles Barbosa Mendes, Eduardo, additional, Millard, Michael J., additional, Mirande, Claire, additional, Money, Daniel, additional, Monks, Joanne M., additional, Morales, Carolina Laura, additional, Mumu, Nazia Naoreen, additional, Negrao, Raquel, additional, Nguyen, Anh Ha, additional, Niloy, Md. Nazmul Hasan, additional, Norbury, Grant Leslie, additional, Nordmeyer, Cale, additional, Norris, Darren, additional, O'Brien, Mark, additional, Oda, Gabriela Akemi, additional, Orsenigo, Simone, additional, Outerbridge, Mark Evan, additional, Pasachnik, Stesha, additional, Pérez‐Jiménez, Juan Carlos, additional, Pike, Charlotte, additional, Pilkington, Fred, additional, Plumb, Glenn, additional, Portela, Rita de Cassia Quitete, additional, Prohaska, Ana, additional, Quintana, Manuel G., additional, Rakotondrasoa, Eddie Fanantenana, additional, Ranglack, Dustin H., additional, Rankou, Hassan, additional, Rawat, Ajay Prakash, additional, Reardon, James Thomas, additional, Rheingantz, Marcelo Lopes, additional, Richter, Stephen C., additional, Rivers, Malin C., additional, Rogers, Luke Rollie, additional, da Rosa, Patrícia, additional, Rose, Paul, additional, Royer, Emily, additional, Ryan, Catherine, additional, de Mitcheson, Yvonne J. Sadovy, additional, Salmon, Lily, additional, Salvador, Carlos Henrique, additional, Samways, Michael J., additional, Sanjuan, Tatiana, additional, Souza dos Santos, Amanda, additional, Sasaki, Hiroshi, additional, Schutz, Emmanuel, additional, Scott, Heather Ann, additional, Scott, Robert Michael, additional, Serena, Fabrizio, additional, Sharma, Surya P., additional, Shuey, John A., additional, Silva, Carlos Julio Polo, additional, Simaika, John P., additional, Smith, David R., additional, Spaet, Julia L.Y., additional, Sultana, Shanjida, additional, Talukdar, Bibhab Kumar, additional, Tatayah, Vikash, additional, Thomas, Philip, additional, Tringali, Angela, additional, Trinh‐Dinh, Hoang, additional, Tuboi, Chongpi, additional, Usmani, Aftab Alam, additional, Vasco‐Palacios, Aída M., additional, Vié, Jean‐Christophe, additional, Virens, Evelyn, additional, Walker, Alan, additional, Wallace, Bryan, additional, Waller, Lauren J., additional, Wang, Hongfeng, additional, Wearn, Oliver R., additional, van Weerd, Merlijn, additional, Weigmann, Simon, additional, Willcox, Daniel, additional, Woinarski, John, additional, Yong, Jean W.H., additional, and Young, Stuart, additional

Published
2021
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9. Ontogenetic diet shifts of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in a mid-ocean developmental habitat

Author

Burgett, Claire M., Burkholder, Derek A., Coates, Kathryn A., Fourqurean, Virginia L., Kenworthy, W. Judson, Manuel, Sarah A., and Outerbridge, Mark E.

Subjects
Green turtle -- Food and nutrition, Biological sciences
Abstract

Green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) arrive on the geographically isolated Bermuda platform as small juveniles and remain until they are approaching sexual maturity, at which point individuals depart for distant feeding and nesting sites. It has been reported that younger green turtles generally tend to carnivory or omnivory and that seagrasses become a significant food source as the turtles grow. Evidence indicates that grazing by green sea turtles in Bermuda is negatively impacting seagrass beds, thus understanding their diets is important to both conserving the turtles and their food. Stable isotope methods were used to investigate ontogenetic diet shifts of green sea turtles and to determine reliance on seagrass by larger turtles. Skin samples from 157 individual turtles and samples of known turtle foods, plants and animals, were collected for determination of consumer and food [delta].sup.13C and [delta].sup.15N values. A Bayesian stable isotope mixing model analysis indicated a wide range among individual turtles' diets, with the greatest differences occurring between small and large turtles; larger turtles consumed seagrass almost exclusively. We also examined diet changes in 12 turtles captured in two successive years; these recapture data confirmed the changes in diet suggested by the relationship between size of turtles and diet composition. Very limited evidence was found of any diet variation among larger turtles that would indicate a shift away from declining seagrasses as their major food source., Author(s): Claire M. Burgett [sup.1] , Derek A. Burkholder [sup.1] [sup.2] , Kathryn A. Coates [sup.3] , Virginia L. Fourqurean [sup.4] [sup.5] , W. Judson Kenworthy [sup.6] , Sarah A. [...]

Published
2018
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10. Testing a global standard for quantifying species recovery and assessing conservation impact

Author

Grace, Molly K., Akcakaya, H. Resit, Bennett, Elizabeth L., Brooks, Thomas M., Heath, Anna, Hedges, Simon, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hoffmann, Michael, Hochkirch, Axel, Jenkins, Richard, Keith, David A., Long, Barney, Mallon, David P., Meijaard, Erik, Milner-Gulland, E. J., Paul Rodriguez, Jon, Stephenson, P. J., Stuart, Simon N., Young, Richard P., Acebes, Pablo, Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna, Alvarez-Clare, Silvia, Andriantsimanarilafy, Raphali Rodlis, Arbetman, Marina, Azat, Claudio, Bacchetta, Gianluigi, Badola, Ruchi, Barcelos, Luis MD D., Barreiros, Joao Pedro, Basak, Sayanti, Berger, Danielle J., Bhattacharyya, Sabuj, Bino, Gilad, Borges, Paulo A., Boughton, Raoul K., Brockmann, H. Jane, Buckley, Hannah L., Burfield, Ian J., Burton, James, Camacho-Badani, Teresa, Santiago Cano-Alonso, Luis, Carmichael, Ruth H., Carrero, Christina, P Carroll, John, Catsadorakis, Giorgos, Chapple, David G., Chapron, Guillaume, Chowdhury, Gawsia Wahidunnessa, Claassens, Louw, Cogoni, Donatella, Constantine, Rochelle, Craig, Christie Anne, Cunningham, Andrew A., Dahal, Nishma, Daltry, Jennifer C., Das, Goura Chandra, Dasgupta, Niladri, Davey, Alexandra, Davies, Katharine, Develey, Pedro, Elangovan, Vanitha, Fairclough, David, Di Febbraro, Mirko, Fenu, Giuseppe, Fernandes, Fernando Moreira, Fernandez, Eduardo Pinheiro, Finucci, Brittany, Foldesi, Rita, Foley, Catherine M., Ford, Matthew, Forstner, Michael RJ J., Garcia, Nestor, Garcia-Sandoval, Ricardo, Gardner, Penny C., Garibay-Orijel, Roberto, Gatan-Balbas, Marites, Gauto, Irene, Ghazi, Mirza Ghazanfar Ullah, Godfrey, Stephanie S., Gollock, Matthew, Gonzalez, Benito A., Grant, Tandora D., Gray, Thomas, Gregory, Andrew J., van Grunsven, Roy HA A., Gryzenhout, Marieka, Guernsey, Noelle C., Gupta, Garima, Hagen, Christian A., Hall, Madison B., Hallerman, Eric M., Hare, Kelly, Hart, Tom, Hartdegen, Ruston, Harvey-Brown, Yvette, Hatfield, Richard, Hawke, Tahneal, Hermes, Claudia, Hitchmough, Rod, Hoffmann, Pablo Melo, Howarth, Charlie, Hudson, Michael A., Hussain, Syed Ainul, Huveneers, Charlie, Jacques, Helene, Jorgensen, Dennis, Katdare, Suyash, Katsis, Lydia KD D., Kaul, Rahul, Kaunda-Arara, Boaz, Keith-Diagne, Lucy, Kraus, Daniel T., de Lima, Thales Moreira, Lindeman, Ken, Linsky, Jean, Louis, Edward, Loy, Anna, Lughadha, Eimear Nic, Mangel, Jeffrey C., Marinari, Paul E., Martin, Gabriel M., Martinelli, Gustavo, McGowan, Philip JK K., McInnes, Alistair, Mendes, Eduardo Teles Barbosa, Millard, Michael J., Mirande, Claire, Money, Daniel, Monks, Joanne M., Laura Morales, Carolina, Mumu, Nazia Naoreen, Negrao, Raquel, Anh, Ha Nguyen, Niloy, Md Nazmul Hasan, Norbury, Grant Leslie, Nordmeyer, Cale, Norris, Darren, O'Brien, Mark, Oda, Gabriela Akemi, Orsenigo, Simone, Outerbridge, Mark Evan, Pasachnik, Stesha, Perez-Jimenez, Juan Carlos, Pike, Charlotte, Pilkington, Fred, Plumb, Glenn, Portela, Rita de Cassia Quitete D. C. Q., Prohaska, Ana, Quintana, Manuel G., Rakotondrasoa, Eddie Fanantenana, Ranglack, Dustin H., Rankou, Hassan, Rawat, Ajay Prakash, Reardon, James Thomas, Rheingantz, Marcelo Lopes, Richter, Stephen C., Rivers, Malin C., Rogers, Luke Rollie, da Rosa, Patricia, Rose, Paul, Royer, Emily, Ryan, Catherine, de Mitcheson, Yvonne J. Sadovy, Salmon, Lily, Salvador, Carlos Henrique, Samways, Michael J., Sanjuan, Tatiana, Dos Santos, Amanda Souza, Sasaki, Hiroshi, Schutz, Emmanuel, Scott, Heather Ann, Scott, Robert Michael, Serena, Fabrizio, Sharma, Surya P., Shuey, John A., Silva, Carlos Julio Polo, Simaika, John P., Smith, David R., Spaet, Julia LY Y., Sultana, Shanjida, Talukdar, Bibhab Kumar, Tatayah, Vikash, Thomas, Philip, Tringali, Angela, Hoang, Trinh-Dinh, Tuboi, Chongpi, Usmani, Aftab Alam, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vie, Jean-Christophe, Virens, Jo, Walker, Alan, Wallace, Bryan, Waller, Lauren J., Wang, Hongfeng, Wearn, Oliver R., van Weerd, Merlijn, Weigmann, Simon, Willcox, Daniel, Woinarski, John, Yong, Jean WH H., Young, Stuart, Grace, Molly K., Akcakaya, H. Resit, Bennett, Elizabeth L., Brooks, Thomas M., Heath, Anna, Hedges, Simon, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hoffmann, Michael, Hochkirch, Axel, Jenkins, Richard, Keith, David A., Long, Barney, Mallon, David P., Meijaard, Erik, Milner-Gulland, E. J., Paul Rodriguez, Jon, Stephenson, P. J., Stuart, Simon N., Young, Richard P., Acebes, Pablo, Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna, Alvarez-Clare, Silvia, Andriantsimanarilafy, Raphali Rodlis, Arbetman, Marina, Azat, Claudio, Bacchetta, Gianluigi, Badola, Ruchi, Barcelos, Luis MD D., Barreiros, Joao Pedro, Basak, Sayanti, Berger, Danielle J., Bhattacharyya, Sabuj, Bino, Gilad, Borges, Paulo A., Boughton, Raoul K., Brockmann, H. Jane, Buckley, Hannah L., Burfield, Ian J., Burton, James, Camacho-Badani, Teresa, Santiago Cano-Alonso, Luis, Carmichael, Ruth H., Carrero, Christina, P Carroll, John, Catsadorakis, Giorgos, Chapple, David G., Chapron, Guillaume, Chowdhury, Gawsia Wahidunnessa, Claassens, Louw, Cogoni, Donatella, Constantine, Rochelle, Craig, Christie Anne, Cunningham, Andrew A., Dahal, Nishma, Daltry, Jennifer C., Das, Goura Chandra, Dasgupta, Niladri, Davey, Alexandra, Davies, Katharine, Develey, Pedro, Elangovan, Vanitha, Fairclough, David, Di Febbraro, Mirko, Fenu, Giuseppe, Fernandes, Fernando Moreira, Fernandez, Eduardo Pinheiro, Finucci, Brittany, Foldesi, Rita, Foley, Catherine M., Ford, Matthew, Forstner, Michael RJ J., Garcia, Nestor, Garcia-Sandoval, Ricardo, Gardner, Penny C., Garibay-Orijel, Roberto, Gatan-Balbas, Marites, Gauto, Irene, Ghazi, Mirza Ghazanfar Ullah, Godfrey, Stephanie S., Gollock, Matthew, Gonzalez, Benito A., Grant, Tandora D., Gray, Thomas, Gregory, Andrew J., van Grunsven, Roy HA A., Gryzenhout, Marieka, Guernsey, Noelle C., Gupta, Garima, Hagen, Christian A., Hall, Madison B., Hallerman, Eric M., Hare, Kelly, Hart, Tom, Hartdegen, Ruston, Harvey-Brown, Yvette, Hatfield, Richard, Hawke, Tahneal, Hermes, Claudia, Hitchmough, Rod, Hoffmann, Pablo Melo, Howarth, Charlie, Hudson, Michael A., Hussain, Syed Ainul, Huveneers, Charlie, Jacques, Helene, Jorgensen, Dennis, Katdare, Suyash, Katsis, Lydia KD D., Kaul, Rahul, Kaunda-Arara, Boaz, Keith-Diagne, Lucy, Kraus, Daniel T., de Lima, Thales Moreira, Lindeman, Ken, Linsky, Jean, Louis, Edward, Loy, Anna, Lughadha, Eimear Nic, Mangel, Jeffrey C., Marinari, Paul E., Martin, Gabriel M., Martinelli, Gustavo, McGowan, Philip JK K., McInnes, Alistair, Mendes, Eduardo Teles Barbosa, Millard, Michael J., Mirande, Claire, Money, Daniel, Monks, Joanne M., Laura Morales, Carolina, Mumu, Nazia Naoreen, Negrao, Raquel, Anh, Ha Nguyen, Niloy, Md Nazmul Hasan, Norbury, Grant Leslie, Nordmeyer, Cale, Norris, Darren, O'Brien, Mark, Oda, Gabriela Akemi, Orsenigo, Simone, Outerbridge, Mark Evan, Pasachnik, Stesha, Perez-Jimenez, Juan Carlos, Pike, Charlotte, Pilkington, Fred, Plumb, Glenn, Portela, Rita de Cassia Quitete D. C. Q., Prohaska, Ana, Quintana, Manuel G., Rakotondrasoa, Eddie Fanantenana, Ranglack, Dustin H., Rankou, Hassan, Rawat, Ajay Prakash, Reardon, James Thomas, Rheingantz, Marcelo Lopes, Richter, Stephen C., Rivers, Malin C., Rogers, Luke Rollie, da Rosa, Patricia, Rose, Paul, Royer, Emily, Ryan, Catherine, de Mitcheson, Yvonne J. Sadovy, Salmon, Lily, Salvador, Carlos Henrique, Samways, Michael J., Sanjuan, Tatiana, Dos Santos, Amanda Souza, Sasaki, Hiroshi, Schutz, Emmanuel, Scott, Heather Ann, Scott, Robert Michael, Serena, Fabrizio, Sharma, Surya P., Shuey, John A., Silva, Carlos Julio Polo, Simaika, John P., Smith, David R., Spaet, Julia LY Y., Sultana, Shanjida, Talukdar, Bibhab Kumar, Tatayah, Vikash, Thomas, Philip, Tringali, Angela, Hoang, Trinh-Dinh, Tuboi, Chongpi, Usmani, Aftab Alam, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vie, Jean-Christophe, Virens, Jo, Walker, Alan, Wallace, Bryan, Waller, Lauren J., Wang, Hongfeng, Wearn, Oliver R., van Weerd, Merlijn, Weigmann, Simon, Willcox, Daniel, Woinarski, John, Yong, Jean WH H., and Young, Stuart

Abstract

Recognizing the imperative to evaluate species recovery and conservation impact, in 2012 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) called for development of a “Green List of Species” (now the IUCN Green Status of Species). A draft Green Status framework for assessing species’ progress toward recovery, published in 2018, proposed 2 separate but interlinked components: a standardized method (i.e., measurement against benchmarks of species’ viability, functionality, and preimpact distribution) to determine current species recovery status (herein species recovery score) and application of that method to estimate past and potential future impacts of conservation based on 4 metrics (conservation legacy, conservation dependence, conservation gain, and recovery potential). We tested the framework with 181 species representing diverse taxa, life histories, biomes, and IUCN Red List categories (extinction risk). Based on the observed distribution of species’ recovery scores, we propose the following species recovery categories: fully recovered, slightly depleted, moderately depleted, largely depleted, critically depleted, extinct in the wild, and indeterminate. Fifty-nine percent of tested species were considered largely or critically depleted. Although there was a negative relationship between extinction risk and species recovery score, variation was considerable. Some species in lower risk categories were assessed as farther from recovery than those at higher risk. This emphasizes that species recovery is conceptually different from extinction risk and reinforces the utility of the IUCN Green Status of Species to more fully understand species conservation status. Although extinction risk did not predict conservation legacy, conservation dependence, or conservation gain, it was positively correlated with recovery potential. Only 1.7% of tested species were categorized as zero across all 4 of these conservation impact metrics, indicating that conservation has

Published
2021
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11. Testing a global standard for quantifying species recovery and assessing conservation impact

Author

Grace, Molly K, Akcakaya, H Resit, Bennett, Elizabeth L, Brooks, Thomas M, Heath, Anna, Hedges, Simon, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hoffmann, Michael, Hochkirch, Axel, Jenkins, Richard, Keith, David A, Long, Barney, Mallon, David P, Meijaard, Erik, Milner-Gulland, E.J., Rodriguez, Jon Paul, Stephenson, P J, Stuart, Simon N, Young, Richard P, Acebes, Pablo, Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna, Alvarez-Clare, Silvia, Andriantsimanarilafy, Raphali Rodlis, Arbetman, Marina, Azat, Claudio, Bacchetta, Gianluigi, Badola, Ruchi, Barcelos, Luis M.D., Barreiros, Joao Pedro, Basak, Sayanti, Berger, Danielle J, Bhattacharyya, Sabuj, Bino, Gilad, Borges, Paulo A.V., Boughton, Raoul K, Brockmann, H Jane, Buckley, Hannah L, Burfield, Ian J, Burton, James, Camacho-Badani, Teresa, Cano-Alonso, Luis Santiago, Carmichael, Ruth H, Carrero, Christina, Carroll, John P, Catsadorakis, Giorgos, Chapple, David G, Chapron, Guillaume, Chowdhury, Gawsia Wahidunnessa, Claassens, Louw, Cogoni, Donatella, Constantine, Rochelle, Craig, Christie Anne, Cunningham, Andrew A, Dahal, Nishma, Daltry, Jennifer C, Das, Goura Chandra, Dasgupta, Niladri, Davey, Alexandra, Davies, Katharine, Develey, Pedro, Elangovan, Vanitha, Fairclough, David, Febbraro, Mirko Di, Fenu, Giuseppe, Fernandes, Fernando Moreira, Fernandez, Eduardo Pinheiro, Finucci, Brittany, Foldesi, Rita, Foley, Catherine M, Ford, Matthew, Forstner, Michael R.J., Garcia, Nestor, Garcia-Sandoval, Ricardo, Gardner, Penny C, Garibay-Orijel, Roberto, Gatan-Balbas, Marites, Gauto, Irene, Ullah Ghazi, Mirza Ghazanfar, Godfrey, Stephanie S, Gollock, Matthew, Gonzalez, Benito A, Grant, Tandora D, Gray, Thomas, Gregory, Andrew J, van Grunsven, Roy H.A., Gryzenhout, Marieka, Guernsey, Noelle C, Gupta, Garima, Hagen, Christina, Hagen, Christian A, Hall, Madison B, Hallerman, Eric, Hare, Kelly, Hart, Tom, Hartdegen, Ruston, Harvey-Brown, Yvette, Hatfield, Richard, Hawke, Tahneal, Hermes, Claudia, Hitchmough, Rod, Hoffmann, Pablo Melo, Howarth, Charlie, Hudson, Michael A, Hussain, Syed Ainul, Huveneers, Charlie, Jacques, Helene, Jorgensen, Dennis, Katdare, Suyash, Katsis, Lydia K.D., Kaul, Rahul, Kaundra-Arara, Boaz, Keith-Diagne, Lucy, Kraus, Daniel T, de Lima, Thales Moreira, Lindeman, Ken, Linsky, Jean, Louis, Edward, Jr., Loy, Anna, Lughadha, Eimear Nic, Mangel, Jeffrey C, Marinari, Paul E, Martin, Gabriel M, Martinelli, Gustavo, McGowan, Philip J.K., McInnes, Alistair, Mendes, Eduardo Teles Barbosa, Millard, Michael J, Mirande, Claire, Money, Daniel, Monks, Joanne M, Morales, Carolina Laura, Mumu, Nazia Noareen, Negrao, Raquel, Nguyen, Anh Ha, Niloy, Nazmul Hasan, Md., Norbury, Grant Leslie, Nordmeyer, Cale, Norris, Darren, O'Brien, Mark, Oda, Gabriela Akemi, Orsengio, Simone, Outerbridge, Mark Evan, Pasachnik, Stesha, Perez-Jimenez, Juan Carlos, Pike, Charlotte, Pilkington, Fred, Plumb, Glenn, Quitete Portela, Rita de Cassia, Prohaska, Ana, Quintana, Manuel G, Rakotondrasoa, Eddie Fanantenana, Ranglack, Dustin H, Rankou, Hassan, Rawat, Ajay Prakash, Reardon, James Thomas, Rheingantz, Marcelo Lopes, Richter, Stephen C, Rivers, Malin C, Rogers, Luke Rollie, Rosa, Patricia Da, Rose, Paul, Royer, Emily, Ryan, Catherine, Sadovy de Mitcheson, Yvonne J, Salmon, Lily, Salvador, Carlos Henrique, Samways, Michael J, Sanjuan, Tatiana, Souza dos Santos, Amanda, Sasaki, Hiroshi, Shutz, Emmanuel, Scott, Heather Ann, Scott, Robert Michael, Serena, Fabrizio, Sharma, Surya P, Shuey, John A, Silva, Carlos Julio Polo, Simaika, John P, Smith, David R, Spaet, Julia L.Y., Sultana, Shanjida, Talukdar, Bibhab Kumar, Tatayah, Vikash, Thomas, Philip, Tringali, Angela, Trinh-Dinh, Hoang, Tuboi, Chongpi, Usami, Aftab Alam, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M, Vie, Jean-Christophe, Virens, Jo, Walker, Alan, Wallace, Bryan, Waller, Lauren J, Wang, Hongfeng, Wearn, Oliver R, Weerd, Merlijin van, Weigmann, Simon, Willcox, Daniel, Woinarski, John, Yong, Jean W.H., Young, Stuart, Grace, Molly K, Akcakaya, H Resit, Bennett, Elizabeth L, Brooks, Thomas M, Heath, Anna, Hedges, Simon, Hilton-Taylor, Craig, Hoffmann, Michael, Hochkirch, Axel, Jenkins, Richard, Keith, David A, Long, Barney, Mallon, David P, Meijaard, Erik, Milner-Gulland, E.J., Rodriguez, Jon Paul, Stephenson, P J, Stuart, Simon N, Young, Richard P, Acebes, Pablo, Alfaro-Shigueto, Joanna, Alvarez-Clare, Silvia, Andriantsimanarilafy, Raphali Rodlis, Arbetman, Marina, Azat, Claudio, Bacchetta, Gianluigi, Badola, Ruchi, Barcelos, Luis M.D., Barreiros, Joao Pedro, Basak, Sayanti, Berger, Danielle J, Bhattacharyya, Sabuj, Bino, Gilad, Borges, Paulo A.V., Boughton, Raoul K, Brockmann, H Jane, Buckley, Hannah L, Burfield, Ian J, Burton, James, Camacho-Badani, Teresa, Cano-Alonso, Luis Santiago, Carmichael, Ruth H, Carrero, Christina, Carroll, John P, Catsadorakis, Giorgos, Chapple, David G, Chapron, Guillaume, Chowdhury, Gawsia Wahidunnessa, Claassens, Louw, Cogoni, Donatella, Constantine, Rochelle, Craig, Christie Anne, Cunningham, Andrew A, Dahal, Nishma, Daltry, Jennifer C, Das, Goura Chandra, Dasgupta, Niladri, Davey, Alexandra, Davies, Katharine, Develey, Pedro, Elangovan, Vanitha, Fairclough, David, Febbraro, Mirko Di, Fenu, Giuseppe, Fernandes, Fernando Moreira, Fernandez, Eduardo Pinheiro, Finucci, Brittany, Foldesi, Rita, Foley, Catherine M, Ford, Matthew, Forstner, Michael R.J., Garcia, Nestor, Garcia-Sandoval, Ricardo, Gardner, Penny C, Garibay-Orijel, Roberto, Gatan-Balbas, Marites, Gauto, Irene, Ullah Ghazi, Mirza Ghazanfar, Godfrey, Stephanie S, Gollock, Matthew, Gonzalez, Benito A, Grant, Tandora D, Gray, Thomas, Gregory, Andrew J, van Grunsven, Roy H.A., Gryzenhout, Marieka, Guernsey, Noelle C, Gupta, Garima, Hagen, Christina, Hagen, Christian A, Hall, Madison B, Hallerman, Eric, Hare, Kelly, Hart, Tom, Hartdegen, Ruston, Harvey-Brown, Yvette, Hatfield, Richard, Hawke, Tahneal, Hermes, Claudia, Hitchmough, Rod, Hoffmann, Pablo Melo, Howarth, Charlie, Hudson, Michael A, Hussain, Syed Ainul, Huveneers, Charlie, Jacques, Helene, Jorgensen, Dennis, Katdare, Suyash, Katsis, Lydia K.D., Kaul, Rahul, Kaundra-Arara, Boaz, Keith-Diagne, Lucy, Kraus, Daniel T, de Lima, Thales Moreira, Lindeman, Ken, Linsky, Jean, Louis, Edward, Jr., Loy, Anna, Lughadha, Eimear Nic, Mangel, Jeffrey C, Marinari, Paul E, Martin, Gabriel M, Martinelli, Gustavo, McGowan, Philip J.K., McInnes, Alistair, Mendes, Eduardo Teles Barbosa, Millard, Michael J, Mirande, Claire, Money, Daniel, Monks, Joanne M, Morales, Carolina Laura, Mumu, Nazia Noareen, Negrao, Raquel, Nguyen, Anh Ha, Niloy, Nazmul Hasan, Md., Norbury, Grant Leslie, Nordmeyer, Cale, Norris, Darren, O'Brien, Mark, Oda, Gabriela Akemi, Orsengio, Simone, Outerbridge, Mark Evan, Pasachnik, Stesha, Perez-Jimenez, Juan Carlos, Pike, Charlotte, Pilkington, Fred, Plumb, Glenn, Quitete Portela, Rita de Cassia, Prohaska, Ana, Quintana, Manuel G, Rakotondrasoa, Eddie Fanantenana, Ranglack, Dustin H, Rankou, Hassan, Rawat, Ajay Prakash, Reardon, James Thomas, Rheingantz, Marcelo Lopes, Richter, Stephen C, Rivers, Malin C, Rogers, Luke Rollie, Rosa, Patricia Da, Rose, Paul, Royer, Emily, Ryan, Catherine, Sadovy de Mitcheson, Yvonne J, Salmon, Lily, Salvador, Carlos Henrique, Samways, Michael J, Sanjuan, Tatiana, Souza dos Santos, Amanda, Sasaki, Hiroshi, Shutz, Emmanuel, Scott, Heather Ann, Scott, Robert Michael, Serena, Fabrizio, Sharma, Surya P, Shuey, John A, Silva, Carlos Julio Polo, Simaika, John P, Smith, David R, Spaet, Julia L.Y., Sultana, Shanjida, Talukdar, Bibhab Kumar, Tatayah, Vikash, Thomas, Philip, Tringali, Angela, Trinh-Dinh, Hoang, Tuboi, Chongpi, Usami, Aftab Alam, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M, Vie, Jean-Christophe, Virens, Jo, Walker, Alan, Wallace, Bryan, Waller, Lauren J, Wang, Hongfeng, Wearn, Oliver R, Weerd, Merlijin van, Weigmann, Simon, Willcox, Daniel, Woinarski, John, Yong, Jean W.H., and Young, Stuart

Abstract

Recognizing the imperative to evaluate species recovery and conservation impact, in 2012 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) called for development of a “Green List of Species” (now the IUCN Green Status of Species). A draft Green Status framework for assessing species’ progress toward recovery, published in 2018, proposed 2 separate but interlinked components: a standardized method (i.e., measurement against benchmarks of species’ viability, functionality, and preimpact distribution) to determine current species recovery status (herein species recovery score) and application of that method to estimate past and potential future impacts of conservation based on 4 metrics (conservation legacy, conservation dependence, conservation gain, and recovery potential). We tested the framework with 181 species representing diverse taxa, life histories, biomes, and IUCN Red List categories (extinction risk). Based on the observed distribution of species’ recovery scores, we propose the following species recovery categories: fully recovered, slightly depleted, moderately depleted, largely depleted, critically depleted, extinct in the wild, and indeterminate. Fifty-nine percent of tested species were considered largely or critically depleted. Although there was a negative relationship between extinction risk and species recovery score, variation was considerable. Some species in lower risk categories were assessed as farther from recovery than those at higher risk. This emphasizes that species recovery is conceptually different from extinction risk and reinforces the utility of the IUCN Green Status of Species to more fully understand species conservation status. Although extinction risk did not predict conservation legacy, conservation dependence, or conservation gain, it was positively correlated with recovery potential. Only 1.7% of tested species were categorized as zero across all 4 of these conservation impact metrics, indicating that conservation has

Published
2021

14. Estimating population parameters for the Critically Endangered Bermuda skink using robust design capture–mark–recapture modelling

Author

Turner, Helena, Griffiths, Richard A., Outerbridge, Mark E., Garcia, Gerardo, Turner, Helena, Griffiths, Richard A., Outerbridge, Mark E., and Garcia, Gerardo

Abstract

Reliably estimating population parameters for highly secretive or rare animals is challenging. We report on the status of the two largest remaining populations of the Critically Endangered Bermuda skink Plestiodon longirostris, using a robust design capture–mark–recapture analysis. Skinks were tagged with passive integrated transponders on two islands and captured on 15 sampling occasions per year over 3 years. The models provided precise estimates of abundance, capture and survival probabilities and temporary emigration. We estimated skink abundance to be 547 ± SE 63.5 on Southampton Island and 277 ± SE 28.4 on Castle Island. The populations do not appear to be stable and fluctuated at both sites over the 3-year period. Although the populations on these two islands appear viable, the Bermuda skink faces population fluctuations and remains threatened by increasing anthropogenic activities, invasive species and habitat loss. We recommend these two populations for continued monitoring and conservation efforts.

Published
2019

15. Estimating population parameters for the Critically Endangered Bermuda skink using robust design capture–mark–recapture modelling.

Author

Turner, Helena, Griffiths, Richard A., Outerbridge, Mark E., and Garcia, Gerardo

Subjects
PARAMETERS (Statistics), BIOLOGICAL extinction, RARE animals, SKINKS, ESTIMATES, FISH populations
Abstract

Reliably estimating population parameters for highly secretive or rare animals is challenging. We report on the status of the two largest remaining populations of the Critically Endangered Bermuda skink Plestiodon longirostris, using a robust design capture–mark–recapture analysis. Skinks were tagged with passive integrated transponders on two islands and captured on 15 sampling occasions per year over 3 years. The models provided precise estimates of abundance, capture and survival probabilities and temporary emigration. We estimated skink abundance to be 547 ± SE 63.5 on Southampton Island and 277 ± SE 28.4 on Castle Island. The populations do not appear to be stable and fluctuated at both sites over the 3-year period. Although the populations on these two islands appear viable, the Bermuda skink faces population fluctuations and remains threatened by increasing anthropogenic activities, invasive species and habitat loss. We recommend these two populations for continued monitoring and conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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16. Restricted diet in a vulnerable native turtle, Malaclemys terrapin (Schoepff), on the oceanic islands of Bermuda

Author

Outerbridge, Mark E., O'Riordan, Ruth M., Quirke, Thomas, and Davenport, John

Subjects
Feeding ecology, Aquatic gastropod, fungi, parasitic diseases, Fecal analysis, Anchialine pond, Diamondback Terrapin
Abstract

Diamondback Terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) are native to Bermuda, presently inhabiting only four small brackish-water ponds. Their foraging ecology was investigated using direct observation, fecal analysis, and necropsy. They do not have as varied a diet as reported from their North American range. Small gastropods (

Published
2017

18. Somatic growth dynamics of West Atlantic hawksbill sea turtles: a spatio‐temporal perspective

Author

Bjorndal, Karen A., primary, Chaloupka, Milani, additional, Saba, Vincent S., additional, Diez, Carlos E., additional, van Dam, Robert P., additional, Krueger, Barry H., additional, Horrocks, Julia A., additional, Santos, Armando J. B., additional, Bellini, Cláudio, additional, Marcovaldi, Maria A. G., additional, Nava, Mabel, additional, Willis, Sue, additional, Godley, Brendan J., additional, Gore, Shannon, additional, Hawkes, Lucy A., additional, McGowan, Andrew, additional, Witt, Matthew J., additional, Stringell, Thomas B., additional, Sanghera, Amdeep, additional, Richardson, Peter B., additional, Broderick, Annette C., additional, Phillips, Quinton, additional, Calosso, Marta C., additional, Claydon, John A. B., additional, Blumenthal, Janice, additional, Moncada, Felix, additional, Nodarse, Gonzalo, additional, Medina, Yosvani, additional, Dunbar, Stephen G., additional, Wood, Lawrence D., additional, Lagueux, Cynthia J., additional, Campbell, Cathi L., additional, Meylan, Anne B., additional, Meylan, Peter A., additional, Burns Perez, Virginia R., additional, Coleman, Robin A., additional, Strindberg, Samantha, additional, Guzmán‐H., Vicente, additional, Hart, Kristen M., additional, Cherkiss, Michael S., additional, Hillis‐Starr, Zandy, additional, Lundgren, Ian F., additional, Boulon, Ralf H., additional, Connett, Stephen, additional, Outerbridge, Mark E., additional, and Bolten, Alan B., additional

Published
2016
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19. Life history of a native emydid turtle (Malaclemys terrapin centrata) on the remote oceanic islands of Bermuda

Author

Outerbridge, Mark E., Davenport, John, Ramsay, Ruth, and Smith, S.R.

Subjects
Diamondback terrapin, Emydid turtle, Malaclemys terrapin, Bermuda, Life history
Abstract

Diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) are native to the remote oceanic islands of Bermuda and presently inhabit only four small brackish water ponds on a private golf course. The life history of this species is poorly understood on Bermuda and so the aim of this study was to fill these knowledge gaps, to compare the results with what is known from other areas in the North American range, and to inform the development of a local management plan. The results of a mark-recapture census revealed that ca. 100 individuals ≥81 mm straight carapace length live on Bermuda, of which nearly half (48.5%) were considered sexually mature. The population is dominated by females (sex ratio 2.9:1) and annual recruitment over the three year period was found to be extremely low (approximately two terrapins). Female diamondback terrapins in Bermuda nest almost exclusively within a limited number of sand bunkers on the golf course. Nesting commenced in late March or early April and ended in late August. Peak oviposition was observed in May and June. Clutch size averaged 5.1 eggs (range 0-10; SD 2.4) and the incubation period averaged 61.8 days (range 49-83; SD 10.5). Delayed emergence was documented, with 43.8% of the hatchlings remaining in their natal nests over the winter months. The mean annual hatching success rate was determined to be 19% (range 17.6-21; SD 1.9). Radio-telemetry was used to investigate the movements and survivorship of postemergent hatchling diamondback terrapins. The results indicated that mangrove swamps and grass-dominated marshes adjacent to the ponds are important developmental habitats for hatchlings. Yellow-crowned night herons (Nyctanassa violacea) were found to be significant predators of small terrapins during spring emergence. Small aquatic gastropods comprised 66.7% of the faecal samples analysed from the Bermudian population. Scavenged fish and vertebrate animal remains, terrestrial arthropods, polychaete worms and bivalves were consumed in lesser amounts. Sediment from the pond environment was found in 74% of the faecal samples analysed and is believed to have been incidentally ingested while foraging for the small benthic gastropods. Eco-toxicological analyses of the pond sediment, prey and terrapin eggs showed that the Bermudian diamondback terrapins live and feed in wetland habitats characterised by chronic, multifactorial contamination; principally total petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and a variety of heavy metals. This study found that some of those contaminants are accumulating in the gastropod prey as well as being transferred to terrapin eggs. This may be reducing the incidence of successful embryonic development for this species in Bermuda and may likely contribute to the observed low hatching rates. These collective findings indicate that the Bermudian population is very vulnerable to local extirpation.

Published
2014

21. Two New Additions to the Terrestrial Reptiles Established on Bermuda, with Notes on Other Species.

Author

OUTERBRIDGE, MARK E. and MASSEY, SIMIEON C. B.

Subjects
*REPTILES, *NATURAL history, *BIOLOGICAL extinction, *SPECIES, *MASS extinctions
Abstract

The article reports on the establishment of new gecko species on Bermuda, North Carolina, expanding the list of terrestrial reptiles on the island. Topics discussed include Bermuda's climate and its influence on biodiversity, the impact of human activity on local wildlife, and the low rate of native species due to habitat loss and extinction events.

Published
2018

25. PLESTIODON LONGIROSTRIS.

Author

TURNER, HELÉNA, GRIFFITHS, RICHARD A., GARCIA, GERARDO, and OUTERBRIDGE, MARK E.

Subjects
GRAPES, COASTS
Abstract

The article discusses tail bifurcation in Plestiodon longirostris.

Published
2017

26. Ontogenetic diet shifts of green sea turtles (<italic>Chelonia mydas</italic>) in a mid-ocean developmental habitat.

Author

Burgett, Claire M., Burkholder, Derek A., Coates, Kathryn A., Fourqurean, Virginia L., Kenworthy, W. Judson, Manuel, Sarah A., Outerbridge, Mark E., and Fourqurean, James W.

Subjects
GREEN turtle, BIOGEOGRAPHY, SEXUAL maturity in reptiles, NEST building, CARNIVOROUS animals
Abstract

Green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) arrive on the geographically isolated Bermuda platform as small juveniles and remain until they are approaching sexual maturity, at which point individuals depart for distant feeding and nesting sites. It has been reported that younger green turtles generally tend to carnivory or omnivory and that seagrasses become a significant food source as the turtles grow. Evidence indicates that grazing by green sea turtles in Bermuda is negatively impacting seagrass beds, thus understanding their diets is important to both conserving the turtles and their food. Stable isotope methods were used to investigate ontogenetic diet shifts of green sea turtles and to determine reliance on seagrass by larger turtles. Skin samples from 157 individual turtles and samples of known turtle foods, plants and animals, were collected for determination of consumer and food δ13C and δ15N values. A Bayesian stable isotope mixing model analysis indicated a wide range among individual turtles’ diets, with the greatest differences occurring between small and large turtles; larger turtles consumed seagrass almost exclusively. We also examined diet changes in 12 turtles captured in two successive years; these recapture data confirmed the changes in diet suggested by the relationship between size of turtles and diet composition. Very limited evidence was found of any diet variation among larger turtles that would indicate a shift away from declining seagrasses as their major food source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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