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In 2014, the Burkina Faso government launched the Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) programme. Expected benefit was a 75% reduction of all malaria episodes and a 75% drop of severe malaria episodes. This study assessed SMC efficiency on malaria morbidity in the country after 2 years of implementation., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Background In 2010, the government of Sierra Leone implemented the Free Health Care Initiative (FHCI) in the country with the objective of reducing the high maternal, infant, and child mortality rates and improving general health indicators. The objective of this study was to assess the trends in the prevalence of health care-seeking and to identify the determinants of healthcare service utilization by caregivers of children younger than five years. Methods The analysis of health-care-seeking behavior was done using data from four populationbased surveys in Sierra Leone before (2008) and after (2013, 2016, 2019) the FHCI was implemented. Care-seeking behavior was assessed with regard to caregivers seeking care for children under-five in the two weeks prior to each survey. We compared the percentages of healthcare-seeking behavior change and identify factors associated with healthcareseeking using a modified Poisson regression model with generalized estimating equations. Results In 2008, a total of 1208 children with fever were recorded, compared with 2823 children in 2013, 1633 in 2016, and 1464 in 2019. Care-seeking for children with fever was lowest in 2008 (51%; 95% CI (46.4-55.5)) than in 2013 (71.5%; 95% CI (68.4-74.5)), 2016 (70.3%; 95% CI (66.6-73.8)), and 2019 (74.6%; 95% CI (71.6-77.3)) (p < 0.001). Care-seeking in 2013, 2016 and 2019 was at least 1.4 time higher than in 2008 (p < 0.001) after adjusting for mother's age, wealth, religion, education level, household head and the child's age. Careseeking was lowest for children older than 12 months, mothers older than 35 years, children living in the poorest households, and in the northern region. A trend was observed for the sex of the household head. The level of care-seeking was lowest when the household head was a man. Conclusions The increase in healthcare-seeking for children under-five with fever followed the introduction of the FHCI in Sierra Leone. Care-seeking for fever varied by the child's age, ca, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment is a critical step in the current approach to the primary prevention of CVD, particularly in low-income countries such as Burkina Faso. In this study, we aimed to assess the geographic and sociodemographic disparities of the ten-year cardiovascular risk in Burkina Faso. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of the data from the first nationwide survey using the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise approach. Ten-year cardiovascular risk was determined using the WHO 2019 updated risk chart (WHO risk) as main outcome, and the Framingham risk score (FRS) and the Globorisk chart for secondary outcomes. We performed a modified Poisson regression model using a generalized estimating equation to examine the association between CVD risk and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: A total of 3081 participants aged 30 to 64 years were included in this analysis. The overall age and sex-standardized mean of absolute ten-year cardiovascular risk assessed using the WHO risk chart was 2.5% (95% CI: 2.4–2.6), ranging from 2.3% (95% CI: 2.2–2.4) in Centre Est to 3.0% (95% CI: 2.8–3.2) in the Centre region. It was 4.6% (95% CI: 4.4– 4.8) for FRS and 4.0% (95% CI: 3.8–4.1) for Globorisk. Regarding categorized CVD risk(absolute risk ≥10%), we found out that the age and sex-standardized prevalence of elevated risk was 1.7% (95% CI: 1.3–2.1) for WHO risk, 10.4% (95% CI: 9.6–11.2) for FRS, and 5.9% (95% CI: 5.1–6.6) for Globorisk. For all of the three risk scores, elevated CVD risk was associated with increasing age, men, higher education, urban residence, and health region (Centre). Conclusion: We found sociodemographic and geographic inequalities in the ten-year CVD risk in Burkina Faso regardless of risk score used. Therefore, population-wide interventions are needed to improve detection and management of adult in the higher CVD risk groups in Burkina Faso.

Background: Socioeconomic inequalities between and within countries lead to disparities in the use of health services. These disparities could lead to child mortality in children under 5 years by depriving them of healthcare. Therefore, initiatives to remove healthcare fees such as the Free Healthcare Initiative (FHCI) adopted in Sierra Leone can contribute to reducing these inequities in healthcare-seeking for children. This study aimed to assess the socioeconomic inequalities in healthcare-seeking for children under 5 years of age before and after the implementation of the FHCI. Methods: Data were included on 1207, 2815, 1633, and 1476 children under 5 years of age with fever from the 2008, 2013, 2016, and 2019 nationwide surveys, respectively. Concentration curves were drawn for the period before (2008) and after (2013–2019) the implementation of the FHCI to assess socioeconomic inequalities in healthcare-seeking. Finally, Erreyger’s corrected concentration indices were calculated to understand the magnitude of these inequalities. Results: Before the implementation of the FHCI, there were inequalities in healthcare-seeking for children under five (Erreyger’s corrected concentration index (CI) = 0.168, standard error (SE) = 0.049; p < 0.001) in favor of the wealthy households. These inequalities decreased after the implementation of the FHCI (CI = 0.061, SE = 0.033; p = 0.06 in 2013, CI = 0.039, SE = 0.04; p = 0.32 in 2016, and CI = − 0.0005, SE = 0.362; p = 0.98 in 2019). Furthermore, before the implementation of the FHCI, a significant pro-rich inequality in the districts of Kenema (CI = 0.117, SE = 0.168, p = 0.021), Kono (CI = 0.175, SE = 0.078, p = 0.028) and Western Area Urban (CI = 0.070, SE = 0.032, p = 0.031) has been observed. After the implementation of the FHCI in 2019, these disparities were reduced, 11 of the 14 districts had a CI around the value of equality, and only in 2 districts the pro-rich inequality were significant (Western Area Urban (CI =

In 2016, a free healthcare policy (FHP) was implemented in Burkina Faso for children under the age of five. In our study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of care-seeking for a fever in children under the age of five before and after the implementation of the FHP and to analyze the determinants of not seeking care under the FHP., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Socioeconomic inequalities between and within countries lead to disparities in the use of health services. These disparities could lead to child mortality in children under 5 years by depriving them of healthcare. Therefore, initiatives to remove healthcare fees such as the Free Healthcare Initiative (FHCI) adopted in Sierra Leone can contribute to reducing these inequities in healthcare-seeking for children. This study aimed to assess the socioeconomic inequalities in healthcare-seeking for children under 5 years of age before and after the implementation of the FHCI., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Malaria in endemic countries is often asymptomatic during pregnancy, but it has substantial consequences for both the mother and her unborn baby. During pregnancy, anaemia is an important consequence of malaria infection. In Burkina Faso, the intensity of malaria varies according to the season, albeit the prevalence of malaria and anaemia as well as their risk factors, during high and low malaria transmission seasons is underexplored at the household level., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Mariamawit Negatou,1 Mady Ouedraogo,2 Philippe Donnen,3 Elisabeth Paul,3 Sekou Samadoulougou,4,5,* Fati Kirakoya-Samadoulougou1,* 1Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie, Biostatistiques et Recherche Clinique, École de Santé Publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgique; 2Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographie (INSD), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 3Centre de Recherche en Politiques et Systèmes de Santé – Santé Internationale, École de Santé Publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgique; 4Centre for Research on Planning and Development (CRAD), Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada; 5Evaluation Platform on Obesity Prevention, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Mariamawit NegatouCentre de Recherche en Épidémiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche Clinique, École de Santé Publique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, BelgiqueTel +251911747363Email mariamawitbrouk@gmail.comBackground: In 2016, a free healthcare policy (FHP) was implemented in Burkina Faso for children under the age of five. In our study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of care-seeking for a fever in children under the age of five before and after the implementation of the FHP and to analyze the determinants of not seeking care under the FHP.Methods: The data of three nationally representative surveys were used to evaluate the trends of the prevalence of care-seeking. We performed a modified Poisson regression using a generalized estimating equation to determine the factors associated with not seeking care.Results: The prevalence for care seeking increased from 57.5% (95% CI, 54.2– 60.8) in 2014 to 72.3% (95% CI, 68.1– 76.2) in 2017. Childre

Kadari Cisse,1,2 Sekou Samadoulougou,3 Mady Ouedraogo,4 Bruno Bonnechère,5 Jean-Marie Degryse,6,7 Seni Kouanda,2,8 Fati Kirakoya-Samadoulougou1 1Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie, Biostatistiques et Recherche Clinique, Ecole de Santé Publique, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; 2Departement Biomédical et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 3Evaluation Platform on Obesity Prevention, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada; 4Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 5Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United-Kingdom; 6Institut de Recherche Santé et Société, UCLouvain, Bruxelles, Belgium; 7Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium; 8Institut Africain de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou, Burkina FasoCorrespondence: Kadari CisseDepartement Biomédical et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7192, Burkina FasoTel +226 76 42 54 86Fax + 226 50 36 03 94Email cisskad4@gmail.comBackground: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment is a critical step in the current approach to the primary prevention of CVD, particularly in low-income countries such as Burkina Faso. In this study, we aimed to assess the geographic and sociodemographic disparities of the ten-year cardiovascular risk in Burkina Faso.Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of the data from the first nationwide survey using the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise approach. Ten-year cardiovascular risk was determined using the WHO 2019 updated risk chart (WHO risk) as main outcome, and the Framingham risk score (FRS) and the Globorisk chart for secondary outcomes. We performed a modified Poisson regression model using a generalized estimating equation to examine the association between CVD risk and sociodemographic characteristics.Results: A total o

Objective The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of abdominal obesity, its predictors and its association with cardiovascular risk among adults in Burkina Faso. Design We performed a secondary analysis of data from a national cross-sectional study, using WHO STEPwise approach. Setting The study was conducted in Burkina Faso, in all the 13 regions of the country. Participants Our study involved 4308 adults of both sexes, aged between 25 and 64 years. Primary and secondary outcomes Our primary outcome was abdominal obesity, which was defined using a cut-off point of waist circumference (WC) of ≥94 cm for men and ≥80 cm for women. The secondary outcome was very high WC (≥102 cm for men and ≥88 cm for women) (for whom weight management is required). Results The mean age of participants was 38.5±11.1 years. The age-standardised prevalence of abdominal obesity was 22.5% (95% CI 21.3% to 23.7%). This prevalence was 35.9% (95% CI 33.9% to 37.9%) among women and 5.2% (95% CI 4.3% to 6.2%) among men. In urban areas, the age-standardised prevalence of abdominal obesity was 42.8% (95% CI 39.9% to 45.7%) and 17.0% (95% CI 15.7% to 18.2%) in rural areas. The age-standardised prevalence of very high WC was 10.2% (95% CI 9.3% to 11.1%). The main predictors of abdominal obesity were being female, increased age, married status, high level of education and living in urban areas. Abdominal obesity was also significantly associated with high blood pressure (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 1.30; 95% CI 1.14 to 1.47) and hypercholesterolaemia (aPR: 1.52; 95% CI 1.18 to 1.94). According to the combination matrix between body mass index and WC, 14.6% of the adult population in Burkina Faso had an increased cardiometabolic risk. Conclusion Our study showed a high prevalence of abdominal obesity and a high proportion of adults who require weight management strategies to prevent cardiometabolic complications. Strategies to reduce the burden of abdominal obesity and very hi, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment is a critical step in the current approach to the primary prevention of CVD, particularly in low-income countries such as Burkina Faso. In this study, we aimed to assess the geographic and sociodemographic disparities of the ten-year cardiovascular risk in Burkina Faso. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of the data from the first nationwide survey using the World Health Organization (WHO) STEPwise approach. Ten-year cardiovascular risk was determined using the WHO 2019 updated risk chart (WHO risk) as main outcome, and the Framingham risk score (FRS) and the Globorisk chart for secondary outcomes. We performed a modified Poisson regression model using a generalized estimating equation to examine the association between CVD risk and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: A total of 3081 participants aged 30 to 64 years were included in this analysis. The overall age and sex-standardized mean of absolute ten-year cardiovascular risk assessed using the WHO risk chart was 2.5% (95% CI: 2.4–2.6), ranging from 2.3% (95% CI: 2.2– 2.4) in Centre Est to 3.0% (95% CI: 2.8–3.2) in the Centre region. It was 4.6% (95% CI: 4.4– 4.8) for FRS and 4.0% (95% CI: 3.8–4.1) for Globorisk. Regarding categorized CVD risk (absolute risk ≥10%), we found out that the age and sex-standardized prevalence of elevated risk was 1.7% (95% CI: 1.3–2.1) for WHO risk, 10.4% (95% CI: 9.6–11.2) for FRS, and 5.9% (95% CI: 5.1–6.6) for Globorisk. For all of the three risk scores, elevated CVD risk was associated with increasing age, men, higher education, urban residence, and health region (Centre). Conclusion: We found sociodemographic and geographic inequalities in the ten-year CVD risk in Burkina Faso regardless of risk score used. Therefore, population-wide interventions are needed to improve detection and management of adult in the higher CVD risk groups in Burkina Faso., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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Reducing the 2015 level of malaria mortality by 90% by 2030 is a goal set by the World Health Organization (WHO). In Burkina Faso, several malaria control programs proven to be effective were implemented over the last decade. In parallel, the progressive strengthening of the health surveillance system is generating valuable data, which represents a great opportunity for analyzing the trends in malaria burden and assessing the effect of these control programs. Complementary programs were rolled out at different time points and paces, and the present work aims at investigating both the spatial and temporal pattern of malaria case fatality rate (mCFR) by considering the effect of combining specific and unspecific malaria control programs. To this end, data on severe malaria cases and malaria deaths, aggregated at health district level between January 2013 and December 2018, were extracted from the national health data repository (ENDOS-BF). A Bayesian spatiotemporal zero-inflated Poisson model was fitted to quantify the strength of the association of malaria control programs with monthly mCFR trends at health district level. The model was adjusted for contextual variables. We found that monthly mCFR decreased from 2.0 (95% IC 1.9-2.1%) to 0.9 (95% IC 0.8-1.0%) deaths for 100 severe malaria cases in 2013 and 2018, respectively. Health districts with high mCFR were identified in the northern, northwestern and southwestern parts of the country. The availability of malaria rapid diagnosis tests (IRR: 0.54; CrI: 0.47, 0.62) and treatment (IRR: 0.50; CrI: 0.41, 0.61) were significantly associated with a reduction in the mCFR. The risk of dying from malaria was lower in the period after the free healthcare policy compared with the period before (IRR: 0.47; CrI: 0.38, 0.58). Our findings highlighted locations that are most in need of targeted interventions and the necessity to sustain and strengthen the launched health programs to further reduce the malaria deaths in Burkina F

Burkina Faso has recently implemented an additional strategy, the free healthcare policy, to further improve maternal and child health. This policy targets children under five who bear the brunt of the malaria scourge. The effects of the free-of-charge healthcare were previously assessed in women but not in children. The present study aims at filling this gap by assessing the effect of this policy in children under five with a focus on the induced spatial and temporal changes in malaria morbidity. We used a Bayesian spatiotemporal negative binomial model to investigate the space-time variation in malaria incidence in relation to the implementation of the policy. The analysis relied on malaria routine surveillance data extracted from the national health data repository and spanning the period from January 2013 to December 2018. The model was adjusted for meteorological and contextual confounders. We found that the number of presumed and confirmed malaria cases per 1000 children per month increased between 2013 and 2018. We further found that the implementation of the free healthcare policy was significantly associated with a two-fold increase in the number of tested and confirmed malaria cases compared with the period before the policy rollout. This effect was, however, heterogeneous across the health districts. We attributed the rise in malaria incidence following the policy rollout to an increased use of health services combined with an increased availability of rapid tests and a higher compliance to the "test and treat" policy. The observed heterogeneity in the policy effect was attributed to parallel control interventions, some of which were rolled out at different paces and scales. Our findings call for a sustained and reinforced effort to test all suspected cases so that, alongside an improved case treatment, the true picture of the malaria scourge in children under five emerges clearly (see the hippopotamus almost entirely).

Malgré les progrès dans la lutte contre le paludisme au Burkina Faso, il reste la plus importante maladie à transmission vectorielle dans le pays. P. falciparum est le plus répandu et le plus mortel au Burkina Faso. Les facteurs liés à ce fardeau élevé sont l’inaccessibilité (financière et géographique) aux soins de santé, l’insuffisance dans le diagnostic et la prise en charge adéquate et précoce des cas de paludisme. La réalisation de l'Objectif du Développement Durable 3 au Burkina Faso repose sur une mise en œuvre réussie d'un ensemble d'interventions de prévention, de gestion des cas et de surveillance épidémiologique du paludisme. L'objectif de réduire le taux de létalité lié au paludisme à 1 % en 2020 n'a pas été atteint, il est donc nécessaire de réaliser une évaluation de l’efficacité des programmes de lutte antipaludique (utilisation des MILDA, utilisation des CTA, la politique de gratuité des soins de santé) surtout au niveau infranational, utile pour orienter la prise de décision à des échelles géographiques plus petites. Les données cliniques sur le paludisme collectées en routine peuvent fournir des informations indispensables pour l’évaluation de la variation inter et intra mensuelle/annuelle de l’effet des interventions de lutte antipaludique et du risque de paludisme à l'échelle nationale et infranationale chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans. Au Burkina Faso, une quantité importante de données a été régulièrement collectée par le biais du système de transmission des données en ligne via le « District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2) ». Toutefois, leur utilisation pour évaluer l’effet des interventions de lutte sur la dynamique spatio-temporelle du risque de paludisme à l’échelle locale (district) reste limitée au Burkina Faso. Dans cette recherche, nous avons développé des modèles spatiaux et spatio-temporels implémentés dans un cadre hiérarchique bayésien pour (I) évaluer l’effet des interventions de lutte sur la dynamique spatio-temporelle de, Despite progress in the fight against malaria in Burkina Faso, malaria remains the most important vector-borne disease in the country, and P. falciparum is the most widespread and deadly pathogen in the area. The factors linked to this high burden are the inaccessibility (financial and geographical) to health care, insufficient diagnoses, and inadequate/late management of malaria cases. The achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 3 in Burkina Faso is based on the successful implementation of a set of interventions for the prevention, case management, and epidemiological surveillance of malaria. The objective of reducing the case fatality rate linked to malaria to 1% by 2020 has not been reached. It is, therefore, necessary to carry out an evaluation of the effectiveness of malaria control programs (the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets, the use of Artemisinin-based combination therapy, and free health care policies), especially at the sub-national level, which will be useful for guiding decision-making at smaller geographic scales. Routinely collected clinical data on malaria can provide essential information for the assessment of inter- and intra-monthly/annual variation in the effects of malaria control interventions and the risk of malaria at the national and subnational levels among children under five. In Burkina Faso, a significant amount of data is regularly collected through the online data transmission system via the “District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2)”. However, the use of these data to assess the effects of control interventions on the spatio-temporal dynamics of malaria risk at the local (district) level remains limited in Burkina Faso. In this research, we developed spatial and spatio-temporal models implemented in a Bayesian hierarchical framework to (i) assess the effects of control interventions on the spatio-temporal dynamics of morbidity and lethality due to malaria in the period of 2013–2018 in children under 5 in Burkina Faso an, Doctorat en Sciences de la santé Publique, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Reducing the 2015 level of malaria mortality by 90% by 2030 is a goal set by the World Health Organization (WHO). In Burkina Faso, several malaria control programs proven to be effective were implemented over the last decade. In parallel, the progressive strengthening of the health surveillance system is generating valuable data, which represents a great opportunity for analyzing the trends in malaria burden and assessing the effect of these control programs. Complementary programs were rolled out at different time points and paces, and the present work aims at investigating both the spatial and temporal pattern of malaria case fatality rate (mCFR) by considering the effect of combining specific and unspecific malaria control programs. To this end, data on severe malaria cases and malaria deaths, aggregated at health district level between January 2013 and December 2018, were extracted from the national health data repository (ENDOS-BF). A Bayesian spatiotemporal zero-inflated Poisson model was fitted to quantify the strength of the association of malaria control programs with monthly mCFR trends at health district level. The model was adjusted for contextual variables. We found that monthly mCFR decreased from 2.0 (95% IC 1.9-2.1%) to 0.9 (95% IC 0.8-1.0%) deaths for 100 severe malaria cases in 2013 and 2018, respectively. Health districts with high mCFR were identified in the northern, northwestern and southwestern parts of the country. The availability of malaria rapid diagnosis tests (IRR: 0.54; CrI: 0.47, 0.62) and treatment (IRR: 0.50; CrI: 0.41, 0.61) were significantly associated with a reduction in the mCFR. The risk of dying from malaria was lower in the period after the free healthcare policy compared with the period before (IRR: 0.47; CrI: 0.38, 0.58). Our findings highlighted locations that are most in need of targeted interventions and the necessity to sustain and strengthen the launched health programs to further reduce the malaria deaths in Burkina F, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Burkina Faso has recently implemented an additional strategy, the free healthcare policy, to further improve maternal and child health. This policy targets children under five who bear the brunt of the malaria scourge. The effects of the free-of-charge healthcare were previously assessed in women but not in children. The present study aims at filling this gap by assessing the effect of this policy in children under five with a focus on the induced spatial and temporal changes in malaria morbidity. We used a Bayesian spatiotemporal negative binomial model to investigate the space-time variation in malaria incidence in relation to the implementation of the policy. The analysis relied on malaria routine surveillance data extracted from the national health data repository and spanning the period from January 2013 to December 2018. The model was adjusted for meteorological and contextual confounders. We found that the number of presumed and confirmed malaria cases per 1000 children per month increased between 2013 and 2018. We further found that the implementation of the free healthcare policy was significantly associated with a two-fold increase in the number of tested and confirmed malaria cases compared with the period before the policy rollout. This effect was, however, heterogeneous across the health districts. We attributed the rise in malaria incidence following the policy rollout to an increased use of health services combined with an increased availability of rapid tests and a higher compliance to the "test and treat" policy. The observed heterogeneity in the policy effect was attributed to parallel control interventions, some of which were rolled out at different paces and scales. Our findings call for a sustained and reinforced effort to test all suspected cases so that, alongside an improved case treatment, the true picture of the malaria scourge in children under five emerges clearly (see the hippopotamus almost entirely)., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Background: In malaria endemic countries, asymptomatic cases constitute an important reservoir of infections sustaining transmission. Estimating the burden of the asymptomatic population and identifying areas with elevated risk is important for malaria control in Burkina Faso. This study analysed the spatial distribution of asymptomatic malaria infection among children under 5 in 24 health districts in Burkina Faso and identified the determinants of this distribution. Methods: The data used in this study were collected in a baseline survey on "evaluation of the impact of pay for performance on the quality of care" conducted in 24 health districts in Burkina Faso, between October 2013 and March 2014. This survey involved 7844 households and 1387 community health workers. A Bayesian hierarchical logistic model that included spatial dependence and covariates was implemented to identify the determinants of asymptomatic malaria infection. The posterior probability distribution of a parameter from the model was summarized using odds ratio (OR) and 95% credible interval (95% CI). Results: The overall prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infection in children under 5 years of age was estimated at 38.2%. However, significant variation was observed between districts ranging from 11.1% in the district of Barsalgho to 77.8% in the district of Gaoua. Older children (48-59 vs < 6 months: OR: 6.79 [5.62, 8.22]), children from very poor households (Richest vs poorest: OR: 0.85 [0.74-0.96]), households located more than 5 km from a health facility (< 5 km vs ≥ 5 km: OR: 1.14 [1.04-1.25]), in localities with inadequate number of nurses (< 3 vs ≥ 3: 0.72 [0.62, 0.82], from rural areas (OR: 1.67 [1.39-2.01]) and those surveyed in high transmission period of asymptomatic malaria (OR: 1.27 [1.10-1.46]) were most at risk for asymptomatic malaria infection. In addition, the spatial analysis identified the following nine districts that reported significantly higher risks: Batié, Boromo, Dano, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

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