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This paper presents preliminary evaluations on the design of hybrid propulsion architectures related to midsize boats. The analysis is carried out for the case study of a retrofit operation proposed for an oceanographic ship, which is used by the researchers of the National Research Council of Italy for experimental campaigns in the Mediterranean Sea. Starting from the information obtained on the existing architecture by means of various on-board inspections, an experimental set-up is proposed for the monitoring and acquisition of the main electrical and mechanical parameters of the ship, during her navigation campaigns. Different possible hybrid configurations are also proposed, identifying the main advantages and drawbacks of each configuration for the considered application. The proposed set-up allows obtaining experimental information, about the behaviour of the ship in a large variety of operative conditions, which will be useful to support the choice of a proper hybrid propulsion architecture and the optimal design of components.

This paper proposes a methodology to evaluate the maximum power, which can be drawn out from a PV plant on the basis of its geographic location and local weather conditions. These evaluations are carried out through data analytics, starting from an experimental knowledge base, which is built through aggregation of data coming from electric characterization tests, temperature measurements and weather stations. The first part of this methodology is focused on the characterization of irradiance sensors, highlighting the dependency of its measurements on sun elevation angle. The evaluations are then focused on a real application, which consists in a Hetero Junction Intrinsic Thin Layer (HIT) PV panel equipped with temperature sensors. The estimations are obtained by using weather data coming from measurement stations located near the PV panel. The comparison with experimental results highlights the performance of the proposed power prediction method, especially during summer periods.

Il presente documento fa riferimento alle attività di consulenza svolte dall'Istituto Motori del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, per la Costruzioni Motori Diesel S.p.A. - CMD nell'ambito dell'OR 6 - "Integrazione, caratterizzazione sperimentale dei componenti ed analisi delle prestazioni al banco prova del propulsore ibrido" facente parte del progetto iMare. Nella prima parte sono riportate le attività indirizzate all'allestimento della sala prova motore presso la sede della CMD ad Atella (Pz), dove verrà poi alloggiato il sistema ibrido messo a punto per le successive prove al banco. In tale sezione sarà riportata una descrizione della sala prova nonché degli elementi costituenti la catena di acquisizione/controllo dei principali parametri meccanici ed elettrici. La seconda parte del report verte sulla discussione delle strategie di gestione del sistema di propulsione ibrido. In particolare l'attività è rivolta allo sviluppo ed alla simulazione numerica di differenti strategie di controllo al fine di valutarne pregi e difetti una volta fissate opportune condizioni operative replicabili poi sul sistema in scala reale come previsto dagli altri OR relativi al progetto iMare. Nella terza parte del report, sono invece riportati i risultati sperimentali ottenuti al banco prova sul sistema di propulsione prototipale. In particolare, la prima parte delle prove è stata dedicata all'allestimento del sistema di comunicazione CANBUS ed alla verifica del suo corretto funzionamento in diverse condizioni operative. Le prove successive sono state rivolte all'esecuzione dei test al banco per il sistema di propulsione ibrido, in condizioni operative rappresentative del suo funzionamento a bordo.

Il presente documento fa riferimento alle attività di consulenza svolte dall'Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Energia e la Mobilità Sostenibili del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR[1]STEMS) per la Costruzioni Motori Diesel S.p.A. - CMD nell'ambito dell'OR 8 - "Messa a punto del sistema ibrido di propulsione installato su un dimostratore tipo di imbarcazione fino a 10 m" del progetto iMare. Tali attività sono state concordate tra le parti, come riportato nel contratto di consulenza stipulato in data 07/05/2019 con protocollo IM-CNR 1339 del 28/05/2019. Il documento è suddiviso in due sezioni, seguendo gli obiettivi realizzativi previsti dall'OR 8 del progetto iMare. Nella prima parte del report si riportano le attività svolte presso il cantiere nautico Salpa, sito in Vitulazio (CE). Tali attività, svolte a valle dell'installazione on-board, sono state utili alla configurazione e testing del sistema di propulsione ibrido prototipale e dei relativi sistemi ausiliari. A valle della fase di testing della componentistica prevista sono inoltre riportate le attività svolte in vasca, indispensabili per il varo finale e le successive prove in mare. La seconda parte del report riporta i risultati delle prove a mare, svolte presso la banchina del Porto di Pozzuoli, con l'obiettivo di verificare le prestazioni dell'imbarcazione nelle principali condizioni di funzionamento previste da progetto.

This paper deals with hybrid energy storage system (HESS) management strategies, optimized for urban road electric vehicle applications. These new control strategies aim to extend battery pack durability by reducing charging/discharging current peaks by means of supercapacitors. The optimization is carried out with reference to the case study of a HESS composed of a high power unit, i.e. supercapacitor module plus a high energy unit, i.e. a battery pack, based on nickel-chloride ZEBRA (ZEolite Battery Research Africa) technology. On-board integration of the two storage devices is obtained through a DC/DC bidirectional power converter, as this configuration is particularly convenient for many kinds of urban vehicle operations. The novelty of this work consists in an analytical methodology, based on non-linear programming and calculus of variations theory, to evaluate management strategies characterized by high effectiveness in reducing battery current transients. The identification and optimization of these strategies are initially performed on the basis of a vehicle model, built in the Matlab-Simulink simulation environment. To this purpose, the experimental characterization of the supercapacitor module is obtained with reference to three different models, whose selection depends on the required fitting performance and computational effort indexes, as evaluated in the paper. The energy management strategies identified show promising results in the simulation environment, followed by experimental activities carried out by means of a dedicated 1:1 scale laboratory test bench. The various experimental results presented in this manuscript highlight that the identified λ-control strategy presents effectiveness values up to 57%, close to the ideal results obtained in the simulation environment. In fact, the methodology proposed in this paper, validated by laboratory experiments, definitely reduces the negative consequences of power peaks on the HESS, indicating the real possibility of using these results in the design and control of urban road vehicles.

This paper describes a novel Energy Management Strategy (EMS) for hybrid energy storage systems, when used to supply urban electric vehicles. A preliminary off-line procedure, based on nonlinear programming, is performed in order to optimize the battery current profile for fixed working cycles. Hence, a suitable control strategy, which is based on a constrained minimization problem, is tailored for real-time applications. This control strategy exploits the off-line solution of a proper isoperimetric problem and aims to dynamically optimize the battery durability by reducing peak charging/discharging current values. The main advantage of the analysed EMS consists in the easy on-board implementation through the use of one single parameter, which can be quickly identified through a simple off-line numerical procedure. The proposed strategy is evaluated in simulation environment, through the use of a Matlab-Simulink model, for the case study of an urban electric vehicle running on a ECE 15 driving cycles. Simulation results have confirmed the good performance of the above strategy in reducing the battery peak charging/discharging current through the proper management of the hybrid energy storage system.

This paper presents experimental evaluations on the performance of a hybrid energy storage system to supply urban electric vehicles. The paper starts with a description of nickel chloride batteries and electric double layer capacitors with details on their related advantages. Then, a laboratory test bench is presented to experimentally evaluate the performance of the realized hybrid storage system, obtained through a controlled DC/DC bidirectional power converter, supplying an electric power-train in real operative conditions on standard driving cycles. The main results of this study shows the importance of using that power converter to take advantage of the power characteristics of the super-capacitor and to easily implement on board energy management strategies to increase the whole vehicle performance.

This paper introduces a study on the charging infrastructures, integrated with distributed energy sources, showing their ability to support the electric and hybrid mobility in a smart grid scenario. This analysis starts from a description of the main AC and DC architecture and then goes through the advantages derived by the integration of renewable energy sources within the existing electric power network. A section of this paper is then dedicated to the main technologies of energy storage systems, which allow and support the integration of unpredictable energy sources into the grid. Finally, the power on-board and off-board vehicle charging devices are analyzed with specific focus on PWM control schemes, for the regulation of AC/DC and DC/DC power converters, and on grid operations (V2G) related to different aggregation schemes.

In this paper, a new learning tool is proposed to train professional figures, such as entrepreneurs, engineers, and technicians, who need to improve their skills in the field of Internet of Energy. The proposed tool aims to cover the lack of experimental knowledge on new energy systems and to layer proper skills, which are useful to deal with challenges required by smart energy management in the new complex distributed configuration of the electric power systems, characterized by demand response services. This tool is based on a small-scale laboratory demonstrator, representative of a smart rural house, equipped with a measurement and control system. This demonstrator can be remotely accessed, through web server applications based on a low cost single-board computer. Trainers can have direct experience on the main concepts related to smart grids, renewable energy sources, electrochemical storage systems, and electric vehicles, through the use of the proposed tool managed by the web software interface.

Questo documento rappresenta il deliverable di progetto della linea di ricerca 2.4 del progetto Accordo di Programma MiSE - C.N.R. PAR 2016-2017 - D7 Smart Cities e Smart Communities. Le attività descritte nel documento consistono nell'analisi di strategie di gestione dei flussi energetici in smart micro-grid con riferimento ad un dimostratore di laboraroio, basato su un'architettura in corrente continua che integra fonti rinnovabili, sistemi di accumulo stazionari ed utenze energivore in contesti smart district. Le strategie analizzate sono volte all'ottimizzazione della power quality, dell'efficienza energetica e dei costi dell'energia in contesti di tipo smart-district. Sono inoltre analizzate e confrontate specifiche architetture per l'integrazione ottimale di sistemi fotovoltaici con micro-grid in corrente continua. La realizzazione e configurazione di tale dimostratore sono state, in parte, oggetto delle attività del POA2015.

In this paper a deep investigation of supercapacitor device modeling is performed with specific reference to hybrid energy storage modules, suitable to support both all electric /hybrid propulsion and on board MVDC distribution marine systems. In those applications, the combination of batteries and supercapacitors in realizing energy storage hybrid devices overtakes the intrinsic disadvantages of single use of electrochemical batteries and supercapacitors. On the other hand, proper design and management strategies of hybrid architecture are required in order to achieve the best performance in terms of dynamic and life cycle assessment on load profile of marine applications. In this way, the main results presented in this paper consists in a simple quadratic mathematical model of supercapacitor, evaluated as a quadratic function of the ultra-capacitor voltage, which is validated experimentally on the base of operative-cycle-based loading profiles, representative of marine application. The results and comparison reported in this work confirm the validity of the proposed model for preliminary design of hybrid energy storage systems and management strategies evaluation on the electrification of ship power systems.

Il presente documento ha lo scopo di analizzare e confrontare le prestazioni di tecnologie al litio, con particolare riferimento a tecnologie LiFePO4 e LiNMC, tenendo conto delle principali problematiche di sicurezza legate al loro impiego on-board. Le valutazioni riportate in questo documento sono basate su un'indagine bibliografica di risultati riportati in lavori scientifici, pubblicati su riviste del settore, presentati a conferenze nazionali ed internazionali e nei relativi proceedings. Partendo da tali risultati, in questo documento sono confrontate le suddette tecnologie in termini di prestazioni e sicurezza, con particolare riferimento alle condizioni di funzionamento che possono causare fenomeni di thermal runaway. Sono quindi richiamate le principali indicazioni sull'impiego di accorgimenti tecnici e strutturali, volti a garantire la sicurezza di pacchi batterie al litio, in tutte le condizioni operative previste per il loro funzionamento a bordo. L'analisi è riferita a sistemi di propulsione elettrici o ibridi per imbarcazioni di piccola/media taglia.

This paper describes a preliminary analysis on the integration of renewable energy systems in smart microgrids. The initial theoretical evaluations are referred to the case study of a laboratory DC microgrid interconnecting: electric mobility, stationary storage systems and renewable energy sources in a smart grid scenario. Specific power architectures for the integration of a 7kWp solar generation system with the considered microgrid are analysed and compared, in terms of efficiency and costs, in order to support the choice and the design of optimal solutions. Modeling and simulations of the related components are carried out in Matlab-Simulink environment in order to evaluate the performance of different embedded maximum power point tracking techniques, working in balanced and unbalanced irradiance conditions for the considered PV generation system. The promising results and the considerations reported in this paper highlight the importance of using the proposed smart power architectures and the related control techniques to support the optimal use of sustainable energy generation systems.

This document represents the intermediate report of the Erasmus + Internet of Energy Education and Qualification project. The report provides the advancements of the project at month 18, with particular reference to project management activities, research / training activities, carried out in each single Intellectual Outputs, organization of transnational meetings and dissemination of project results. For each Intellectual Output, the main information related to the reported budget and the differences in comparison with the overall project costs are also reported.

Il presente documento fa riferimento alle attività di consulenza svolte dall'Istituto Motori del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche di Napoli, per la Costruzioni Motori Diesel S.p.A. - CMD, nell'ambito dell'OR 1 - Analisi delle soluzioni di architetture ibride di propulsione: definizione delle prestazioni e confronti costi-benefici - del progetto iMare. Tali attività sono state rivolte a contestualizzare l'impiego di architetture di propulsione ibride di tipo navale, nell'ambito dell'attuale scenario normativo Europeo, incentrato sulla riduzione dell'impatto ambientale e sul miglioramento dell'efficienza della mobilità marittima. L'Istituto ha provveduto quindi ad integrare, supportare e giustificare le valutazioni preliminari condotte da CMD, che hanno portato alla scelta dell'architettura di propulsione ibrida, proposta per il dimostratore oggetto di questo progetto. Il documento fornisce inoltre una completa panoramica sulle strategie da implementare a bordo, per la gestione del sistema ibrido termico-elettrico da realizzare nell'ambito del progetto iMare. E' stato inoltre impostato un modello di simulazione dell'intera catena di propulsione, realizzato in ambiente GT Power, al fine di valutare e confrontare le principali strategie di gestione dei flussi energetici, prima dell'effettiva scelta delle strategie da implementare a bordo dell'imbarcazione.

This paper is aimed to present an experimental criterion that allows researchers and designers to evaluate the performance of DC micro-grids dedicated to charging operations of full EV. The laboratory methodology is explained through tests on a demonstrator of power architecture, specifically designed as simplified case study of a DC charging station for fully-electrified low-power two-wheeler, such as: electric scooters and bikes. This experimental prototype is composed by a 20 kW AC/DC bidirectional grid-tied converter, which realizes the DC conversion stage, and two DC/DC power converters, interconnected with the micro-grid through a DC bus. The power architecture provides on one hand the charging operations of electric two-wheeler battery packs and on the other hand the integration of the micro-grid with an ES buffer, which has the main function of supporting the main grid while an electric vehicle is on charge. The performance of the considered architecture is characterized and analyzed in different operative conditions, through a specific management of the energy fluxes. The laboratory tests evaluate efficiency, charging times and impact on the main grid, with specific reference to the DC charging operations of electric scooters. The obtained experimental results show the advantages of adopting the DC buffer architecture, compared with an AC commercial battery charger, considered as reference in this work. Finally, the numerical data of this paper, related to the single power components and to the experimental results evaluated for the whole demonstrator, effectively support the lack of knowledge in the literature about charging stations for EVs. In fact, these pieces of information, based on experimental tests, are expected to support the building of simulation models and the identification of the best energy management and control strategies to be adopted in a smart-grid scenario, characterized by distributed generation systems including renewable energy sources.

This paper discusses the themes of optimal design and management strategies of hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for marine applications. This design and related strategy are aimed to improve battery pack durability, ensuring a smooth profile of the required current, through the complementary action of super-capacitors. A DC/DC bidirectional power converter allows for the integration of these devices and control of on-board power fluxes. The proposed methodology is based upon the solution of a constrained optimization problem. In order to overcome computational issues, proper formulation of the mathematical problem is based upon the Ritz method, which is one of the direct methods for solving problems related to calculus of variations. The solution of the optimization procedure, which is the key finding in this paper, permits to obtain battery voltage and current profile, which enables the designer to determine battery and super-capacitor sizes and also provides battery/super-capacitor reference current profiles to be tracked by the DC/DC bidirectional power converter. The procedure is evaluated with reference to the case study of a water-bus operating in the Venetian lagoon, whose operative cycle has been acquired during proper measurement campaigns. Then, the performance of energy management strategies are verified by means of laboratory experimentations on the hybrid energy storage system, which have been carried out by scaling operative cycles at single storage cell level. The obtained results show the potential advantages of proper design and energy management obtained through this new methodology, in terms of investment and maintenance costs for sustainable maritime transport.

Questo rapporto di ricerca rappresenta il Deliverable 2.2 del progetto "Accordo di Programma Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico - CNR - Piano Annuale di Realizzazione 2015 - D.7 Smart Cities e Smart Communities". Le principali attività descritte all'interno di tale documento riguardano progettazione ed allestimento di un dimostratore da laboratorio basato su un'architettura di potenza in corrente continua a supporto di utenze energivore in contesti di tipo smart district, finalizzata a ridurre l'impatto sulla rete elettrica di sistemi energivori e favorire l'impiego di sistemi di produzione dell'energia elettrica basati su fonti rinnovabili.

Il rapporto di ricerca riassume la prima parte di attività svolte dal CNR-Istituto Motori di Napoli nell'ambito del progetto Europeo H2020 Replicate "Renaissance of Places with Innovative Citizenship and Technology". Tal documento si pone l'obiettivo di fornire elementi utili ad inquadrare le tecnologie e le relative operazioni di ricarica dei PEV nel contesto della normativa vigente. In particolare, l'analisi si sofferma sulle principali soluzioni di ricarica in corrente alternata modo 3, proposte da otto aziende produttrici, presenti sul mercato nazionale ed internazionale, che sono state prese come riferimento. Per ogni soluzione presa in esame, sono analizzate le principali caratteristiche tecniche, e dove disponibili, i relativi costi associati.

The adoption of electric propulsion for waterbuses can contribute to reduce negative environmental impact caused by noxious emissions in urban areas. Recent enhancements of batteries technology, with high energy density and efficiency, allow the design of full electric and zero emission vessels. The high variability of power demand that characterizes urban routes, with frequent stop and goes, suggests hybrid storage systems (HESS), based on supercapacitors, as on-board power source, with the main advantage of reducing current peaks for batteries and extending their lifecycle. In this paper, an exponential weight moving average model-based energy management strategy is proposed and evaluated for the case study of a waterbus, operating in the Venetian lagoon. That strategy has shown promising performance on public waterway driving profiles, based on real data acquired during the daily service.

In this paper a laboratory 1:1 scale test bench to perform experimental analysis on a Zebra battery plus super-capacitor based propulsion systems for electric urban transportation means is presented. The analyzed case study is focused on a 70 kW electric drive, specifically manufactured for electric urban road applications, supplied by a parallel of two 550 V - 38 Ah Zebra batteries and a 63 F super-capacitors bank. The electric power train is connected, through a fixed ratio gear box, to a 100 kW regenerative electric brake provided with speed and torque controls, in order to evaluate the propulsion system performance in steady state and dynamic operative conditions. The two different storage systems can be tested when working together and providing the required power to the electric drive, with different contributions by each storage device in terms of electric energy and power. In addition, different control strategies can be experimentally evaluated, depending on the tested driving cycle and with reference to a specific vehicle under study. For the above configuration, an evaluation of the real vehicle performance, in various operative road conditions, can find a validation through this laboratory dynamic test bench. Finally, this experimental procedure to characterize and study electric power trains supplied by different kinds of storage systems highlights the real potentialities for manufacturers of electric vehicle in taking advantage of laboratory experimentations on the electric power-train, in order to support their design processes. The content of this paper represents a knowledge base to carry out experimental results, which are object of following studies.

This paper deals with an experimental evaluation regarding the real performance of lithium based energy storage systems for automotive applications. In particular real working operations of different lithium based storage system technologies, such as Li[NiCoMn]O-2 and LiFePO4 batteries, are compared in this work from the point of view of their application in supplying full electric and hybrid vehicles, taking as a reference the well-known behavior of lead acid batteries. For this purpose, the experimental tests carried out in laboratory are firstly performed on single storage modules in stationary conditions. In this case the related results are obtained by means of a bidirectional cycle tester based on the IGBT technology, and consent to evaluate, compare and contrast charge/discharge characteristics and efficiency at constant values of current/voltage/power for each storage technology analyzed. Then, lithium battery packs are tested in supplying a 1.8 kW electric power train using a laboratory test bench, based on a 48 V DC bus and specifically configured to simulate working operations of electric vehicles on the road. For this other experimentation the test bench is equipped with an electric brake and acquisition/control system, able to represent in laboratory the real vehicle conditions and road characteristics on predefined driving cycles at different slopes. The obtained experimental results on both charge/discharge tests and driving cycles demonstrate the advantages of using lithium technologies, mainly in terms of their high efficiency, particularly at high current values. That represents a feasible solution to offer vehicle designers and users extended driving ranges and reduced recharging times. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fleets of commercial vehicles for delivery services in urban areas constitute road transportation means which are required to run relatively short distances and to respect anti-pollution laws commonly imposed by many municipalities. For this kind of commercial applications, high efficiency and eco-friendly electric propulsion systems offer an interesting alternative to thermal engines. This paper is focused on the analysis of such solution, by presenting experimental results obtained with a ZEBRA battery based propulsion system, designed to power a specific urban unit within the category of electric commercial vehicles. A novel contribution is added to the relevant literature concerning battery based electric powertrains for road vehicles. The main novelty consists in a wide range of experimental results and performance analysis carried out with reference to the real behavior of both the whole propulsion system and each main component, when powering the commercial vehicle, on the urban part of the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) standard driving cycle, at different slopes. The experimental results, expressed through electrical and mechanical parameters, are initially evaluated by means of a quasi-static numerical model of the electric powertrain and then experimentally verified with the support of a 1:1 scale laboratory dynamic test bench. The procedure followed and presented in this paper definitely demonstrates the good design and performance, obtained for the evaluated propulsion system, in satisfying the real energy and power requirements, specific of an urban use for delivery commercial vehicles, in terms of daily autonomy and slopes. The collections of experimental results, analyzed in the paper, represent in addition a useful set of data for simulation in order to build, verify and improve models in their outputs.

This document provides specific guidelines to be followed by the IoE-EQ (Internet of Energy - Education and Qualification) project consortium for the management and implementation of project activities. In particular, the document provides: detailed work plan for each activity, project management strategies and indicators for performance evaluation of each Intellectual Output of the project. The document also includes internal monitoring procedures and tools, guidelines for communication among partners and financial rules.

In this review, the aim is to present a complete outlook for innovative charging infrastructures. In a real smart grid scenario, these infrastructures are candidates to support the integration of electric and hybrid mobility with distributed energy sources. In this paper, at the outset, an analysis of the scientific and technical literature about main international standards and classifications has been provided. Also taken into consideration in this analysis are the expected challenges related to charging technologies for electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, giving specific details on current and possible future trends for both stationary and dynamic inductive charging systems. In particular, for each charging level, traditional and more innovative power electronic architectures—equipped with the new technologies that support both slow and fast conductive charging operations for the new-generation road vehicle–have been reported, described and analysed in detail. The analysis has been conducted through a comparison of power architectures, in terms of efficiency, scalability and charging power/time of the vehicle battery packs. Specific attention has also been devoted to off-board DC fast-charging architectures, which play a fundamental role in the integration of stationary energy storage systems and renewable energy sources with the main grid. Finally, in this review, a wide range of the most interesting applications, technical experiences and international pilot projects have been summarized and discussed, with specific references to the new technologies mentioned above. The overview reported in this paper highlights the importance of a proper charging infrastructure, in combination with next generation energy storage technologies, to support the large-scale diffusion of electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles.

In marine applications all-electric propulsion systems are employed on surface ships that are subjected to particular constraints, generally due to environmental restrictions. The technological advancement of electrochemical batteries, which are today characterized by higher capacity and efficiency, has widened their fields of application, although these storage systems require an accurate design to limit their initial and maintenance costs. In order to reduce battery charge and discharge peak currents, supercapacitor modules are generally adopted with the aim to extend batteries expected life. The proper management of energy fluxes within the hybrid architecture, and in particular among batteries, capacitors and loads requires a specific control, called EMS – Energy Management Strategy. In this paper, a novel EMS, based on constrained minimization problem, is proposed and verified with reference to a case study of a waterbus operating in restricted waterways on different routes. The procedure is based on a preliminary solution of an off-line optimization with respect to a known mission profile. Hence, a real-time control strategy is properly evaluated, in order to guarantee robustness against the unavoidable uncertainties, which occur during the operating conditions. In the last part of the paper, a numerical application is presented with the purpose to emphasize the feasibility of the proposal.

This paper is aimed to experimentally analyse the effectiveness of a hybrid storage system, when powering a commercial vehicle for urban use. The hybrid energy storage system is composed by two ZEBRA batteries, combined with an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) module. The integration of those storage systems is obtained by means of a bidirectional DC/DC converter, which balances the electric power fluxes between batteries and super-capacitors, depending on the driving operative conditions. Modeling and simulations are preliminarily conducted with reference to the specific case study of an electric version of the Renault Master, supplied by the above described hybrid storage system. That theoretical activity allows the optimization of rule based energy management strategies for the hybrid energy storage system, in terms of the effectiveness in reducing the negative effects of high charging/discharging currents on battery durability. Then, the experimentation of the real power train, connected to the mentioned hybrid storage system, is carried out through a 1:1 laboratory test bench, able to perform the analysed energy management strategies on standard driving cycles, representative of the urban mission of the commercial vehicle under study. The obtained experimental results, expressed through electrical and mechanical parameters in a wide range of road operative conditions, show that the super-capacitors can improve the expected battery lifespan, with values of maximum effectiveness up to 52%, for driving patterns without negative road slopes. The procedure followed and presented in this paper definitely demonstrates the good performance of the evaluated hybrid storage system, controlled by the DC/DC power converter, to reduce the negative consequences of the power peaks associated with the urban use of commercial vehicles.

International audience; The paper deals with the model based systems engineering (MBSE) approach, focused on the designing process of propulsion systems for road electric vehicles. In particular, the paper adopts multi-domain Modelling, in accordance with a top-down approach. The process, in fact, starts from the main requirement analysis of the road electric vehicle which is considered as reference. Then, a wide range of parameters, related to the characteristics of propulsion system components and resistance forces, are evaluated to build a parametric model of the propulsion system running on a road. In this way, a procedure for the evaluation of vehicle performance is accomplished within the developed simulation environment. Therefore, the procedure allows all the requirements to be satisfied, under different operative conditions, through an iterative procedure of verification for the imposed parameters. The tested operative conditions are represented in this paper by standard driving cycles, expressed in terms of vehicle speed and autonomy requirement.

In this chapter the main issues related to the displacement of conventional vehicles in favor of electric vehicles, which is needed for the eventual decarbonization of the transportation sector, are discussed. First, an introduction to the various vehicle propulsion concepts and their pros and cons is provided, followed by smart energy management considerations for plug-in electric vehicles. Then, energy systems, economic and environmental considerations, as well as the impacts of charging strategies on the electric grid are discussed. Finally, some further issues which are important for the acceptance of electric vehicles—including safety, battery lifetime and optimal sizing, charging infrastructure, and business models—are analyzed.

This paper is focused on a laboratory smart power architecture designed to experiment fast charging and V2G operations for road electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. The analysed power configuration is based on a DC bus architecture, which presents the main advantage of an easy integration of renewable energy sources and buffered storage systems. The energy management of this system is supported by open and interoperable communication technologies, which adopts Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) as network communication and application protocol. This allows the PEV charge point to exchange data and commands with any central management system over the Internet with the goal of ensuring truly interoperability and scalability. Furthermore, both short- and long-range wireless communication technologies are supported, which facilitates easy integration into existing communication infrastructures.

International audience; This paper aims to realize an eco-comparison among power-train configurations of hybrid busses in terms of performance, fuel consumption and CO2 emission. The present study has been carried out in the context of the international research program PLACIS (PLAteforme Collaborative d'Ingénierie Systèmes). In this work, experimental data of a pure electric power-train, evaluated in a dedicated laboratory of Istituto Motori – the National Research Council of Italy, have been used to carry out a pre-design phase of the modelling procedure. From that point on, in order to optimize the powertrain performance, a series hybrid vehicles configuration and a parallel one have been modeled and simulated on DYMOLA-MODELICA environment. The vehicle that has been taken into account, as reference for the comparison, is a " RENAULT-Master " minibus. Power-trains have been modeled with a backward-forward configuration in order to have a physical approach to the problem, respecting the required performances. The study has been developed with System Engineering approach that aims to manage the complexity of systems with a multidisciplinary proposal.

This paper presents an analysis of the main issues related to the design of battery pack supplying full electric vessels, such as water busses. After an assessment of the energy storage systems technologies available to power marine applications, battery design aspects are investigated. Hence, a probabilistic battery design method is discussed, taking properly into account the battery lifetime and the inherent economical evaluation. The method is based upon accelerated life tests and allows to face with the randomness of the power load in a suitable way. The optimal size of the battery is determined by tailoring an optimization procedure which ensures the desired robustness against the stochastic load parameters. In the last part of the paper, this probabilistic methodology is applied to a case study represented by a water bus for the public transportation service in the canals of the Venetian lagoon. The numerical results allow to confirm the feasibility and the goodness of the probabilistic approach. © 2016 AEIT.

This paper presents energy and power evaluations on propulsion and generation systems related to a research vessel, named G. DALLAPORTA. This vessel is used by the National Research Council of Italy for oceanographic campaigns, which are generally carried out in the Mediterranean Sea. The analysis is based on measurements of the main electrical and mechanical parameters, related to on board propulsion, oleodynamic and electric auxiliary systems, with reference to the original thermal configuration of the ship. These preliminary results, obtained through theoretical methodology, make possible the identification of a designing procedure for the hybridization of this vessel, in order to respect the international marine standards, in terms of emissions and safety procedures.

Il rapporto di ricerca descrive le attività svolte dall'Unità Operativa Istituto Motori nell'ambito del progetto 'C.4 Mobilità Elettrica' dell'Accordo di Programma Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico - CNR (PAR 2013-2014) relativamente all'area 'Razionalizzazione e risparmio nell'uso dell'energia'. Il documento è composto da 4 sezioni distinte: - Analisi della potenziale diffusione dei veicoli a trazione elettrica In Italia - Stato dell'arte sulle tecnologie ed architetture di ricarica per veicoli elettrici ed ibridi plug-in (PEV) - Sviluppo di un dimostratore di laboratorio per la ricarica rapida di PEV - Analisi e discussione dei risultati sperimentali

The potentialities of a membrane passive humidifier and its interaction with two different air supply devices were examined for application on a PEFC (polymeric electrolyte fuel cell) system to be used in vehicles. A rotary vane compressor was compared to a side channel blower with respect to their capability to assure the correct working of the membrane humidifier in different load conditions. The results obtained on a 12 kW stack evidenced that the higher working pressures of the rotary vane compressor permitted improvements in individual cell performance, and determined the possibility to reduce the energy requirements of humidification devices.

A Li ion polymer battery pack for road vehicles (48 V, 20 Ah) was tested by charging/discharging tests at different current values, in order to evaluate its performance in comparison with a conventional Pb acid battery pack. The comparative analysis was also performed integrating the two storage systems in a hydrogen fuel cell power train for moped applications. The propulsion system comprised a fuel cell generator based on a 2.5 kW polymeric electrolyte membrane (PEM) stack, fuelled with compressed hydrogen, an electric drive of 1.8 kW as nominal power, of the same typology of that installed on commercial electric scooters (brushless electric machine and controlled bidirectional inverter). The power train was characterized making use of a test bench able to simulate the vehicle behaviour and road characteristics on driving cycles with different acceleration/deceleration rates and lengths. The power flows between fuel cell system, electric energy storage system and electric drive during the different cycles were analyzed, evidencing the effect of high battery currents on the vehicle driving range. The use of Li batteries in the fuel cell power train, adopting a range extender configuration, determined a hydrogen consumption lower than the correspondent Pb battery/fuel cell hybrid vehicle, with a major flexibility in the power management.

In this paper the main issues related to the working of hydrogen fuel cells and their utilization in the transportation field are presented and discussed, starting from the experimental analysis of dynamic performance of a laboratory fuel cell system based on a 20 kWe H2/air proton exchange membrane stack. The experiments were carried out on successive load steps characterized by low reactant relative pressures (15–50 kPa) and stack temperature of 310–350 K. The effect of air flow rate, hydrogen purge and membrane humidification strategy on stack output voltage was evaluated evidencing the role of different sub-systems in stack management (for reactant feeding, stack cooling, membrane humidification) and their effect on efficiency losses of the overall system. The results presented in this paper provide experimental indications about potentialities of hydrogen fuel cell systems as clean electric energy generators for automotive applications.

This paper deals with the application of lithium ion polymer batteries as electric energy storage systems for hydrogen fuel cell power trains. The experimental study was firstly effected in steady state conditions, to evidence the basic features of these systems in view of their application in the automotive field, in particular charge–discharge experiments were carried at different rates (varying the current between 8 and 100 A). A comparison with conventional lead acid batteries evidenced the superior features of lithium systems in terms of both higher discharge rate capability and minor resistance in charge mode. Dynamic experiments were carried out on the overall power train equipped with PEM fuel cell stack (2 kW) and lithium batteries (47.5 V, 40 Ah) on the European R47 driving cycle. The usage of lithium ion polymer batteries permitted to follow the high dynamic requirement of this cycle in hard hybrid configuration, with a hydrogen consumption reduction of about 6% with respect to the same power train equipped with lead acid batteries.