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Ctenophora are important components of marine ecosystems. However, the South-western Atlantic and Sub Antarctic region are still one of the least studied region in the world. We report the species ...

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We have compiled available records in the literature for medusozoan cnidarians and ctenophores of South America. New records of species are also included. Each entry (i.e., identified species or still as yet not determined species referred to as "sp." in the literature) includes a synonymy list for South America, taxonomical remarks, notes on habit, and information on geographical occurrence. We have listed 800 unique determined species, in 958 morphotype entries: 5 cubozoans, 905 hydrozoans, 25 scyphozoans, 3 staurozoans, and 20 ctenophores. Concerning nomenclatural and taxonomical decisions, two authors of this census (Miranda, T.P. & Marques, A.C.) propose Podocoryna quitus as a nomen novum for the junior homonym Hydractinia reticulata (Fraser, 1938a); Euphysa monotentaculata Zamponi, 1983b as a new junior synonym of Euphysa aurata Forbes, 1848; and Plumularia spiralis Milstein, 1976 as a new junior synonym of Plumularia setacea(Linnaeus, 1758). Finally, we also reassign Plumularia oligopyxis Kirchenpauer, 1876 as Kirchenpaueria oligopyxis(Kirchenpauer, 1876) and Sertularella margaritacea Allman, 1885 as Symplectoscyphus margaritaceus (Allman, 1885). Fil: Oliveira, Otto M. P.. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasil Fil: Miranda, Thaís P.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Araujo, Enilma M.. Faculdade Pitágoras de Feira de Santana; Brasil Fil: Ayón, Patricia. Instituto Mar del Peru; Perú Fil: Cedeño Posso, Cristina M.. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Colombia Fil: Cepeda Mercado, Amancay A.. ProCAT Colombia/Internacional; Colombia Fil: Córdova, Pablo. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Cunha, Amanda F.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Genzano, Gabriel Nestor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina Fil: Haddad, Maria Angélica. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Mianzan, Hermes Walter. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Subsede Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina Fil: Migotto, Alvaro E.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Miranda, Lucília S.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Morandini, André C.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Nagata, Renato M.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Nascimento, Karine B.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Nogueira, Miodeli. Universidade Federal da Paraíba; Brasil Fil: Palma, Sergio. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Quiñones, Javier. Instituto Mar del Perú; Perú Fil: Rodriguez, Carolina Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina Fil: Scarabino, Fabrizio. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina Fil: Schiariti, Agustin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Subsede Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero; Argentina Fil: Stampar, Sergio. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Tronolone, Valquíria B.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Marques, Antonio C.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil

Siphonophores are poorly studied despite their abundance and ecological importance in marine ecosystems. The genus Lensia Totton, 1932 contains the highest number of species within Siphonophora, but systematic studies of these organisms are scarce in the literature. This study presents a phylogenetic analysis for fifteen species of Lensia based on morphological data. The material for this study was obtained during two oceanographic campaigns made along the southeastern Brazilian coast. A total of twenty two characters of the anterior nectophore morphology were scored. The shortest trees were searched using parsimony (under different weighting regimes). All analyses provided the same topology: (M. kochi (D. dispar + D. bojani) (L. leloupi (L. havock (L. conoidea (L. subtilis; L. meteori; L. hardy; L. fowleri; (L. subtiloides (L. hotspur; L. cossack; L. campanella)); (L. multicristata (L. hunter (L. lelouveteau + L. grimaldii))). The monophyly of the genus Lensia is supported by the hydroecium measuring up to 1/4 the height of the nectosac.

The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi is one of the most cited invasive species due to its ecological and economical impact that occurred in the Black and Caspian Seas in previous years. Recent reports on the species presence in the Baltic and North Seas alarmed the scientific community. While the earliest report of M. leidyi in the Baltic was spring 2006, this paper indicates of the presence of M. leidyi in the Oslofjorden as early as autumn 2005, and discusses the possible invasion routes from its native range along the eastern coast of the Americas.

Embora abundantes e importantes ecologicamente no meio marinho, os ctenóforos do litoral brasileiro têm sido pouco estudados. O presente estudo tem por objetivo prover informações para auxiliar na identificação desses organismos. Para tal, são descritos métodos de fixação e documentação fotográfica dos ctenóforos. A terminologia referente ao grupo, em língua portuguesa, é apresentada na forma de um glossário. Além disso, as características que distinguem as treze espécies registradas para águas brasileiras são organizadas em uma chave de identificação. A complementação da identificação pode ser feita pela literatura indicada para cada espécie.

The genus Nemopsis, a bougainvillid hydrozoan with a dominant medusa phase, currently includes three species (Nemopsis bachei, N. dofleini and N. hexacanalis), all characterized by the presence of a pair of club-shaped tentacles in the median portion of the marginal bulbs. In this paper, we describe a fourth species, based on the medusa collected off Dichato, central Chilean coast.

The knowledge on the comb-jellies faunistics along the southern Asian coast is very scarce. For some countries such as Pakistan there are no previous formal records of ctenophores. This study is a first survey to the group diversity along Pakistani coast, resulting in the first records of two lobate species, Bolinopsis infundibulum and Ocyropsis maculata.

Ctenophores are poorly known in the tropical eastern Pacific, including the southern coast of Mexico. Previous records of ctenophores along the Pacific coast have been provided mainly from northern waters. For the coast of Oaxaca state, their occurrence has only been mentioned before at phylum level. In this paper, we provide the first three records of ctenophores for the Oaxacan coast, which represent new records of Beroe forskalii and Bolinopsis vitrea as well as the first record of Ocyropsis maculata in the tropical eastern Pacific. Descriptions of these three species, as well as a checklist of the ctenophores from the west coast of Mexico are provided.

We describe the species richness, distribution and composition of mesozooplankton over the continental shelf and slope, and in the water masses in the Campos Basin, southwest Atlantic Ocean. We analyzed the mesozooplankton from two oceanographic cruises (rainy and dry seasons, 2009) with samples taken in five different water masses from the surface to 2,300 m depth. In the Subsurface Water (SS), in both sampling periods, more species were recorded over the slope (rainy: 100; dry: 128) than the continental shelf (rainy: 97; dry: 104). Over the slope, species richness decreased with increasing depth: the highest values were observed in the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW), and the lowest values in the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), in both sampling periods. We recorded 262 species in 10 groups (Hydrozoa, Siphonophora, Ctenophora, Branchiopoda, Copepoda, Euphausiacea, Decapoda, Chaetognatha, Appendicularia e Thaliacea), with 13 new occurrences for the southwest Atlantic. Copepoda was the group with the highest species richness, containing 138 species. In both periods, the samples from SS, SACW and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW)/Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW) were clustered in different faunistic zones, based on species composition. This study confirmed that zooplankton richness in the southwest Atlantic Ocean is underestimated, and suggests that additional efforts must be directed toward a better understanding of this fairly unknown region.

Beroe gracilis Künne, 1939 is a small neritic ctenophore, previously recorded only from cold waters of the northern hemisphere. The present study provides the first record of the species in the southern hemisphere, found in the surface layer of the Humboldt Current System off the central Chilean coast (32°-36.5° S). A complete description of this material is provided.

Beroe forskalii Milne Edwards, 1841 is an oceanic ctenophore with a global distribution. The present study provides the first record of Beroe forskalii for the South American Atlantic coast, including a redescription of the species and a discussion on the utility of macrociliary patterns for the correct identification of at least some beroid species, exemplified by a comparison of the macrociliary patterns of Beroe forskalii and Beroe ovata (ChamissoEysenhardt, 1821).

Siphonophores are poorly studied despite their abundance and ecological importance in marine ecosystems. The genus Lensia Totton, 1932 contains the highest number of species within Siphonophora, but systematic studies of these organisms are scarce in the literature. This study presents a phylogenetic analysis for fifteen species of Lensia based on morphological data. The material for this study was obtained during two oceanographic campaigns made along the southeastern Brazilian coast. A total of twenty two characters of the anterior nectophore morphology were scored. The shortest trees were searched using parsimony (under different weighting regimes). All analyses provided the same topology: ( M. kochi ( D. dispar + D. bojani ) ( L. leloupi ( L. havock ( L. conoidea ( L. subtilis; L. meteori ; L. hardy ; L. fowleri ; ( L. subtiloides ( L. hotspur ; L. cossack ; L. campanella )); ( L. multicristata ( L. hunter ( L. lelouveteau + L. grimaldii ))). The monophyly of the genus Lensia is supported by the hydroecium measuring up to 1/4 the height of the nectosac.

Ctenophores are poorly known in the tropical eastern Pacific, including the southern coast of Mexico. Previous records of ctenophores along the Pacific coast have been provided mainly from northern waters. For the coast of Oaxaca state, their occurrence has only been mentioned before at phylum level. In this paper, we provide the first three records of ctenophores for the Oaxacan coast, which represent new records of Beroe forskalii and Bolinopsis vitrea as well as the first record of Ocyropsis maculata in the tropical eastern Pacific. Descriptions of these three species, as well as a checklist of the ctenophores from the west coast of Mexico are provided.

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O presente estudo tem por objetivo auxiliar pesquisadores pouco familiarizados com a taxonomia e a identificação dos hidrozoários bentônicos, especialmente das espécies que ocorrem sobre substrato vegetal em ambiente marinho, tomando a fauna do Canal de São Sebastião como modelo. Métodos para a fixação dos hidróides e a confecção de lâminas para identificação, além de características que distinguem 36 espécies epifíticas são descritas no texto.

The ecology of Eudendrium spp. from the Brazilian coast is poorly known, although it already proved to be useful and important as a tool to solve some taxonomical problems of the genus. The seasonality and reproduction patterns of a population of Eudendrium caraiuru Marques & Oliveira, 2003 were studied. Data were sampled from test panels immersed in the water off Cabelo Gordo de Dentro beach, in São Sebastião Channel, Southeastern Brazil, from July 1999 to July 2000, every three months. Eudendrium caraiuru was active throughout the study period. Reproductive peaks of the species were regulated by cold and low-salinity water, although part of the population always bore mature gonophores. In addition to morphological differences, ecological differences between E. caraiuru and its similar species, E. glomeratum Picard, 1951, especially from well known populations of the Mediterranean Sea, corroborated that these species are diverse lineages of a unique ancestor.

Beroe gracilis Kunne, 1939 is a small neritic ctenophore, previously recorded only from cold waters of the northern hemisphere. The present study provides the first record of the species in the southern hemisphere, found in the surface layer of the Humboldt Current System off the central Chilean coast (32°–36.5° S). A complete description of this material is provided.

Beroe forskalii Milne Edwards, 1841 is an oceanic ctenophore with a global distribution. The present study provides the first record of Beroe forskalii for the South American Atlantic coast, including a redescription of the species and a discussion on the utility of macrociliary patterns for the correct identification of at least some beroid species, exemplified by a comparison of the macrociliary patterns of Beroe forskalii and Beroe ovata (Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821).

Hydroids are an important component of marine epiphytic communities worldwide. We compiled data from several faunistic, taxonomic, and ecologic studies to prepare a list of 200 morphotypes (46 Anthoathecates and 154 Leptothecates) and their respective phytal substrata. The goal of this checklist is to support future biogeographical and ecological inferences concerning this important biota.

Eudendrium caraiuru sp. n. is described for the southeastern coast of Brazil. The species was reported previously from the area as E. glomeratum, a common species of the Mediterranean Sea. However, morphological, morphometrical and ecological data suggest they are diverging lineages, requiring a new specific name for the Brazilian population.

Recently a new species of bombyliid fly, Marleyimyia xylocopae, was described by Marshall & Evenhuis (2015) based on two photographs taken during fieldwork in the Republic of South Africa. This species has no preserved holotype. The paper generated some buzz, especially among dipterists, because in most cases photographs taken in the field provide insufficient information for properly diagnosing and documenting species of Diptera. Fil: Amorim, Dalton S.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Santos, Charles Morphy D.. Universidade Federal Do Abc; Brasil Fil: Krell, Frank Thorsten. Denver Museum of Nature & Science; Estados Unidos Fil: Dubois, Alain. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Francia Fil: Nihei, Silvio S.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Oliveira, Otto M.P.. Universidade Federal Do Abc; Brasil Fil: Pont, Adrian. University of Oxford; Reino Unido Fil: Song, Hojun. Texas A&M University; Estados Unidos Fil: Verdade, Vanessa K.. Universidade Federal Do Abc; Brasil Fil: Fachin, Diego A.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Klassa, Bruna. Universidade Federal Do Abc; Brasil Fil: Lamas, Carlos José E.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Oliveira, Sarah S.. Universidade Federal de Goiás; Brasil Fil: De Carvalho, Claudio J. B.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Mello-Patiu, Cátia A.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Hajdu, Eduardo. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Couri, Márcia S.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Silva, Vera C.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Capellari, Renato S.. Federal Institute Of Triângulo Mineiro; Brasil Fil: Falaschi, Rafaela L.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Feitosa, Rodrigo M.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Prendini, Lorenzo. American Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos Fil: Pombal, José P.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Fernández, Fernando. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Colombia Fil: Rocha, Rosana M.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Lattke, John E.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Caramaschi, Ulisses. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Duarte, Marcelo. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Marques, Antonio Carlos. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Reis, Roberto E.. Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil Fil: Kurina, Olavi. Estonian University Of Life Sciences; Estonia Fil: Takiya, Daniela M.. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Tavares, Marcos. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Fernandes, Daniel Silva. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Franco, Francisco Luís. Governo do Estado de Sao Paulo. Secretaria da Saude. Instituto Butantan; Brasil Fil: Cuezzo, Fabiana del Carmen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto Superior de Entomología; Argentina Fil: Paulson, Dennis. University Of Puget Sound; Estados Unidos Fil: Guénard, Benoit. The University Of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Fil: Schlick-Steiner, Birgit C.. Universidad de Innsbruck; Austria Fil: Arthofer, Wolfgang. Universidad de Innsbruck; Austria Fil: Steiner, Florian M.. Universidad de Innsbruck; Austria Fil: Fisher, Brian L.. California Academy Of Sciences; Estados Unidos Fil: Johnson, Robert A.. Arizona State University; Estados Unidos Fil: Delsinne, Thibaut Dominique. Société d'Histoire Naturelle Alcide d'Orbigny; Francia Fil: Donoso, David A.. Escuela Politécnica Nacional; Ecuador Fil: Mulieri, Pablo Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Patitucci, Luciano Damián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Carpenter, James M.. American Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos Fil: Herman, Lee. American Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos Fil: Grimaldi, David. American Museum of Natural History; Estados Unidos

Thirty colonies of Eudendrium carneum and 100 colonies of E. glomeratum, collected on recruitment panels in São Sebastião (SP, SE Brazil), were studied concerning morphometrical parameters and compared with morphometrical data available from other locations. The results show that E. carneum from Brazil has a relatively smaller morphometric variation than colonies of E. glomeratum for Brazil and other areas. Both morphological and speciation causes are suggested as possible explanations for the high variation of E. glomeratum.Trinta colônias de Eudendrium carneum e 100 colônias de E. glomeratum foram coletadas em placas de recrutamento em São Sebastião (SP, SE Brasil), estudadas quanto aos parâmetros morfométricos e comparadas com dados de outras regiões. Os resultados mostraram que as colônias de E. carneum encontradas no Brasil possuem variações morfométricas relativamente menores que as colônias de E. glomeratum brasileiras e de outros lugares. Tanto causas morfológicas quanto especiação são sugeridas como possíveis explicações para a grande variação em E. glomeratum.