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1. Land tenure dynamics in East Africa : changing practices and rights to land

Author

Otto, Opira, Isinika, Aida, Musahara, Herman, Otto, Opira, Isinika, Aida, and Musahara, Herman

Abstract

Agriculture remains the main source of livelihood for most rural people in East Africa. Farming is dominated by smallholders, of whom the majority are women. Their tenure and access to land is important for reducing rural poverty, enhancing food security and stimulating agricultural development. Secure tenure represents one of the most critical challenges to the development of sustainable agriculture in the region. In an effort to understand the land question and its variation across the region, this book analyses the land reforms, their context and dynamics. The book presents recent studies on the dynamics of land tenure and land tenure reforms in East Africa with a focus on Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. By selecting these five countries, the book is able to show the changing practices and variations in the land tenure dynamics and explain how they relate to historical and more contemporary issues. The chapters are written by researchers, policy makers and activists with a diverse background and experience/expertise in relation to the land question. Their contributions offer a multiperspective basis for critical rethinking and reflection on the future of the land question in East Africa., The book is based on presentations at two workshops: one in Tanzania in May 2013 (in cooperation with REPOA, Policy Research for Development, Dar es Salaam, and Sokoine University of Agriculture) and the other in Kampala, Uganda, in October of the same year.CONTENTS: Preface / Kjell Havnevik. -- Acknowledgement. -- 1. Introduction / Opira Otto. -- 2. When customary land tenure meets land markets : Sustainability of customary land tenure in Tanzania / Aida C. Isinika, Yefred Myenzi and Elibariki Msuya. -- 3. Securing peasants’ land rights through dispossession of the landed rich in Uganda / Fredrick Kisekka-Ntale. -- 4. Land matters in South Sudan / Ole Frahm. -- 5. Effects of large-scale land acquisitions by local elites on small-holder farmers’ access in Tanzania / Hosea Mpogol. -- 6. From male to joint land ownership: The effect on women’s possibilities of using land titles as collateral in Rwanda / Jeannette Bayisenge. -- 7. The benefits for women from land commodification – a critical reflection / Mary Ssonko Nabacwa. -- 8. Is agriculture a generational problem?: The dynamics of youth engagement in agriculture in northern Uganda / David Ross Olanya. -- 9. Legal pluralism and urban poverty in peri-urban Kisumu, Kenya / Leah Onyango. -- 10. Crossroads at the Rural–Urban Interface : The Dilemma of Tenure Types and Land Use Controls in Housing provision and Urban Development in Kenyan Cities / Jack Abuya. -- 11. Our Inheritance: Impacts of Land Distribution on Geita Communities in Tanzania / Godfrey T. Walalaze. -- 12. Land use consolidation and water use in Rwanda: Qualitative reflections on environmental sustainability and inclusion / by Theophile Niyonzima, Birasa Nyamulinda, Claude Bizimana and Herman Musahara. -- Index.

Published
2019

2. The Role of Spatial Context for Women's Engagement in Rural Entrepreneurship in Tanzania.

Author

Wilson, Merezia, Rutashobya, Lettice K., Gaddefors, Johan, Melyoki, Lemayon, and Otto, Opira

Subjects
RURAL women, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, BUSINESSWOMEN, SOCIAL status, SOCIAL exchange
Abstract

This paper intends to explore the role that spatial context plays in women's engagement in rural entrepreneurship. Positioned in a social constructivist perspective, spatial context is taken not as a background, but rather as an entrepreneurial milieu with its elements constructed and experienced. This paper argues that in order to understand how spatial context influences and is being influenced by women's engagement in entrepreneurial activities, scholars need to move away from considering spatial context as merely geographical locations, which allow for free flowing social relations and exchanges, and look at it as an active ingredient that may influence the entrepreneurial process. The paper theorises entrepreneurship as not merely an economic process but also a social-spatial process which draws from spatial structures as entrepreneurs embed within their context. The qualitative examination of women's engagement in rural entrepreneurship finds that spatial context plays a key role in shaping the process of engaging through thinning and/or thickening women's entrepreneurial agency. However, recognition, realisation and utilisation of spatial resources depend on the entrepreneurs' understanding of the spatial structures. This paper's contribution lies in its illustration of the role of spatial context in entrepreneurial processes, in particular for marginalised rural women. The paper furthers the understanding of spatial context as an entrepreneurial milieu for enhancing literature about women and entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020

3. Trust, identity and beer

Author

Otto, Opira

Subjects
Gender Studies, Economic History, Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified, Economics, Social Sciences Interdisciplinary (Peace and Conflict Research and Studies on Sustainable Society), Agricultural Science
Abstract

This thesis explores the role and influence of institutions on agricultural labour transactions in Isunga village in Kiryandongo District, Midwestern Uganda. It primarily focuses on how farmers structure, maintain and enforce their labour relationships during crop farming. The study is based on semi-structured interviews of twenty households and unstructured interviews with representatives of farmers associations. These interviews show that other than household labour, the other common labour arrangements in the village include farm work sharing, labour exchanges and casual wage labour. Farm work sharing and labour exchanges involve farmers temporarily pooling their labour into work groups to complete tasks such as planting, weeding or harvesting crops on members' farms in succession. This is done under strict rules and rewarded with 'good' beer and food. Against this background, the study asks what institutions really are, why they matter and what we can learn about them. Literature suggests that institutions influence labour transactions by their effects on transaction costs and the protection of contractual rights. However, literature does not suggest which institutions are best for agricultural labour transactions. Taking institutions to be the 'rules of the game', with farmers as 'players' who strategically use these rules to their advantage, the study focused on the interaction between institutions and farmers. The major findings of the study are: (a) farmers' choices of institutions are influenced by the characteristics of transactions, the costs of using institutions for handling labour dealings, the fairness and predictability of the outcome of contract enforcement mechanisms, and socio-cultural factors such as kin/ethnic status, morality and affection, (b) formal institutions in Isunga are either weak, ineffective or absent. So, farmers rely heavily on institutions embedded in social norms and networks to structure their transactional relationships, to ensure the performance of the respective parties, and to settle disputes if they arise. The study concludes that agricultural labour transactions in Isunga involve judgements of personal characteristics and social roles expressed as reputation and trustworthiness.

Published
2013

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