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During the 5-year period 1966–1970, a total of 7497 wild mammals of at least 101 different species were collected from 36 locations in Nigeria, Dahomey, and Togo and sampled for virus. The collections were made in five ecologically distinct vegetative zones: high forest, Guinea, Sudan, and Sahel woodland, and the Jos Plateau. Sixteen different virus types, represented by 83 isolates, were recovered, as follows: Arumowot (6 isolates), Bhanja (2), bluetongue type 7 (1), Chandipura (1), Congo (2), Dakar bat (3), Dugbe (1), IbAn 17143 (1), IbAn 33709 (1), Lebombo (1), Mokola (4), poxvirus IbAn 34325 (1), Semliki Forest (1), SudAn 754/61 (53), Uganda S (3), and West Nile (2). Viruses were isolated from Nigeria, the principal area of mammal collecting, and Dahomey, but not from Togo. The possible relationship of these viruses to diseases of man and domestic animals is discussed.

An investigation of the epidemiology of jungle yellow fever was undertaken in the vicinity of Passos, Minas Gerais, in the period 1945 to 1948 and has been reported by Laemmert, Hughes and Causey (1). This region was thought to be particularly favorable for such a study because it had been the scene of jungle yellow fever between 1935 and 1938 and appeared to have been in the path of another epidemic which invaded the neighboring state of Goiaz in 1944.

Summary Investigation of an epidemic of unknown etiology in a community of quarry and forest workers on the River Guama, 120 miles east of Belem, Brazil, resulted in the isolation of six strains of virus, subsequently shown to be Mayaro, from the blood of six patients. The common complaints were moderate and continuous fever and severe frontal headache of two to five days' duration. There were no deaths. Sera collected from 50 persons on April 15 were found to have no neutralizing antibodies against Semliki virus, which is antigenically closely related to Mayaro virus. Seven, or 18.9 per cent, of 37 sera collected from these same persons three weeks later showed protective antibodies by the same technique. Samples obtained at this time from 37 persons not bled earlier revealed that 7, or 18.9 per cent, also had demonstrable antibodies. Two later conversions were demonstrated in second samples collected June 26. Six of the serum conversions were in persons from whom the virus strains were isolated by mouse inoculation. Previous neutralization tests with Semliki virus and the sera from 551 adults in 17 localities throughout the Amazon Valley had shown protective antibodies in 53, or 9.6 per cent, of the persons examined. It now seems probable that these antibodies represent infections with Mayaro virus.

Summary and Conclusions Further studies of the dispersion of sylvan mosquitoes marked with bronzing powders confirm and extend the observations previously reported. Using the same technique, but searching over a wider area, Haemagogus spegazzinii, perhaps the most important transmitter of jungle yellow fever in Brazil, was recaptured as far as 11.5 kilometers from the point of release, and Aedes leucocelaenus, another efficient vector, was recovered up to 5.7 kilometers away. Out of a total of 7,624 marked H. spegazzinii released, 98 or 1.3 per cent, were recaptured. Other species of mosquitoes recovered at long distances were A. serratus at 11.5 kilometers, Psorophora ferox at 10.8 kilometers, Wyeomyia sp. at 5.7 kilometers, A. terrens at 5.6 kilometers, and Chagasia sp. at 2.3 kilometers. The longest survival so far recorded is that of P. ferox, a specimen of which was found 55 days after release. In view of these findings, it seems logical to suspect that yellow fever virus may be disseminated by the movement of insect vectors in regions of small residual forests, surrounded by open pasture land and cultivated fields, as typified by the country in western Minas Gerais. An additional series of experiments to determine the influence of wind on this movement showed that forest mosquitoes travel in the directions of the prevailing winds during the hours of daylight. On no occasion was a marked specimen recaptured in a forest which could have been reached only by flight against the wind.

Summary Two hitherto unknown viruses, for which the names Aura and Una are proposed, have been isolated 14 times from mosquitoes collected in forested areas near Belem, Brazil, during 1959 to 1961. The three strains of Aura were obtained from Culex and Aedes spp., and the 11 strains of Una from Psorophora and Aedes spp. Aura has been shown to be immunologically related to Sindbis and western equine encephalitis viruses and Una to Mayaro and AMM 2021 viruses, all of group A. Three strains of Una virus have also been isolated in Trinidad. A small percentage of sera from residents of the Amazon Valley show HI and neutralizing antibodies against Una. The forest vertebrate hosts of these two viruses are unknown.

Summary and ConclusionA virus strain, An 4073, was isolated from blood of a sentinel howler monkey near Belem (Para), Brazil. This virus yielded a hemagglutinating antigen without difficulty. By means of CF and HI tests with sera from mice immunized with repeated injections, this strain was shown as a member of group B of arthropod-borne viruses. Further studies, in which, in addition, single-injection immune sera and neutralization test were employed, gave evidence that the new agent could be easily distinguished serologically from 14 different group B viruses. Other group B viruses, such as Murray Valley encephalitis and louping ill, with which Bussuquara was not compared are so close to some of those studied that their inclusion in this investigation was considered unnecessary. The limited cross reactions obtained in CF tests between Bussuquara virus and other group B agents indicate a distant relationship. While the negative results may be attributed, in part, to low titers of Bussuquara sera and anti...

Publicado originalmente em Annals of the Entomological Society of America, v. 36, n. 1, p. 11-20, 1943

Summary In studies by HI and CF tests of the serological reactions of 200 strains of group C virus, 199 strains reacted similarly to one of the six prototype viruses; examples are given of HI and CF reaction patterns for each type. The one exception, strain H 5546, reacted by HI like Caraparu and by CF like Oriboca and Murutucu. These serological relationships have suggested a method of combined CF and HI techniques for the rapid identification of new group C isolates. Since 1959, 576 isolates have been identified to type by this method.

Summary Arthropod-borne virus studies have been in progress for more than 4 years in a small region with tropical rain forest climate in the Belem area of the Amazon Valley. Here, 451 strains have been isolated from man (64), sentinel monkeys (221), sentinel mice (116), mosquitoes (33) and wild animals (17). These agents belong to six serological groups, two of which are new and were first identified from the Belem area. Eighteen serological types have been isolated and studied. Nine of these are recognized viruses as follows: Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, Mayaro and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in group A; Ilheus and yellow fever in group B; Cache Valley, Kairi and Wyeomyia in the Bunyamwera group; and Tr 9375 in the California complex. Nine new agents were discovered: Bussuquara in group B; Apeu, Caraparu, Marituba, Murutucu and Oriboca in the new group C; Guama and Catu in the new Guama group; and one ungrouped agent, Tacaiuma (An 73).

Between 31 August 1964 and 15 June 1965, 84,683 ticks (Ixodidae) were collected from cattle, sheep and goats in Ibadan, Nigeria, as these animals arrived on foot or by train or truck from the northern grasslands. The ticks, sorted by species, were inoculated intracerebrally into baby mice as 2533 pools for attempted isolation of virus. Of 850 pools of Amblyomma variegatum, 116 or 13.6% were positive for virus: 106 pools for Dugbe virus, 7 for Bhanja, 1 for Thogoto and 2 for unidentified agents. Of 864 pools of Boophilus decoloratus, 114 or 13.2% were positive for virus: 48 pools for Dugbe, 36 for Bhanja, 19 or Thogoto, 1 for Congo virus and 10 for unidentified agents. Of 663 pools of Hyalomma truncatum, 75 or 11.3% were positive for virus: 67 for Dugbe, 4 for Bhanja, 1 for Congo and 3 for unidentified agents. Three of 106 pools of Hyalomma rufipes were positive for virus: 2 for Dugbe and I for Congo. Virus was not isolated from 13 pools of Rhipicephalus spp., 23 pools of Boophilus annulatus and 14 mixed pools of Boophilus and Hyalomma.

SummaryIcoaraci, a newly recognized virus, has been isolated on 8 occasions from forest rodents captured near Belem, Para, Brazil. At least 7 of the isolations were from Proechimys guyannensis oris. The virus is related to Naples phlebotomus fever virus by hemagglutination-inhibition testing. Hemag-glutination-inhibiting antibody to Icoaraci virus is prevalent in small forest animals but has not been found in human inhabitants of Belem.

Summary Mucambo virus (BeAn 8), previously described as a strain of Venesuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus from the Amazon region of Brazil, can be differentiated from VEE virus by hemagglutination - inhibition, complement - fixation and neutralization testing. Pixuna virus, a hitherto undescribed agent isolated in the same region of Brazil in 1961, is related to both VEE and Mucambo, and the three viruses form an antigenic complex in arbovirus group A. VEE and Mucambo are more closely related to each other by all three tests than either is to Pixuna. A horse inoculated with Mucambo virus developed fever, leukopenia and viremia. Inoculation of Pixuna virus in another horse failed to produce fever or circulating virus, and the horse did not develop viremia after challenge with Mucambo.

Laborat?rio do Servi?o de Mal?ria do Nordeste. Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. Laborat?rio do Servi?o de Mal?ria do Nordeste. Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. Laborat?rio do Servi?o de Mal?ria do Nordeste. Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. Laborat?rio do Servi?o de Mal?ria do Nordeste. Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. One of the most widely distributed anophelines of the Nyssorhynchns group is Anopheles argyritarsis Robineau-Desvoidy. Although the Species has been recognized for more than one hundred years, no very closely related forms have been described from its wide range throughout the Neotropical region. There is evidence accumulating, however, to indicate that with future intensified studies on biological and morphological characters the mosquitoes now designated as Anopheles argyritarsis will be classified in a number of valid species.

Summary An epidemic of jungle yellow fever was investigated in November and December, 1954, and early 1955, in the Oriboca Forest about 20 km distant from Belem, Para, Brazil. The virus was isolated from ten persons all of whom were employed in opening trails in a virgin forest. A second epidemic was studied near the village of Apeu about 60 km east of Belem in April and May of 1955. Yellow fever virus was isolated from 11 cases. A comparison of the acute and convalescent sera of all 21 cases showed a significant rise in antibody titer for yellow fever virus. Four strains of yellow fever virus were isolated from mosquitoes caught in the Oriboca Forest at the time of the jungle epidemic.

Summary Marco, Timbo and Chaco are three newly recognized arboviruses isolated from pools of heart and liver of lizards captured near Belem, Para, Brazil. Four strains of Marco virus, six of Timbo and three of Chaco were detected in Ameiva ameiva ameiva. A fourth strain of Chaco virus was isolated from Kentropyx calcaratus. No serological relationship of Marco virus to other arboviruses has so far been demonstrated. Timbo and Chaco cross-react in complement-fixation testing but have not been shown to be related to any other arbovirus. These viruses have not been recovered from birds, amphibians, rodents, marsupials, primates, bats, edentates, carnivores, horses, cattle or arthropods in the Amazon region, and it is proposed that the lizard is their principal vertebrate host.

Lagos bat virus and an isolate from shrews (IbAn 27377), both from Nigeria, were found to be bullet-shaped and to mature intracytoplasmically in association with a distinct matrix. They were related to, but readily distinguishable from, rabies virus and each other by complement fixation and neutralization tests. The three viruses, including rabies, form a subgrouping within the rhabdoviruses.

Laboratory of the Servi?o de Malaria do Nordeste at Fortaleza. Fotaleza, CE, Brazil. Laboratory of the Servi?o de Malaria do Nordeste at Fortaleza. Fotaleza, CE, Brazil. Laboratory of the Servi?o de Malaria do Nordeste at Fortaleza. Fotaleza, CE, Brazil.

Laboratory of the Servi?o de Malaria do Nordeste at Fortaleza. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Laboratory of the Servi?o de Malaria do Nordeste at Fortaleza. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Laboratory of the Servi?o de Malaria do Nordeste at Fortaleza. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.

Ministry of Education and Health of Brazil. Laboratory of the Servi?o de Malaria do Nordeste at Fortaleza. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil / The Rockefeller Foundation. International Health Division. Ministry of Education and Health of Brazil. Laboratory of the Servi?o de Malaria do Nordeste at Fortaleza. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil / The Rockefeller Foundation. International Health Division. Ministry of Education and Health of Brazil. Laboratory of the Servi?o de Malaria do Nordeste at Fortaleza. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil / The Rockefeller Foundation. International Health Division. Ovipositions from more than 28,000 isolated females, representing 30 species of anopheline mosquitoes coUected in Brazil, were studied, and the eggs of 9 species described for the first time. A key to the eggs of these 30 species based primarily on the floats, frills, and pattem of exochorion is presented and illustrated by camera l?cida drawings of typical specimens of each species. Some commonly encountered varieties of several species are also described and illustrated.

Minist?rio da Educa??o e Sa?de. Servi?o Especial de Sa?de P?blica. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Bel?m, PA, Brasil. A new species, Anofheles (Nyssorhynchus) dunhami, is described from Tef?, Amazonas, Brazil, in a region where mal?ria is not prevalent. By egg, larva and adult color pattern it is similar toAnopheles goeldii. The male terminali distinguish it from both Anopheles goeldii and Anophele nunez-tovari.

Laboratory of the Malaria Service of the Northeast at Aracati. Aracati, CE, Brazil. Laboratory of the Malaria Service of the Northeast at Aracati. Aracati, CE, Brazil. Laboratory of the Malaria Service of the Northeast at Aracati. Aracati, CE, Brazil A malaria study of a small isolated community in Brazil was made during the year 1940 before and after the eradication of Anopheles gambiae from the area. The records for the first four months of 1940 showed a rising Anophales gambiae density, and among the human population rising parasite and spleen rates and increasing symptomatology with demand for medication. The eradication of Anopheles gambiae in May by combined antilarval and antimosquito measures was accompanied by a sudden drop in the parasite rate from 85.7 per cent to about 20 per cent by June and a gradual reduction in spleen rate from 64.4 per cent to about 10 per cent by September. Although children in the age groups 1 to 4 and 10 to 14 years showed somewhat higher infection rates there was on the whole little difference in parasite rate between the young and older age groups, confirming previous information that malaria had not been endemic in the area. No consistent difference in infection intensity or in species of plasmodium, or incidence of gametocytes could be demonstrated among the age groups. Although there were many more gametocyte carriers in the months ?with gambiae? than in the months ?without gambiae? the ratio of gametocyte carriers to cases of malaria was found to be comparable in both periods. The spleen rate, unlike the parasite rate, showed a distinct difference among age groups, the group over 40 years showing the lowest rate of splenic enlargement and children 1 to 14 years the highest rate. There was no correlation found between species of parasite and size of spleen.

Minist?rio da Educa??o e Sa?de. Servi?o Especial de Sa?de P?blica. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Bel?m, PA, Brasil / The Rockefeller Foundation. International Health Division. Minist?rio da Educa??o e Sa?de. Servi?o Especial de Sa?de P?blica. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Bel?m, PA, Brasil / The Rockefeller Foundation. International Health Division. Minist?rio da Educa??o e Sa?de. Servi?o Especial de Sa?de P?blica. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Bel?m, PA, Brasil / The Rockefeller Foundation. International Health Division. The validity of the name tarsimaculatus as used by Goeldi for the Anophelines of the sub-genus Nyssorhynchus with black ring on the fifth hind tarsi, is discussed. It is pointed out that at least three species of the Nyssorhynchus group corresponding to Goeldi's meagre descriptions are present in the areas from which he collected his material. It is evident that the name was used by him, not for one but for several species. The mosquitoes in Belem designated as Anopheles tarsimaculatus by Galv?o, Damasceno and Marques (1942), and as Anopheles emilianus by Komp (1941) are indistinguishable in morphological and physiological characteristics from Anopheles aquasalis Curry 1932. The authors are of the opinion that since tarsimaculatus was illegally proposed as an emendation of a name considered inappropriate, and was applied to mosquitoes subsequently differentiated as several distinct species, the name is not available for any Anopheline. Anopheles emilianus Komp 1941 is considered to be a synonym of Anopheles aquasalis Curry, 1932.

Hybrid threats use conventional and unconventional means to achieve their goals. This paper explores the cyber threats as one possible aspect of hybrid threats. It describes three ways of approaching cyberspace (operations) from the hybrid threats perspective: supporting conventional operations, exploiting non-military systems, and exploring the opportunities provided by this environment. In particular, it highlights the aspects that are or likely will be relevant to the military community. peerReviewed