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Virtual became necessary during the pandemic. We saw parties, meetings, Thanksgiving, conferences, and everything else shift to virtual. We’ve been virtual-ed out, but the convenience remains. The challenge is meeting people where they are and keeping them informed and involved. INDOT has found the sweet spot of virtual through intentional usage. We’ll cover virtual involvement from a district level, how we use virtual town halls for important education, and how we’ve brought projects into living rooms with interactive websites.

DR4 Master Thesis

The study is part of a data donation project in which secondary school children will fill out questions on their dietary and pro-environmental behavior and donate WhatsApp and Instagram data. Based on the Instagram data, weighted social networks of the classrooms will be constructed. These will be used to test the effect of the social network on adolescents' pro-environmental behaviors.

Many small-scale coffee roasters show high efforts in advancing sustainability in their supply chain and beyond. Sustainability efforts may include not only the production or processing of ecologically friendly and fair coffee but also doing businesses in a different form, e.g. through worker cooperatives, engaging in the local economy, these businesses are embedded in, or influencing general purchasing behavior of their customers also in other areas. Often, their customers, the coffee consumers, do not know about these efforts of “their” local coffee businesses in town. Being transparent about these three dimensions of sustainable consumption—that is, product, business model, orientation towards local economy—is key for a business in the contact with their customers. However, being comparably small, these businesses often do not have the capacities for communicating these three dimensions of being a sustainable business best to consumers (so that is not only naked numbers) in order to contribute to sustainable consumption behavior and thus fostering sustainability transformations in their local communities. Experiential marketing has been found a promising approach to foster sustainability, in particular to connect consumers to coffee businesses and to the producers and – to a certain extent – to foster sustainable consumption behavior (coffee purchasing behavior; e.g., Weber et al., 2021). We want to find out if this marketing approach can be used to better communicate transparency efforts, and with that influence not only purchasing behavior but also the intent why a consumer consumes, and their willingness to investing in the local economy and supporting alternative business models. Therefore, we ask the question: How do experiential marketing tools contribute to (transparently) communicate sustainability efforts of small local alternative coffee businesses in order to foster sustainable consumption behavior? Reintegrating the results from previous research (Weber et al. 2021), together with a local coffee business/ roaster, we co-develop and implement two experiential marketing interventions to address this question. Experiential marketing interventions include watching a promotion video (A), reading a graphic novel (B). A control group will read a plain text with information about the coffee business / roaster. The results of this study can support sustainability-oriented coffee roasters and other local businesses in their marketing and sustainability strategies and with that contributing to sustainable consumption behavior.

Our study will investigate whether using the terms “extreme weather” or “climate change” to describe various climate change adaptation behaviors and policies affects Americans’ willingness to adopt those behaviors or support those policies.

Finances are a necessary component of running an agricultural production and with an uncertain economy, drought conditions, and rising costs, financial stress is increasingly common. Although financial stress is linked with poor individual and relationship outcomes, research suggests that there are effective ways to manage financial stress so that it does not reduce personal or relationship well-being. We review the body's response to stressors and how to respond rather than react to stress. We present specific strategies couples can use to navigate financial stress together. We include ideas for practical application for individuals seeking to improve the way they manage financial stress.

Although online petitions and donations have become increasingly popular -- more than 5 million petitions have been created on Change.org since 2007 -- a large majority still fail to garner sufficient support. For example, over 99% of petitions to the White House fall short of the 10,000 signatures required to elicit an official response (Yasseri, Hale & Maragetts 2017). What factors increase the likelihood of participation in activist activities? Based on the Common Ingroup Identity Model (CIIM) and Batson’s empathy-altruism model, we theorize that potential activists who perceive a shared, superordinate identity with the cause’s target group will be more likely to sign a petition or donate to a cause through the mediator of empathic concern. We conduct a 2x2 factorial experiment testing the effects of interventions manipulating (a) empathic concern and (b) perception of the target group as Americans on US adults’ intentions to sign a petition or donate to support asylum seekers.

This research aims to treat the content prevalent in romantic comedies (including tropes, myths, and stereotypes) as misinformation that viewers could be shielded against. We hope to educate viewers so that they are skeptical of what they see on screen, and therefore less likely to endorse such content.

Technology-mediated communication is constrained by the cognitive costs and affordances of communication media (see Brennan & Lockridge, 2006). In particular, access to facial information and gestures can affect turn-taking and the outcome of group-discussions (see Whittaker, 2006). For example, in video/speech and face-to-face discussions participants are more likely to compromise than in speech-only discussions (Short et al., 1976; Behrens & Kret, 2019). Accordingly, it is more likely that coalitions form during video/speech and face-to-face discussions than in speech-only discussions (Reid, 1977; Hiltz et al., 1986). However, the effects of different formats of visual display on online multiparty discussions are not well understood. Specifically, we note that many videoconferencing technologies allow presentation of many participants (gallery-mode) or one participant (speaker-mode) on the screen. Do these alternative formats affect multiparty discussions? Previous psycholinguistic research has suggested that the number of interlocutors affects both (i) the turn-taking dynamics and (ii) participants’ understanding of the topic under discussion. Fay et al. (2000) found that in face-to-face group-discussions of 10 people, conversation is similar to serial monologue (Pickering & Garrod, 2004): (i) it involves “Speaker A-Speaker B-Speaker C” turn patterns, and (ii) participants’ understanding of what is being discussed is influenced mainly by the contributions of the participant who speaks the most (i.e., the dominant speaker). In contrast, in small groups of 5, the conversation is similar to interactive dialogue (Clark, 1996): (i) it involves “Speaker A-Speaker B-Speaker A” turn patterns, and (ii) individuals’ understanding of what is being discussed is influenced by the person with whom each individual interacts the most (i.e., with whom they share the most adjacent turns). Fay et al. explained these results in terms of audience design (Clark, 1996): In large group (monologue-like) discussions speakers tailor their utterances to a generic audience, while in small group (dialogue-like) discussions speakers consider their current addressee. They tested this interpretation in a second study where individuals who were naïve to the previous discussions listened to audio-recordings of the discussions. In support of their hypothesis, participants’ opinions about what was agreed upon during the discussions were more influenced by monologue-like discussions’ dominant speakers than dialogue-like discussions’ dominant speakers. However, it is not known whether and how the number of visually available interlocutors might influence online multiparty discussions. We propose that the number of on-screen faces can affect language processing during mediated multiparty discussions. In particular, we suggest that the distinction between serial monologue and interactive dialogue holds for technology media that constrain the visual saliency of different interlocutors (see Short et al., 1976; Rice, 1993). Specifically, we propose that visual display (speaker versus gallery mode) may influence both turn patterns (i.e., “Speaker A-Speaker B-Speaker C” versus “Speaker A-Speaker B-Speaker A”) and participants’ opinion on the topic.

Political Communications scholars have long noted – and generally bemoaned – the tendency for the media to cover political issues using “partisan conflict” or “game” frame (Patterson 1993, Capella and Jameison 1997, Paterson 2015). Partisan conflict frames describe political events as sites for conflict between the two parties (Han and Federico 2017). Partisan game frames take this a step further, describing political events in terms of who “won” or “lost,” instead of in terms of the events’ substantive importance (Patterson 1993). This coverage, sometimes referred to as “horse-race” coverage in the context of political campaigns, is thought to reflect a reflex among journalists to see politics as a game played by key individuals to gain personal power and advancement (Weaver 1972). While game-frame coverage is most studied in political campaigns, it is a common element of most political news, including coverage of Congress, the President, and even the bureaucracy (Lichter and Amundonson 1994, Lawrence 2000, Cohen 2008). Game frame coverage has been blamed for producing a less-informed public, creating cynicism and reducing public interest in government, and of warping the issue agenda by emphasizing issues that are controversial over those that are substantively important. Frames that emphasize partisan wins and losses also exacerbate affective polarization by turning politics into a game played by two side trying to win rather than an attempt by disagreeing actors to arrive at good public policy (Han and Federico 2017, 2018). Apologists for game frame coverage argue that emphasizing the competitive aspects of politics increases political interest by producing journalism that is more compelling. What happens, however, when the journalistic instinct to frame issues as in terms of conflict runs into a global public health crisis such as the one created by COVID-19? Conflict and game frame coverage of political campaigns can be justified by the fact that elections are, in fact, contests with winners and losers. This can hardly be said about the response to COVID-19, where we might hope that policy response will be guided by scientific experts to minimize harm to the public. Yet, while the federal government’s legislative response to COVID-19 has been characterized by a previously unthinkable amount of partisan unity, the pandemic has been the occasion for considerable partisan in-fighting as well. Democrats’ messaging strategy around the pandemic has emphasized quick action to stem the pandemic, but also sharp criticism of Republican officeholders’ response to this threat. Some Republicans, on the other hand, have attempted to downplay the threat posed by COVID-19, while criticizing Democrats for either politicizing the pandemic or fumbling the response in states with Democratic governors. These conflicts provide the opportunity for journalists to employ game or partisan conflict frames in their coverage of the pandemic, turning the issue from a global health threat into a partisan issue. Indeed, polling shows sizable gaps between Republicans and Democrats in concern about the COVID-19, as well as health behaviors and policy preferences in response to the pandemic (Gadarian, Goodman, and Pepinsky 2020). In this article we evaluate the effect of game or conflict frames on public responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. We hypothesize that conflict framing, and especially game framing, will exacerbate the partisan divide in concern about the pandemic, support for drastic action to reduce its spread, and willingness to engage in personal actions to avoid contracting or disseminating the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Further, we test whether these frames increase cynicism about and reduce trust in the government’s ability to respond to the pandemic. Finally, we test the hypothesis, suggested by defenders of game framing in political campaigns, that these frames increase interest in the issue, as compared to coverage that does not frame the pandemic in game or conflict terms. We evaluate these using a framing experiment in which individuals are randomly assigned to read newspaper articles that frame legislative action in response to the pandemic using game frames, conflict frames, or a substantive frame that emphasizes the substantive effects of the policy.

The aim of this study is to see whether information about the emotional state of an author has an effect on how emotion is perceived by a reader.

Introduction During dialogue, adults tend to imitate their interlocutors’ language use. This conversational alignment occurs at multiple different levels of language and seems to function to ensure effective communication and rewarding interactions. In this study we specifically focus on the tendency for a speaker to reuse the same word as that used by a conversational partner (e.g. using brolly after your partner has used brolly; Brennan & Clark, 1996), known as lexical entrainment. It is well established that lexical entrainment implicates both unmediated processing (e.g. lexical retrieval) and mediated processing (e.g. speakers’ beliefs about their interlocutor). Unmediated theories have highlighted the role of automatic priming in lexical entrainment, whereby exposure to a partner’s lexical label (e.g. brolly) makes its representation more accessible in memory and easier to retrieve and reuse (Pickering & Garrod, 2004). Moreover, mediated theories have suggested that speakers’ beliefs may also influence their tendency to entrain – they may adapt their use of language based on what they believe a conversational partner will understand (audience design mechanisms; Clark, 1996), or in order to express affiliation and establish rapport (social-affective mechanisms; van Baaren et al., 2003). Previous studies have examined the mechanisms underlying lexical entrainment using group-level comparisons (e.g. Branigan et al., 2011). However, mediated and unmediated processing mechanisms can also vary as a result of individual differences (Tobar-Henriquez et al., 2019); this thus provides the opportunity to understand how and why lexical entrainment might vary based on individual characteristics such as age and language ability. However, in order to understand the role of individual differences in lexical entrainment, we must first establish whether lexical entrainment is a trait which is stable within individuals. We have previously established this in adults aged 18-60 (Tobar-Henríquez et al., 2020). Furthermore, a pilot study has suggested that lexical entrainment increases with age, so that older speakers entrain more than younger speakers (Tobar-Henríquez, 2020). This is an important preliminary finding because it suggests that lexical entrainment mechanisms change across adulthood, thus opening new directions to investigate both lexical entrainment mechanisms, in particular, and language processing across the lifespan, in general. Understanding whether and how the effect of age on lexical entrainment correlates with other language-related changes (such as autistic traits and beliefs about one’s own language skills), can cast light on which mechanisms might be driving this effect. For example, since lexical entrainment is influenced by speakers’ beliefs about their addressees, individuals with deficits in theory of mind, communication and social interaction, or understanding intentionality, might show differences in lexical entrainment. Impairments in these areas are found in individuals with Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC) (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), therefore a negative correlation between autistic traits and lexical entrainment might be expected. However, work to date has found the same magnitude of lexical entrainment in adults and children with ASC as in their neurotypical peers and has not established a relationship between severity of autistic traits and entrainment (Branigan et al., 2016; Hopkins et al., 2017; Slocombe et al., 2013). This pattern is consistent with alignment arising from priming mechanisms that are intact in adults and children with ASC. Importantly, however, preliminary research suggests that when combined with reduced perspective-taking abilities, priming mechanisms may lead children with ASC to be susceptible to maladaptive lexical (over-)entrainment (i.e., entrainment that might lead to miscommunication; Hopkins, 2016; Hopkins et al., 2017; see also evidence for maladaptive (over-)entrainment in neurotypical younger children; Garrod & Clark, 1993). We know that neurotypical older adults show reduced perspective-taking compared to younger adults (Horton & Spieler, 2007), alongside higher levels of lexical entrainment; as such, investigating autistic traits in conjunction with age may be informative in regards to the mechanisms underlying this age effect. Examining individual differences in older adults’ beliefs about their own language skills is a further avenue through which we may investigate lexical entrainment and language processing mechanisms across the lifespan. Both older adults, and their younger counterparts, report believing that their language skills generally worsen with age, although older and younger adults underestimate and overestimate their language skills respectively (Hummert et al., 1995). We are particularly interested in how such beliefs could influence lexical choices during dialogue. For example, if older people lexically entrain more often than younger people mainly due to a higher interest in being understood correctly (i.e., audience design), then we would expect older adults who have more negative beliefs about their own language skills to entrain more often than older adults who possess more positive beliefs about these skills. In contrast, if older people entrain more often than younger people mainly due to a higher sensitivity to recent lexical processing (i.e., lexical priming), then we would expect that older adults’ propensity to lexically entrain is not significantly influenced by their beliefs about their own language skills. Better understanding these issues concerning the nature of lexical alignment across the lifespan can provide important insight into inter-generational communication in older adults because effective communication necessitates continuously updating the language one uses to incorporate changes driven by younger speakers, and lexical entrainment could represent a means by which to learn new lexical labels and the correct contexts of use (Tobar-Henríquez et al., 2021). In the current study, it is important to first confirm that lexical entrainment is stable across the lifespan, including in older adults, before looking at how individual traits might affect lexical entrainment in this population. We therefore first investigate the stability of lexical entrainment in three groups of participants aged 18-39, 40-59 and over 60. Second, we examine the relationship between (1) participants’ autistic traits, and (2) their impressions about their own linguistic skills, on their tendency to lexically entrain with age. In addition to our lexical entrainment instrument, we thus use instruments which are able to consistently distinguish between individuals’ levels of autistic traits and impressions about their own linguistic skills (see ‘The present experiment’ section).

Humas dalam kaitannya dengan proses komunikasi memiliki pemahaman bahwa humas memiliki tanggungjawab dalam menyampaikan serta menjelaskan usaha yang dilakukan oleh organisasi kepada masyarakat yang berkepentingan terhadap organisasi. Selain itu praktisi public relation harus memiliki awareness terhadap berbagai masukan serta opini dari publik yang berkepentingan terhadap organisasi. Sehingga praktisi public relation memiliki pola ruang komunikasi dua arah yang ideal.

The purpose of this paper is to describe and compare a new and old paradigm in the context of communication science. The paradigm (approach, perspective, method, theory) of communication science has entered several phases of change. These phases are categorized and presented in different terms by experts who describe social reality. The categories are: first, pre-positivism begins at the time of Aristotle (350 BC) to David Hume (1750), both positivism, and third postcapositivism. Broadly divided into two categories, namely objective approach (behavioristik and structural) and subjective approach (phenomenolgis or interpretative). These scholars cite with different (perspective) terms, but may refer to the same intent, otherwise the same term sometimes has a different meaning, depending on who mentions the perspective.

Introduction During dialogue, adults tend to imitate their interlocutors’ language use. This conversational alignment occurs at multiple different levels of language and seems to function to ensure effective communication and rewarding interactions. In this study we specifically focus on the tendency for a speaker to reuse the same word as that used by a conversational partner (e.g. using brolly after your partner has used brolly; Brennan & Clark, 1996), known as lexical entrainment. It is well established that lexical entrainment implicates both unmediated processing (e.g. lexical retrieval) and mediated processing (e.g. speakers’ beliefs about their interlocutor). Unmediated theories have highlighted the role of automatic priming in lexical entrainment, whereby exposure to a partner’s lexical label (e.g. brolly) makes its representation more accessible in memory and easier to retrieve and reuse (Pickering & Garrod, 2004). Moreover, mediated theories have suggested that speakers’ beliefs may also influence their tendency to entrain – they may adapt their use of language based on what they believe a conversational partner will understand (audience design mechanisms; Clark, 1996), or in order to express affiliation and establish rapport (social-affective mechanisms; van Baaren et al., 2003). Previous studies have examined the mechanisms underlying lexical entrainment using group-level comparisons (e.g. Branigan et al., 2011). However, mediated and unmediated processing mechanisms can also vary as a result of individual differences (Tobar-Henriquez et al., 2019); this thus provides the opportunity to understand how and why lexical entrainment might vary based on individual characteristics such as age, prosociality and language ability. However, in order to understand the role of individual differences in lexical entrainment, we must first establish whether lexical entrainment is a trait which is stable within individuals. We have previously established this in adults aged 18-60 (Tobar-Henríquez et al., 2020) and in the following age groups: 18-39, 40-59, and over 60 (Tobar-Henríquez & Wilks, 2021). Furthermore, previous studies have found that lexical entrainment in adulthood increases with age, so that older speakers entrain more than younger speakers (Tobar-Henríquez, 2020; Tobar-Henríquez & Wilks, 2021). This is an important finding because it suggests that lexical entrainment mechanisms change across adulthood, thus opening up new directions to investigate both lexical entrainment mechanisms, in particular, and language processing across the lifespan, in general. One possible explanation for our finding of increased lexical entrainment with age (Tobar-Henríquez, 2020; Tobar-Henríquez & Wilks, 2021) is that priming mechanisms underlying entrainment are relied upon more heavily as speakers age. Older adults find retrieving words from memory (lexical retrieval) more difficult than younger adults. For example, they experience more tip-of-the-tongue states, take longer to find the right words (e.g. ‘dog’) for target objects (e.g. a dog), and make more naming mistakes than younger adults, using more semantically-related but inaccurate words for targets (e.g. referring to a dog as ‘cat’; e.g. Burke & Laver, 1990; Mitchell, 1989; Nicholas et al., 1985; Thomas et al., 1977). However, their difficulties seem restricted to accessing the phonological, rather than the semantic, representations of words. This is evidenced by the fact that elderly speakers make correct prime-target semantic associations (e.g. associating dog with cat) and successfully use phonological cues to overcome lexical retrieval difficulties (e.g. successfully recalling dog after being told that the word started with the letter d; Barresi et al., 2000; Juncos-Rabadán et al., 2009; Kavé & Mashal, 2012; Nicholas et al., 1985). Thus, older speakers should find retrieving a name, that they have not recently processed, more difficult than younger speakers. This may increase the likelihood that they will entrain to the specific term used by their partner as the term has been processed more recently and thus is easier to retrieve, resulting in increased entrainment with age. Yet, it is not known how age may affect whether such an entrained term is later re-used with a new partner. Moving forward, we believe this “maintenance of entrained terms” to be an important consideration because in order to communicate inter-generationally an individual needs to continuously update their language to incorporate changes driven by younger speakers. Lexical entrainment could thus represent a means by which to learn new lexical labels and the correct contexts of use (Tobar-Henríquez et al., 2021). The extent to which entrained terms are maintained may result from an interplay between lexical priming mechanisms and perspective-taking abilities. Perspective-taking decreases with age (Horton & Spieler, 2007) but reports on lexical priming mechanisms and age are somewhat mixed, with most researchers failing to find an age effect (Barry et al., 2006; Jones & Estes, 2012; Mitchell, 1989; Mitchell et al., 1990; Stern et al., 1991). Additionally, the studies often fail to replicate due to limited participant numbers and a focus on reaction times. Therefore, assuming reduced perspective-taking abilities and intact priming mechanisms, we might expect older adults to maintain use of terms used with one partner, with a new partner, at higher levels than younger adults. This is because understanding that a new partner doesn’t necessarily favour the entrained term, and modulation of priming effects driving entrainment, may require perspective taking. That is, lexical priming mechanisms could be activated by default but potentially over-ridden in certain situations in order to enable more flexible communication. Older adults may therefore display maladaptive over-maintenance of entrained terms (i.e. maintenance that might lead to miscommunication; see converging evidence from young children’s referential language use; Garrod & Clark, 1993). Social cooperativeness increases with healthy aging such that older people tend to be more interested than younger people in engaging in emotionally meaningful activities/increasing rapport during social interaction. They are also more cooperative and emotionally empathetic than younger adults (Beadle et al., 2015; Blanchard-Fields, 2007; Carstensen et al., 1995). It is therefore possible that older adults might entrain more often than younger adults in order to reduce social distance and increase rapport with their conversational partner. This would implicate prosocial accounts of lexical entrainment. In this case, we would expect there to be a positive association between individual prosocial tendencies and lexical entrainment such that adults who are more prosocial entrain more often. We have previously noted that, in order to understand age differences in lexical entrainment, it was important to establish the stability of lexical entrainment in young, middle-aged and older adults (Tobar-Henríquez & Wilks, 2021). In a similar vein, if we want to understand age differences in the maintenance of lexically entrained terms, we must first establish whether this maintenance is stable in young, middle-aged and older adults. In the current study, we will therefore first confirm that lexical entrainment (aiming to replicate our previous findings), and maintenance of lexical entrainment (an extension to these findings), are stable traits within three groups of participants aged 18-39, 40-59 and over 60. We will then investigate how age might affect lexical entrainment (aiming to replicate our previous findings) and maintenance of lexical entrainment (an extension to these findings). Additionally, we will perform an exploratory investigation into the effect of prosociality on lexical entrainment by examining whether individual differences in prosociality predict lexical entrainment. In addition to our lexical entrainment instrument, we thus use an instrument which is able to consistently distinguish between individuals’ levels of prosociality (see “The present experiment” section).

Patients with communication disorders are disadvantaged within the healthcare system, being at greater risk of experiencing adverse events during hospital stay and less satisfied with their healthcare experiences. Clinicians need to communicate efficiently with pa- tients with communication disorders. This need should be taken into account in the education system to teach students how to be able to do it. In recent years there has been a growing interest in teaching communication strategies to healthcare profession students. There is a need to map the existing literature on the educational experiences and outcomes broadly to be able to identify the gaps in the research. A scoping review will be designed to reach this goal.

This study seeks to investigate how the inclusion of perceived stereotypical vs. individuating traits of media characters influence character judgments.

Over the last few decades, a number of high profile 'intelligence failures' have prompted initiatives to improve the quality of intelligence analysis in Five Eyes countries. Prominent examples include the creation of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) in the US, and its issuing of Intelligence Community Directive (ICD) 203, which describes a set of analytic tradecraft standards, against which the quality of intelligence analysis should putatively be assessed. The standards in ICD 203 have been adapted into a formal rubric known as the IC Rating Scale for Evaluating Analytic Tradecraft Standards, which is used by the ODNI to conduct perennial evaluations of analytic quality in the US intelligence community. In parallel, increasing attention has been given to 'analytic rigor'. A lack of this seemingly desirable property of analytic work is often lamented in literature on intelligence analysis, but with little shared understanding of what it means for analysis to be rigorous. Recently, there have been a few attempts to provide explicative definitions of analytic rigor, most notably by Zelik et al. at Ohio State University, by the Laboratory for Analytic Sciences at North Carolina State University, and by the Hunt Lab for Intelligence Research at the University of Melbourne. These candidate definitions open the possibility of analytic rigor being formalised and measured, so that interventions designed to improve it can be appropriately evaluated. Given the prevalence of the IC Rating Scale and its derivatives in Five Eyes intelligence communities, it is prudent to understand the extent which the Scale may already constitute a valid measure of analytic rigor in intelligence products. In this study, we will compare IC Rating Scale scores with analytic rigor scores on a set of up to 143 analytic products produced (predominantly) in response to fictional intelligence-style problems during two previous Hunt Lab exercises: the 2018 SWARM Challenge and the 2020 Hunt Challenge. The IC Rating Scale scores have been collected previously in the course of those exercises, and the analytic rigor scores will be elicited from US government intelligence analysts for this study. The predictive validity of the IC Rating Scale as a measure of analytic rigor will be quantified by producing a point estimate and confidence interval for the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between the two sets of scores. Given the partial overlap between the tradecraft standards of ICD 203 and the components of analytic rigor described in recent work, we hypothesise that the point estimate of the correlation will be moderate, in the interval of [0.5, 0.8]. We have a number of secondary aims, which will be the subject of exploratory analysis. Some of these are outlined under the question on exploratory analyses in the Analysis Plan section of this pre-registration.

In recent years research assumed that ever since the airing of The Sopranos, the amount of morally ambiguous characters (MACs) in popular media increased. But since there is little empirical evidence for this plausible but not proven claim, we conduct a content analysis investigating plot and character summaries of the 250 most popular movies which released between 1996 and 2020. We analyze the protagonists in terms of their moral nature, their character traits, and moral transgressions they commit. We aim to make statements about the prevalence, role, and position of MACs in movies over the past twenty five years. As theoretical background we include relevant aspects of the Model of Intuitive Morality and Exemplars (MIME) and the Affective Disposition Theory (ADT).

Background and objective: Understanding the circumstances in which communication breaks down during conversations involving people with hearing loss is fundamental for (1) developing assessments and rehabilitation strategies that better target functional real-world communication, and (2) for enhancing signal-processing algorithms in hearing devices. The objective of this scoping review is to uncover what is known about the interplay between hearing loss and/or background noise on communication breakdowns. Methods and analysis: We will search electronic databases (MEDLINE, PsychINFO, Web of Science (Core Collection), EMBASE, Scopus and LLBA) and reference lists of key studies for article inclusion. Two reviewers will independently screen titles and abstracts to determine eligibility for inclusion in the review. Key information will then be categorised and classified to generate a summary of study participants, methods of identification, and key outcomes. The review will apply the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews to present the results along with a narrative synthesis describing overall trends. Ethics and dissemination: Formal ethical approval was not required to undertake this scoping review. Findings will be published in scientific peer-reviewed journals and conference presentations.

Distinguishing between facts and opinions can be challenging - especially on social media. When scrolling through nearly every common social media platform’s feed the information accessible for users to evaluate senders’ trustworthiness are mostly limited to a profile picture and username. Hence, we focus on these limited cues that are directly visible and derivable by the recipients. We will analyze the degree to which the cues gender, familiarity of the sender, and an academic title (as an optional part of the username) influence scientists’ perception as trustworthy. From these analyses, we will derive implications for science communicators’ self-presentation online. Grounding on the perspective of public online engagement with science (Taddicken & Krämer, 2021) the question arises whether a direct affective relationship of trust with a sender is significant for impactfully communicating science and promoting engagement. The closely related construct of source credibility (McCroskey & Teven, 1999) provides reasons to suggest that an affective component can influence users’ assessment of trustworthiness. Here, affective trust is based on emotional ties of (interpersonal) relationships and the maintenance of positive expectations concerning the emotional investment made in the relationship (Lewis & Weigert, 1985). We will explore whether the perception of an affective and personally trusting relationship is associated with the general trustworthiness of scientists online. The focus here is on the recipients’ perceived goodwill of the senders towards them and not on the anticipated benevolence of the scientists towards the public. The option to engage with a scientist directly on social media without any institutional or journalistic barrier gives recipients and senders at least the opportunity to build a trusting relation – even if it is one-sided. Therefore, it is necessary to enlighten if and how this type of trust has an impact on communicating science and research online. According to research on trust in science and scientists, a trustworthy source and sender needs to creates an impression of expertise, integrity as well as benevolence (Hendriks et al., 2015, 2016). Since epistemic trustworthiness refers to the trust placed in others' knowledge (Wilholt, 2013), it describes qualities of a sender against the background of a difference in anticipated personal dependence plus need for trust concerning the sender’s characteristics. Given the wealth of scientific knowledge, not every type of information can be gained individually by learning or by recipients’ firsthand experience. In consequence, recipients need to rely on trustworthy sources (Hendriks et al., 2015, 2016). Up to now, little research has been carried out concerning the cues that are associated with an impression of epistemic trustworthiness recipients based their judgments on. Especially from the perspective of science communication it is crucial to highlight a sender’s expertise since its needed to promote trust (Hendriks et al., 2015). This raises the question of whether a reference to a successfully completed academic education is enough for a recipient to evaluate the content of a scientists’ message as credible, or whether other factors concerning the sender are decisive or not. Previous studies indicate that conveying expertise cues has an influence on the perception of the sender’s credibility and whether recipients trust the information shared by them or not (Hendriks et al., 2015; Jucks & Thon, 2017; Lin & Spence, 2018; Nadarevic et al., 2020; Pjesivac et al., 2018; Winter & Krämer, 2014). One way of conveying expertise online is to refer to an academic education - i.e., by a visible academic title. We expect expertise cues, like in this case presenting an academic title, will serve as a “rational reason” to trust and will thereby be associated with cognitive trust. It approaches more rational aspects and binds trust to rather objective criteria like professionalism (Lewis & Weigert, 1985; McAllister, 1995). Nonetheless, when it comes to the formation of trust, more factors are decisive. It should be emphasized that epistemic trust, especially with the dimension of benevolence, encompasses senders who do not know the recipients personally and are therefore more or less “strangers on the internet”. Since familiarity can affect trustworthiness via various associated phenomena, two likely types are addressed here. Frist are benefits due to an increased fluency of processing. Recent evidence suggests that repeatedly seen messages are perceived as more credible, believable, and trustworthy (Luo et al., 2022; Nadarevic et al., 2020; Pennycook et al., n.d.; Pennycook & Rand, 2020; Stump et al., 2022), which can be explained, among other factors, by the "truth effect". It is one of several well-known phenomena, such as the mere exposure effect, which promises positive outcomes through repetition. Here, the general rule of thumb is that the better known a stimulus is, the easier it is to process (see Dechêne et al., 2010 for review). So, it can be assumed that a similar effect could also be found regarding the perception of messages’ senders and scientists, respectively. Notwithstanding, a second explanatory approach in the context of trust is also conceivable. Trust is formed in anticipation of the counterpart’s future behavioral expectations, whereby trust is created ex post facto and legitimized when fulfilled (Luhmann, 2014). If a sender is familiar to the recipient (e.g.: has been seen beforehand) and this previous interaction was not unpleasant or connected to a betray of epistemic trust (e.g.: due to information subsequently identified as false) then no contraindication to trust should exist. We assume that the familiarity of a sender can be one factor influencing trust since recipients might fall back on a "pre-validation". This refers to prior firsthand experiences of the recipients regarding the sender. The existence of preexisting attitudes should only be present and impactful if the sender is familiar. This might sound obvious, however at this point research on science communication online is missing out that notion. If the pre-established attitudes do not miss the benefit of a doubt, this should result in a favorable impression of a sender and lead to an increase in the senders’ trustworthiness on an epistemic level or the other way around. Further, asking if there are any other cues that lead to recipients to assign epistemic trustworthiness to sender, we plan to explore if the senders’ gender affects the recipients’ perception as well. Gender is used as a category to estimate judgements with and provides a starting point to evaluate – for instance based on stereotypes. This automagical judgement based on gender, might also apply on scientists communicating their research as it can influence readers’ assessment as credible (Winter & Krämer, 2014). When conveying information males often were found to be perceived as more credible compared to women (Armstrong & McAdams, 2009; Embacher et al., 2018; Knobloch-Westerwick et al., 2013). Though, more recent studies show opposite results concerning the general credibility assessment online (Bhandari et al., 2021) and indicate a change in stereotypical gender roles in terms for scientists for a younger generation (Bigham et al., 2019). As a sender’s gender is conveniently conveyed in a profile picture in users’ social media feeds, we further aim to investigate its impact on the scientists’ trustworthiness. Lastly, we will include three constructs to control the results: The (general) trust in science as well as participants beliefs about the scientific consensus regarding COVID-19 and their level of perceived uncertainty.

This empirical study examines the patterns of internet use during Hajj, with the broader aim of providing suggestions on how organisations can improve risk communication at crowded religious venues using traditional and new media. The research team adopted a convenience sampling strategy to conduct in-person surveys of 348 Hajj pilgrims in the vicinity of the Grand Mosque in Madinah, Saudi Arabia during the October 2013 season. Of these, 150 pilgrims used the internet and their responses were analysed using simple descriptive statistics and binary regression analyses. The findings of this study suggest that Hajj pilgrims prefer accessing the internet through their smartphone devices and laptops, and both first timers and repeat pilgrims trusted websites hosted by the Saudi Arabian authorities, and their group leaders. Additionally, findings suggest that the trust in information sources and patterns of social media use differed by demographic characteristics such as age, language and economic characteristics. This underscores the need for diversifying the use of both traditional and new media communication channels to increase the diffusion and penetration of risk information for varied groups. Cross-checking of government efforts with such empirical studies helps demonstrate whether the funds expended to improve risk communication and raise hazard awareness are on point to make the pilgrims safer. The paper concludes by acknowledging that although the internet and social media are revolutionising the kinds of information available to pilgrims, they may lead to a loss in the sanctity, simplicity and equanimity of partaking in a pilgrimage, or bring harm to pilgrims through the misuse of personal data collected through social media sites. Suggestions are made to authorities and event organisers to keep a balance between traditional and modern practices of conducting a pilgrimage and designing information and communication technologies. A call for inspiring pilgrims to not only be consumers of information, but rather, providers of information by being ever vigilant is made. Presently, few pilgrimage destinations are using the power of the internet and social media for garnering pilgrims’ participation in risk communication and crisis preparedness which is a missed opportunity.

Queer content in video games has existed since the 1970s, but as time and technology have progressed, so too have the potential for queer content in video games. During the mid-2010’s, a sudden increase in the number of games with queer content began, lasting between the years 2013 and 2017. This research project examines this period in great detail to determine the cause of this drastic increase. Through examining queer games literature, two queer games databases, and two select titles from this period, I determine that independent, or “indie” developers, have a substantial impact on the increase of queer games content during this time. I conduct a numerical count of two queer games databases to determine the number of both independent and mainstream games released in these years, as well as a qualitative content analysis on a mainstream title, Fallout 4, and an indie title, Curtain, to determine how each sector incorporates queer content in their games.

The purpose of this scoping review was to identify and synthesise existing research evidence on emotions in the context of emergency phone calls to emergency medical services (EMS) involving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). The specific objectives were to identify studies that (1) described emotions during emergency OHCA calls; (2) specified an instrument or method for measuring/assessing emotions; and (3) examined the relationship between emotions and call outcomes or patient outcomes.Five databases were searched on 18 November 2021: Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Review Database. Included studies required the following three concepts to be addressed:Thirteen eligible studies were included for synthesis. All studies met Objective 1; six studies met Objective 2; and seven met Objective 3. One study reported patient fatality due to heightened emotions and ensuing ineffective communications between callers and call-takers.The review highlights a significant gap in the evidence base of emotions in emergency OHCA-related calls, and the need for a more comprehensive and effective method in assessing and measuring emotions in this context. Relationships between emotions (their expressions and perceptions) and call outcomes (including patient outcomes) also need more rigorous investigation.

Electronic Dance Music (EDM) is a catalyst for creative expression, from the solo dance form known as shuffling, to “Flow Arts” activities (forms of self-expression inducing a flow state) like poi, hula hooping, orbiting, and gloving. Gloving is a subcultural practice and artform that couples LED lights with dexterous finger movements. It is a method of expression for dance music enthusiasts (also known as ravers) and has become an important component of the EDM scene, particularly over the past decade. Glovers engage in “secondary” performances to live music (DJs) using complex techniques such as symbolism, word painting, and what the community refers to as “musicianship.” Performances are comprised mainly of improvisatory gestures and movements drawn from a large lexicon, known collectively as “concepts.” Learning the skill of gloving involves taking part in oral transmission, cyphering, community building activities (both online and in-person), and cultivating a gloving identity with an accompanying pseudonym. This monograph illuminates the lacuna in the discourse regarding the lack of attention given to Canadian rave culture within the field of Electronic Dance Music Culture (EDMC). It elucidates primarily the practices of gloving within the Toronto rave scene. Toronto has played an integral role in the history of gloving from its earliest roots in “liquiding,” a style of dance that originated at raves during the 1990s. Several glovers and liquid dancers active in the Toronto rave scene between 1990 and 2020 are informants for the work. The work’s methodologies draw from existing practices, pulling from several fields including musicology, sociology, and ethnography. The work itself takes the form of an autoethnographic study, rooted in the participatory approaches of journalists Hunter S. Thompson and Simon Reynolds. The format is unconventional, embracing casual language, audio-visual materials, participant observation methodology, fieldnotes and meta-reflections, interviews, and pictures, presented in a mosaic approach à la Marshall McLuhan. The work also lacks a traditional critique, preferring to infer through storytelling and descriptions by informants from within the scene itself. The author of the work offers a robust critique of the theoretical idealization of fieldwork in EDMC scholarship by purposefully utilizing fluid positionality as a defining quality. The overarching arguments are threefold and include advocating for the acknowledgment of Toronto as a city of importance in the global rave scene, Flow Arts as a pathway to self-actualization, and calling to action the implementation of “Fluid Positionality” as an optimal way to negotiate “the vibe” for more nuanced data collection.

This professional project aims to translate current compassion academic research and scholarship for my client partner, the Cache County chapter of NAMI, to aid the family members of loved ones who live with mental illness.