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[Resumen] Ocultos a la vista de todo el mundo, los mohos se encuentran extensamente distribuidos en la naturaleza. Ahora bien, cuando las condiciones de recolección, transporte o almacenamiento de los cultivos son inadecuadas, estos comienzan a desarrollarse sobre las caras más externas de los alimentos, produciendo en ocasiones unos metabolitos secundarios tóxicos conocidos como micotoxinas. Las características estructurales de estas sustancias nocivas las convierten en una amenaza a tener en cuenta, pues les confieren, entre otras cosas, resistencia a elevadas temperaturas, e incluso a tratamientos físicos o químicos usados en las industrias del sector alimentario. El consumo de productos contaminados con micotoxinas desencadena, en muchos casos, intoxicaciones alimentarias (también llamadas micotoxicosis) con efectos carcinogénicos, embriotóxicos, hepatotóxicos, inmunosupresivos, nefrotóxicos, neurotóxicos, teratogénicos... Por esta razón, es necesario el desarrollo de métodos analíticos más sensibles que permitan detectar la presencia de estas toxinas a menores concentraciones; así como también, la implantación de medidas para evitar o minimizar la infección micótica de los productos agrícolas, desde su cultivo hasta su procesado y posterior distribución. Con la elaboración de este trabajo se pretende realizar una revisión de la literatura científica acerca de las características estructurales de las principales clases de micotoxinas presentes en los alimentos, así como sus posibles efectos sobre la salud humana., [Resumo] Ocultos á vista de todo o mundo, os mofos están amplamente distribuídos na natureza. Agora ben, cando as condicións de colleita, transporte ou almacenamento dos cultivos son inadecuadas, comezan a desenvolverse nas caras máis externas dos alimentos, producindo ás veces metabolitos secundarios tóxicos coñecidos como micotoxinas. As características estruturais destas substancias nocivas fan que sexan unha ameaza a ter en conta, xa que lles confiren, entre outras cousas, resistencia ás altas temperaturas, e mesmo aos tratamentos físicos ou químicos empregados nas industrias do sector alimentario. O consumo de produtos contaminados con micotoxinas desencadea, en moitos casos, intoxicacións alimentarias (tamén chamadas micotoxicoses) con efectos canceríxenos, embriotóxicos, hepatotóxicos, inmunosupresivos, nefrotóxicos, neurotóxicos, teratoxénicos... Por iso, é necesario desenvolver métodos analíticos máis sensibles que permitan detectar a presenza destas toxinas en concentracións máis baixas; así como tamén, a implantación de medidas para evitar ou minimizar a infección micótica dos produtos agrarios desde o seu cultivo ata a súa transformación e posterior distribución. Coa elaboración deste traballo preténdese realizar unha revisión da literatura científica sobre as características estruturais das principais clases de micotoxinas presentes nos alimentos, así como os seus posibles efectos sobre a saúde humana., [Abstract] Hidden from public view, moulds are widely distributed in nature. However, when harvesting, transport or storage conditions of crops are inadequate, they start to develop on the outermost surfaces of foodstuffs, sometimes producing toxic secondary metabolites known as mycotoxins. The structural characteristics of these harmful substances make them a threat to be considered, as they confer them, among other things, resistance to high temperatures, and even to physical or chemical treatments used in the food industry. The consumption of products contaminated with mycotoxins often leads to food poisoning (also called mycotoxicosis) with carcinogenic, embryotoxic, hepatotoxic, immunosuppressive, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, teratogenic, etc. effects. For this reason, it is necessary to develop more sensitive analytical methods to detect the presence of these toxins at lower concentrations, as well as the implementation of measures to avoid or minimise fungal infection of agricultural products from their cultivation to their processing and subsequent distribution. The aim of this work is to review the scientific literature on the structural characteristics of the main classes of mycotoxins present in foodstuffs, as well as their possible effects on human health.

[EN] Aims To explore the perceptions of nurses on the factors that influence their readiness to manage intimate partner violence (IPV) in Spain. Design Qualitative content analysis based on data from six different regions in Spain (Murcia, Region of Valencia, Castile and Leon, Cantabria, Catalonia, Aragon) collected between 2014 and 2016. Methods 37 personal interviews were carried out with nurses from 27 primary health care (PHC) centres and 10 hospitals. We followed the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research guidelines. Qualitative content analysis was supported by Atlas.ti and OpenCode. Results The results are organised into four categories corresponding to (1) acknowledging IPV as a health issue. An ongoing process; (2) the Spanish healthcare system and PHC service: a favourable space to address IPV although with some limitations; (3) nurses as a key figure for IPV in coordinated care and (4) factors involved in nurses' autonomy in their response to IPV, with their respective subcategories. Conclusion In practice, nurses perceive responding to IPV as a personal choice, despite the institutional mandate to address IPV as a health issue. There is a need to increase continuous training and ensure IPV is included in the curriculum in university nursing undergraduate degrees, by disseminating the existing IPV protocols. Furthermore, coordination between healthcare professionals needs to be improved in terms of all levels of care and with other institutions.

Aims: To explore the perceptions of nurses on the factors that influence their readiness to manage intimate partner violence (IPV) in Spain. Design: Qualitative content analysis based on data from six different regions in Spain (Murcia, Region of Valencia, Castile and Leon, Cantabria, Catalonia, Aragon) collected between 2014 and 2016. Methods: 37 personal interviews were carried out with nurses from 27 primary health care (PHC) centres and 10 hospitals. We followed the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research guidelines. Qualitative content analysis was supported by Atlas.ti and OpenCode. Results: The results are organised into four categories corresponding to (1) acknowledging IPV as a health issue. An ongoing process; (2) the Spanish healthcare system and PHC service: a favourable space to address IPV although with some limitations; (3) nurses as a key figure for IPV in coordinated care and (4) factors involved in nurses' autonomy in their response to IPV, with their respective subcategories. Conclusion: In practice, nurses perceive responding to IPV as a personal choice, despite the institutional mandate to address IPV as a health issue. There is a need to increase continuous training and ensure IPV is included in the curriculum in university nursing undergraduate degrees, by disseminating the existing IPV protocols. Furthermore, coordination between healthcare professionals needs to be improved in terms of all levels of care and with other institutions.

Objective: To identify the barriers and facilitators of managing intimate partner violence (IPV) cases, from the perspective of primary health care (PHC) social workers. Method: Qualitative study through interviews with 14 social workers working in PHC centres in Spain. A thematic analysis approach was applied to identify barriers and facilitators according to the Tanahashi model. Results: The barriers identified by social workers in providing effective coverage to women suffering from IPV included insufficient practical training, a lack of knowledge from women on social workers' roles, a lack of teamwork, and excess IPV case referrals from other professionals to social workers. The identified facilitators were the existence of electronic protocols and good practices including therapeutic support groups and holistic intervention approaches. Conclusions: An excess of referrals to social workers of identified IPV cases following consultation by other members of the PHC team, alongside the lack of interdisciplinary teamwork, does not enable a comprehensive and holistic approach to this problem. Compulsory, practical, and interdisciplinary training in IPV for all PHC professionals and students must be a priority for health agencies and universities in order to facilitate a comprehensive and quality approach for all women suffering from IPV.

Background: The objective of this study was to explore how health professionals perceived the effect of the economic crisis and associated austerity measures on the detection of and cares for intimate partner violence (IPV) in primary care in Spain. Methods: Qualitative study designed using semi-structured interviews carried out with 145 health professionals in 16 primary health care centres in different regions of Spain. An inductive thematic analysis was made of the transcriptions. Results: Three main themes were identified: 'Women endure more violence during times of economic crisis', 'Fewer resources, fewer professionals and less time to respond to IPV' and 'Professionals' motivation as a requirement to respond to IPV'. Professionals perceived that economic precariousness triggered violence against women and made women more hesitant to put an end to violent relationships. They also reported that the austerity measures applied to primary health care negatively affected their ability to detect and adequately care for cases of IPV due to a heavy workload, reduced human resources, difficulties in training and the loss of resources to which women could be referred. To counteract these obstacles, health professionals' motivation played a vital role in the response to IPV. Conclusions: Institutional efforts to organize awareness programmes and training in order to improve and promote early diagnosis, care and rehabilitation of these women cannot stop during times of crisis and primary health care centres should facilitate health professionals' access to these programmes.