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1. A giant exoplanet orbiting a very low-mass star challenges planet formation models

Author

Morales, J. C., Mustill, A. J., Ribas, I., Davies, M. B., Reiners, A., Bauer, F. F., Kossakowski, D., Herrero, E., Rodríguez, E., López-González, M. J., Rodríguez-López, C., Béjar, V. J. S., González-Cuesta, L., Luque, R., Pallé, E., Perger, M., Baroch, D., Johansen, A., Klahr, H., Mordasini, C., Anglada-Escudé, G., Caballero, J. A., Cortés-Contreras, M., Dreizler, S., Lafarga, M., Nagel, E., Passegger, V. M., Reffert, S., Rosich, A., Schweitzer, A., Tal-Or, L., Trifonov, T., Zechmeister, M., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Guenther, E. W., Hagen, H. -J., Henning, T., Jeffers, S. V., Kaminski, A., Kürster, M., Montes, D., Seifert, W., Abellán, F. J., Abril, M., Aceituno, J., Aceituno, F. J., Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Eiff, M. Ammler-von, Antona, R., Arroyo-Torres, B., Azzaro, M., Barrado, D., Becerril-Jarque, S., Benítez, D., Berdiñas, Z. M., Bergond, G., Brinkmöller, M., del Burgo, C., Burn, R., Calvo-Ortega, R., Cano, J., Cárdenas, M. C., Guillén, C. Cardona, Carro, J., Casal, E., Casanova, V., Casasayas-Barris, N., Chaturvedi, P., Cifuentes, C., Claret, A., Colomé, J., Czesla, S., Díez-Alonso, E., Dorda, R., Emsenhuber, A., Fernández, M., Fernández-Martín, A., Ferro, I. M., Fuhrmeister, B., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Cava, I. Gallardo, Vargas, M. L. García, Garcia-Piquer, A., Gesa, L., González-Álvarez, E., Hernández, J. I. González, González-Peinado, R., Guàrdia, J., Guijarro, A., de Guindos, E., Hatzes, A. P., Hauschildt, P. H., Hedrosa, R. P., Hermelo, I., Arabi, R. Hernández, Otero, F. Hernández, Hintz, D., Holgado, G., Huber, A., Huke, P., Johnson, E. N., de Juan, E., Kehr, M., Kemmer, J., Kim, M., Klüter, J., Klutsch, A., Labarga, F., Labiche, N., Lalitha, S., Lampón, M., Lara, L. M., Launhardt, R., Lázaro, F. J., Lizon, J. -L., Llamas, M., Lodieu, N., del Fresno, M. López, Salas, J. F. López, López-Santiago, J., Madinabeitia, H. Magán, Mall, U., Mancini, L., Mandel, H., Marfil, E., Molina, J. A. Marín, Martín, E. L., Martín-Fernández, P., Martín-Ruiz, S., Martínez-Rodríguez, H., Marvin, C. J., Mirabet, E., Moya, A., Naranjo, V., Nelson, R. P., Nortmann, L., Nowak, G., Ofir, A., Pascual, J., Pavlov, A., Pedraz, S., Medialdea, D. Pérez, Pérez-Calpena, A., Perryman, M. A. C., Rabaza, O., Ballesta, A. Ramón, Rebolo, R., Redondo, P., Rix, H. -W., Rodler, F., Trinidad, A. Rodríguez, Sabotta, S., Sadegi, S., Salz, M., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Carrasco, M. A. Sánchez, Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Sarkis, P., Sarmiento, L. F., Schäfer, S., Schlecker, M., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Schöfer, P., Solano, E., Sota, A., Stahl, O., Stock, S., Stuber, T., Stürmer, J., Suárez, J. C., Tabernero, H. M., Tulloch, S. M., Veredas, G., Vico-Linares, J. I., Vilardell, F., Wagner, K., Winkler, J., Wolthoff, V., Yan, F., and Osorio, M. R. Zapatero

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Statistical analyses from exoplanet surveys around low-mass stars indicate that super-Earth and Neptune-mass planets are more frequent than gas giants around such stars, in agreement with core accretion theory of planet formation. Using precise radial velocities derived from visual and near-infrared spectra, we report the discovery of a giant planet with a minimum mass of 0.46 Jupiter masses in an eccentric 204-day orbit around the very low-mass star GJ 3512. Dynamical models show that the high eccentricity of the orbit is most likely explained from planet-planet interactions. The reported planetary system challenges current formation theories and puts stringent constraints on the accretion and migration rates of planet formation and evolution models, indicating that disc instability may be more efficient in forming planets than previously thought., Comment: Manuscript author version. 41 pages, 11 figures

Published
2019
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2. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Two temperate Earth-mass planet candidates around Teegarden's Star

Author

Zechmeister, M., Dreizler, S., Ribas, I., Reiners, A., Caballero, J. A., Bauer, F. F., Béjar, V. J. S., González-Cuesta, L., Herrero, E., Lalitha, S., López-González, M. J., Luque, R., Morales, J. C., Pallé, E., Rodríguez, E., López, C. Rodríguez, Tal-Or, L., Anglada-Escudé, G., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Abril, M., Aceituno, F. J., Aceituno, J., Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Eiff, M. Ammler-von, Jiménez, R. Antona, Anwand-Heerwart, H., Arroyo-Torres, B., Azzaro, M., Baroch, D., Barrado, D., Becerril, S., Benítez, D., Berdiñas, Z. M., Bergond, G., Bluhm, P., Brinkmöller, M., del Burgo, C., Ortega, R. Calvo, Cano, J., Guillén, C. Cardona, Carro, J., Vázquez, M. C. Cárdenas, Casal, E., Casasayas-Barris, N., Casanova, V., Chaturvedi, P., Cifuentes, C., Claret, A., Colomé, J., Cortés-Contreras, M., Czesla, S., Díez-Alonso, E., Dorda, R., Fernández, M., Fernández-Martín, A., Ferro, I. M., Fuhrmeister, B., Fukui, A., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Cava, I. Gallardo, de la Fuente, J. Garcia, Garcia-Piquer, A., Vargas, M. L. García, Gesa, L., Rueda, J. Góngora, González-Álvarez, E., Hernández, J. I. González, González-Peinado, R., Grözinger, U., Guàrdia, J., Guijarro, A., de Guindos, E., Hatzes, A. P., Hauschildt, P. H., Hedrosa, R. P., Helmling, J., Henning, T., Hermelo, I., Arabi, R. Hernández, Castaño, L. Hernández, Otero, F. Hernández, Hintz, D., Huke, P., Huber, A., Jeffers, S. V., Johnson, E. N., de Juan, E., Kaminski, A., Kemmer, J., Kim, M., Klahr, H., Klein, R., Klüter, J., Klutsch, A., Kossakowski, D., Kürster, M., Labarga, F., Lafarga, M., Llamas, M., Lampón, M., Lara, L. M., Launhardt, R., Lázaro, F. J., Lodieu, N., del Fresno, M. López, López-Comazzi, A., López-Puertas, M., Salas, J. F. López, López-Santiago, J., Madinabeitia, H. Magán, Mall, U., Mancini, L., Mandel, H., Marfil, E., Molina, J. A. Marín, Fernández, D. Maroto, Martín, E. L., Martín-Fernández, P., Martín-Ruiz, S., Marvin, C. J., Mirabet, E., Montañés-Rodríguez, P., Montes, D., Moreno-Raya, M. E., Nagel, E., Naranjo, V., Narita, N., Nortmann, L., Nowak, G., Ofir, A., Oshagh, M., Panduro, J., Parviainen, H., Pascual, J., Passegger, V. M., Pavlov, A., Pedraz, S., Pérez-Calpena, A., Medialdea, D. Pérez, Perger, M., Perryman, M. A. C., Rabaza, O., Ballesta, A. Ramón, Rebolo, R., Redondo, P., Reffert, S., Reinhardt, S., Rhode, P., Rix, H. -W., Rodler, F., Trinidad, A. Rodríguez, Rosich, A., Sadegi, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Carrasco, M. A. Sánchez, Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Sarkis, P., Sarmiento, L. F., Schäfer, S., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Schöfer, P., Schweitzer, A., Seifert, W., Shulyak, D., Solano, E., Sota, A., Stahl, O., Stock, S., Strachan, J. B. P., Stuber, T., Stürmer, J., Suárez, J. C., Tabernero, H. M., Pinto, M. Tala, Trifonov, T., Veredas, G., Linares, J. I. Vico, Vilardell, F., Wagner, K., Wolthoff, V., Xu, W., Yan, F., and Osorio, M. R. Zapatero

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Context. Teegarden's Star is the brightest and one of the nearest ultra-cool dwarfs in the solar neighbourhood. For its late spectral type (M7.0V), the star shows relatively little activity and is a prime target for near-infrared radial velocity surveys such as CARMENES. Aims. As part of the CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs, we obtained more than 200 radial-velocity measurements of Teegarden's Star and analysed them for planetary signals. Methods. We find periodic variability in the radial velocities of Teegarden's Star. We also studied photometric measurements to rule out stellar brightness variations mimicking planetary signals. Results. We find evidence for two planet candidates, each with $1.1M_\oplus$ minimum mass, orbiting at periods of 4.91 and 11.4 d, respectively. No evidence for planetary transits could be found in archival and follow-up photometry. Small photometric variability is suggestive of slow rotation and old age. Conclusions. The two planets are among the lowest-mass planets discovered so far, and they are the first Earth-mass planets around an ultra-cool dwarf for which the masses have been determined using radial velocities., Comment: A&A 627, A49. 26 pages, 17 figures, 6 tables. Press release available at http://www.astro.physik.uni-goettingen.de/~zechmeister/teegarden/teegarden.html. v2: two authors and one reference added

Published
2019
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3. NIRPS: an adaptive-optics assisted radial velocity spectrograph to chase exoplanets around M-stars

Author

François Bouchy, Jose Luis Rasilla, Nicolas Blind, Willy Benz, L. Genolet, Isabelle Boisse, J. R. De Medeiros, J. I. González Hernández, Otero F. Hernandez, René Doyon, Ph. Vallée, Rafael Rebolo, Francesco Pepe, Simon Thibault, U. Conod, É. Artigau, U. Käufl, A. Segovilla, M. Sarajlic, Alexandre Cabral, Denis Brousseau, S. Bovay, Janis Hagelberg, Francois Wildi, Michael Sordet, V. Reshetov, N. C. Santos, T. Bandy, X. Delfosse, L. Saddlemyer, C. Broeg, C. Melo, P. Figueira, B. Delabre, and L. Malo

Subjects
Physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Astrophysics, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Exoplanet, 0104 chemical sciences, Starlight, Radial velocity, Stars, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Adaptive optics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Circumstellar habitable zone, Spectrograph
Abstract

Since 1st light in 2002, HARPS has been setting the standard in the exo-planet detection by radial velocity (RV) measurements[1]. Based on this experience, our consortium is developing a high accuracy near-infrared RV spectrograph covering YJH bands to detect and characterize low-mass planets in the habitable zone of M dwarfs. It will allow RV measurements at the 1-m/s level and will look for habitable planets around M- type stars by following up the candidates found by the upcoming space missions TESS, CHEOPS and later PLATO. NIRPS and HARPS, working simultaneously on the ESO 3.6m are bound to become a single powerful high-resolution, high-fidelity spectrograph covering from 0.4 to 1.8 micron. NIRPS will complement HARPS in validating earth-like planets found around G and K-type stars whose signal is at the same order of magnitude than the stellar noise. Because at equal resolving power the overall dimensions of a spectrograph vary linearly with the input beam etendue, spectrograph designed for seeing-limited observations are large and expensive. NIRPS will use a high order adaptive optics system to couple the starlight into a fiber corresponding to 0.4” on the sky as efficiently or better than HARPS or ESPRESSO couple the light 0.9” fiber. This allows the spectrograph to be very compact, more thermally stable and less costly. Using a custom tan(θ)=4 dispersion grating in combination with a start-of-the-art Hawaii4RG detector makes NIRPS very efficient with complete coverage of the YJH bands at 110’000 resolution. NIRPS works in a regime that is in-between the usual multi-mode (MM) where 1000’s of modes propagates in the fiber and the single mode well suited for perfect optical systems. This regime called few-modes regime is prone to modal noise- Results from a significant R and D effort made to characterize and circumvent the modal noise show that this contribution to the performance budget shall not preclude the RV performance to be achieved.

Published
2017
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