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Background: As people age the risk of dementia increases. Balance and strength deteriorate with ageing, but their associations with dementia are not clear. We aimed to determine relationships of balance and strength performance with incident dementia in the Health in Men Study (HIMS) cohort. Methods: We used wave 4 of the HIMS as baseline for analyses (2011–2013), following 1261 men until December 2017 via data linkage to determine incident dementia. Balance was measured using a modified Balance Outcome Measure for Elder Rehabilitation (mBOOMER) Score and strength with the knee extension test. Cox proportional hazards regression was used, adjusting for sociodemographic and health data. Strength and balance scores were analysed non-linearly using restricted cubic splines. Results: 13.7% of men were diagnosed with dementia over a mean period of 4.7 (SD 1.5) years. Higher baseline mBOOMER scores were associated with a reduced risk of incident dementia, with greater changes in risk at higher mBOOMER scores (9 vs 8: HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.73–0.88; 12 vs 11: 0.49, 95% HR 0.36–0.68). Higher baseline lower limb strength was associated with a reduced risk of incident dementia, with greater changes occurring at lower scores, plateauing at around 25 kg (5 vs 4: HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.89–0.98; 25 vs 24: HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.95–1.03). Conclusions: This study demonstrated a non-linear association of better performance in both strength and balance with reduced likelihood of incident dementia. These results raise the hypothesis that strategies to improve strength and balance could reduce the incidence of dementia in older men.

Background Function after acute stroke using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) is usually assessed at a point in time. The analytical implications of serial mRS measurements to evaluate functional recovery over time is not completely understood. We compare repeated‐measures and single‐measure analyses of the mRS from a randomized clinical trial. Methods and Results Serial mRS data from AFFINITY (Assessment of Fluoxetine in Stroke Recovery), a double‐blind placebo randomized clinical trial of fluoxetine following stroke (n=1280) were analyzed to identify demographic and clinical associations with functional recovery (reduction in mRS) over 12 months. Associations were identified using single‐measure (day 365) and repeated‐measures (days 28, 90, 180, and 365) partial proportional odds logistic regression. Ninety‐five percent of participants experienced a reduction in mRS after 12 months. Functional recovery was associated with age at stroke

Abstract Background Frailty is associated with poor health outcomes in later life. Recent studies suggested that hearing loss may be a potentially modifiable risk factor associated with frailty. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association between hearing loss and frailty in observational studies of adults aged 50 years or over. We included observational studies with participants ≥ 50 years old that have clear descriptions of hearing and frailty measurement methods. Meta-analyses were conducted using measurement of risk and 95 % confidence interval of each individual study. Quality assessment, risk of bias, heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses were also conducted. Our study followed PRISMA guidelines. Results Our search identified 4508 manuscripts published in English between 1 and 2000 and 9 February 2021. Sixteen articles reported acceptable measurements of both hearing loss and frailty. Two papers were not suitable for meta-analysis. Twelve sets of cross-sectional data involving 12,313 participants, and three sets of longitudinal data involving 3042 participants were used in the meta-analysis. Hearing loss was associated with an 87 % increase in the risk of frailty among cross-sectional studies (risk ratio [RR] 1.87; 95 %CI 1.63–2.13) and 56 % among longitudinal studies (RR 1.56; 95 %CI 1.29–1.88). There was considerable heterogeneity among studies, but their quality rating, sample size or approach used to assess hearing loss did not change the results substantially. Conclusions The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies suggest that hearing loss increases the risk of frailty in later life. Whether this relationship is causal remains to be determined.

ObjectiveAge-related hearing loss is one of the leading causes of disability in older adults. This cross-sectional study investigated the association between untreated hearing loss, social (perception of quality and quantity of social network) and emotional loneliness (perception of limited emotional support), social isolation (size of the social network), social support (actual or perceived availability of resources from the social network) and psychological discomfort (depression, anxiety, and stress) in older adults.Study DesignCross-sectional study design.MethodsA total of 202 community derived sample of volunteers, age range 40–89 years, mean age (M) = 65.3 ± 11.0 years were recruited. Of these 115 were females (M = 63.2 ± 12.0 years) and 87 were males (M = 68.2 ± 8.9 years). All participants completed a hearing assessment, social interaction and support questionnaire and a social and emotional loneliness questionnaire.ResultsHearing loss significantly contributed to both moderate [P < 0.001, B (95% CI): 0.01 (0.99–1.02)] and intense levels [P < 0.001, 0.02 (1.00–1.04)] of emotional loneliness. Depression was significantly associated with satisfaction with social support [P < 0.001; −0.17 (−0.23 to −0.11), social interaction [P = 0.01; −0.07 (−0.12 to −0.01)], and moderate [P < 0.001; 0.31 (1.22–1.53)] and intense [P < 0.001; 0.29 (1.20–1.50)] levels of emotional loneliness and intense levels of social loneliness [P = 0.01; 0.12 (1.05–1.21)].ConclusionUntreated hearing loss significantly increases the odds of being emotionally lonely. Depression significantly contributes to social and emotional loneliness, satisfaction with social support and social loneliness. Given the higher prevalence of loneliness and psychological discomfort and their associations with untreated hearing loss, hearing-impaired older adults are at significant risk of developing loneliness and psychological discomfort. Therefore, hearing health professionals should be aware of the psychosocial burden that may accompany hearing loss, in order to provide appropriate advice and support.

Abstract Background Globally, about 50 million people were living with dementia in 2015, with this number projected to triple by 2050. With no cure or effective treatment currently insight, it is vital that factors are identified which will help prevent or delay both age-related and pathological cognitive decline and dementia. Observational data have suggested that hearing loss is a potentially modifiable risk factor for dementia, but no conclusive evidence from randomised controlled trials is currently available. Methods The HearCog trial is a 24-month, randomised, controlled clinical trial aimed at determining whether a hearing loss intervention can delay or arrest the cognitive decline. We will randomise 180 older adults with hearing loss and mild cognitive impairment to a hearing aid or control group to determine if the fitting of hearing aids decreases the 12-month rate of cognitive decline compared with the control group. In addition, we will also determine if the expected clinical gains achieved after 12 months can be sustained over an additional 12 months and if losses experienced through the non-correction of hearing loss can be reversed with the fitting of hearing aids after 12 months. Discussion The trial will also explore the cost-effectiveness of the intervention compared to the control arm and the impact of hearing aids on anxiety, depression, physical health and quality of life. The results of this trial will clarify whether the systematic correction of hearing loss benefits cognition in older adults at risk of cognitive decline. We anticipate that our findings will have implications for clinical practice and health policy development. Trial registration Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ( ANZCTR: 12618001278224 ), registered on 30.07.2018.

This prospective cohort study, “Prospective Imaging Study of Ageing: Genes, Brain and Behaviour” (PISA) seeks to characterise the phenotype and natural history of healthy adult Australians at high future risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In particular, we are recruiting midlife and older Australians with high and low genetic risk of dementia to discover biological markers of early neuropathology, identify modifiable risk factors, and establish the very earliest phenotypic and neuronal signs of disease onset. PISA utilises genetic prediction to recruit and enrich a prospective cohort and follow them longitudinally. Online surveys and cognitive testing are used to characterise an Australia-wide sample currently totalling over 3800 participants. Participants from a defined at-risk cohort and positive controls (clinical cohort of patients with mild cognitive impairment or early AD) are invited for onsite visits for detailed functional, structural and molecular neuroimaging, lifestyle monitoring, detailed neurocognitive testing, plus blood sample donation. This paper describes recruitment of the PISA cohort, study methodology and baseline demographics.

Background: The Health In Men Study (HIMS) has been collecting data on risk factors and health events for the past 25 years in a large community-representative sample of older men. This paper summarises key-findings of the study about depression in later life. Methods: Narrative review of selected HIMS studies published over the past 15 years describing risk factors associated with prevalent and incident depression in older men, as well as clinical outcomes associated with depression. Results: Data from HIMS showed that cardiovascular diseases and risk factors are associated with increased risk of depression, but this association is neither specific nor causative. Findings from HIMS are not supportive of the vascular hypothesis of depression in later life. Studies investigating lifestyle have generated risk tables capable of guiding risk reduction strategies. Other potentially modifiable risk factors associated with depression in the HIMS cohort included abnormal allostatic inflammatory response, high plasma homocysteine and low testosterone. The results from HIMS also showed that depression is most likely a prodromal manifestation of dementia rather that a true risk factor, but it increases frailty and mortality. The association between depression and suicide in older men is largely mediated by deteriorating health and increasing frailty. Conclusion: HIMS has contributed to advance knowledge about risk factors associated with depression, as well as the health consequences of depression in older men. The study is ongoing and the investigators welcome the opportunity to share data with colleagues who are interested in the health of older people.

Abstract Background Increasing physical activity (PA) effectively in those who are inactive is challenging. For those who have subjective memory complaints (SMC) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) this is a greater challenge necessitating the need for more engaging and innovative approaches. The primary aim of this trial is to determine whether a home-based 6-month PA intervention with individual goal-setting and peer mentors (GM-PA) can significantly increase PA levels in insufficiently active older adults at increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods Community living 60–80 year olds with SMC or MCI who do not engage in more than 60 min per week of moderate intensity PA will be recruited from memory clinics and the community via media advertisements to participate in this randomized, single-blind controlled trial. All participants will receive an individually tailored home-based PA program of 150 min of moderate intensity walking/week for 6 months. The intervention group will undertake individual goal-setting and behavioral education workshops with mentor support via telephone (GM-PA). Those randomized to the control group will have standard education workshops and Physical Activity Liaison (PAL) contact via telephone (CO-PA). Increase in PA is the primary outcome, fitness, cognitive, personality, demographic and clinical parameters will be measured and a health economic analysis performed. A saliva sample will be collected for APOE e4 genotyping. All participants will have a goal-setting interview to determine their PA goals. Active volunteers aged 50–85 years will be recruited from the community randomized and trained to provide peer support as mentors (intervention group) or PALS (control group) for the 6-month intervention. Mentors and PALS will have PA, exercise self-efficacy and mentoring self-efficacy measured. Participants in both groups are asked to attend 3 workshops in 6 months. At the first workshop, they will meet their allocated Mentor or PAL who will deliver their respective programs and support via 6 telephone calls during the intervention. Discussion If the GM-PA program is successful in increasing the PA levels of the target group it will potentially provide another strategy and community resource that can be translated into practice. Trial registration Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12613001181796 . (29/10/2013) retrospectively registered.

Background The Framingham Risk Score estimates the 10‐year risk of cardiovascular events. However, it performs poorly in older adults. We evaluated the incremental benefit of adding high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs‐cTnI) to the Framingham Risk Score. Methods and Results The HIMS (Health in Men Study) is a cohort study of community‐dwelling men aged 70 to 89 years in Western Australia. Participants were identified from the electoral roll, with a subset undergoing plasma analysis. Hs‐cTnI (Abbott Architect i2000SR) was measured in 1151 men without prior cardiovascular disease. The Western Australia Data Linkage System was used to identify incident cardiovascular events. After 10 years of follow‐up, 252 men (22%) had a cardiovascular event (CVE+) and 899 did not (CVE–). The Framingham Risk Score placed 148 (59%) CVE+ and 415 (46%) CVE– in the high‐risk category. In CVE– men, adding hs‐cTnI affected the risk categories of 244 (27.2%) men, with 64.8% appropriately reclassified to a lower and 35.2% to a higher category, which decreased the number of high‐risk men in the CVE– to 39%. In CVE+ men, adding hs‐cTnI affected the risk categories of 61 (24.2%), with 50.8% appropriately reclassified to a higher and 49.2% to a lower category and 82.5% remaining above the 15% risk treatment threshold. The net reclassification index was 0.305 (P

Background: Use of potentially harmful medications (PHMs) is common in people with dementia living in Residential Aged Care Facilities (RACFs) and increases the risk of adverse health outcomes. Debate persists as to how PHM use and its association with quality of life should be measured. We designed this study to determine the association of exposure to PHM, operationalized by three different measures, with self-reported Health-Related Quality of Life among people with dementia residing in RACFs. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 351 people aged >65 years diagnosed with dementia residing in RACFs and with MMSE ≤24. The primary outcome measure was the self-rated Quality of Life – Alzheimer’s disease questionnaire (QoL-AD). We collected data on patients’ medications, age, gender, MMSE total score, Neuropsychiatric Inventory total score, and comorbidities. Using regression analyses, we calculated crude and adjusted mean differences between groups exposed and not exposed to PHM according to potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs; identified by Modified Beers criteria), Drug Burden Index (DBI) >0 and polypharmacy (i.e. ≥5 medications). Results: Of 226 participants able to rate their QoL-AD, 56.41% were exposed to at least one PIM, 82.05% to medication contributing to DBI >0, and 91.74% to polypharmacy. Exposure to PIMs was not associated with self-reported QoL-AD ratings, while exposure to DBI >0 and polypharmacy were (also after adjustment); exposure to DBI >0 tripled the odds of lower QoL-AD ratings. Conclusion: Exposure to PHM, as identified by DBI >0 and by polypharmacy (i.e. ≥5 medications), but not by PIMs (Modified Beers criteria), is inversely associated with self-reported health-related quality of life for people with dementia living in RACFs.

A doença de Alzheimer (DA) está associada a deterioração das habilidades intelectuais e, com frequência, do comportamento do paciente. O paciente, porém, tem percepção limitada da gravidade e qualidade dessas alterações. Nós desenhamos este estudo para investigar a concordância entre pacientes e cuidadores na avaliação de dificuldades cognitivas e alterações do comportamento associadas à DA. Trinta pacientes com diagnóstico de DA (DSM-IV) atendidos consecutivamente no ambulatório de saúde mental da Santa Casa de São Paulo foram recrutados para inclusão no estudo. Um cuidador foi também selecionado para cada paciente. A concordância entre pacientes e cuidadores quanto às dificuldades cognitivas e alterações comportamentais foi avaliada através da versão ampliada do questionário para demência-anosognosia (QD). As habilidades cognitivas de pacientes e cuidadores foi avaliada através do mini exame do estado mental (MMSE). A idade média dos pacientes e cuidadores era 71,38 (IC=68,23 a 74,53) e 52,48 anos (IC=47,11 a 57,86) respectivamente. Sessenta por cento e 73,3% dos pacientes e cuidadores eram do sexo feminino. O escore médio dos pacientes no MMSE foi 14,93 (IC=12,68 a 17,18). A concordância entre pacientes e cuidadores para os escores de itens individuais do QD, de acordo com o índice Kappa ponderado, variou de 0 a 0,67, embora valores menores do que 0,40 fossem observados para 39 dos 42 itens. O escore total dos pacientes na seção do QD que avalia habilidades cognitivas (QD-A) foi significativamente menor do que para os cuidadores (t-pareado = -4,07, p

Pacientes portadores de quadros demenciais frequentemente apresentam uma série de sintomas neuropsiquiátricos que incluem distúrbios do humor, delírios, alucinações, sintomas vegetativos e alterações da atividade psicomotora. Este estudo foi desenhado com o objetivo de investigar a prevalência de morbidade psiquiátrica entre os pacientes com o diagnóstico clínico de demência (ICD-10) atendidos na clínica de memória da Santa Casa de São Paulo entre fevereiro de 1997 e maio de 1998. O estado mental e cognitivo dos pacientes foram avaliados com uma versão ampliada do SRQ-20 e o MMSE respectivamente. Quarenta e cinco porcento dos 75 pacientes disponíveis para análise apresentavam escores iguais ou maiores do que 8 no SRQ-20, indicando a presença de morbidade psiquiátrica significativa. Sintomas característicos de depressão foram relatados por 69,3% dos indivíduos da amostra. Ideação persecutória e alucinações auditivas foram descritas por 20,0% e 16,0% dos idosos avaliados. Oito pacientes (10,7%) descreveram a presença de ideação suicida 3/4 todos apresentavam sintomatologia depressiva. Pacientes com escores no SRQ-20 3 8 ou com ideação suicida eram significativamente mais jovens. Aqueles que relatavam alucinações auditivas apresentavam escores significativamente mais baixos no MMSE. Não se observou diferença significativa entre os sexos quanto à frequência dos sintomas investigados. O exame do estado mental deve ser parte integrante da avaliação do paciente com demência. A detecção e tratamento desses sintomas pode contribuir para diminuir o sofrimento do paciente e o estresse de seus cuidadores.

Women now spend more than 1/3 of their lives in a state of oestrogen deprivation as a result of increased life expectancy. A similar, but milder, hypogonadal state has been described for elderly men. This paper aims to review the available literature on the effects of both oestrogen and testosterone on mood and cognition. Oestrogen replacement therapy of postmenopausal women is associated with improvements in measures of well being and decline in depression scores. In addition, oestrogen seems to augment the response of postmenopausal women with major depression to antidepressant treatment. Most studies designed to investigate the impact of oestrogen on cognition indicate that replacement therapy is associated with better performance on neuropsychological tests, particularly in measures of verbal memory and fluency. The data also supports claims that oestrogen replacement therapy reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease in later life and improves response of patients to anticholinesterase treatment. Data on the effects of testosterone is sparser. Preliminary findings suggest that testosterone therapy may improve mood when used in isolation or in association with oestrogen. The effects of testosterone on cognitive functioning are less clear - some studies indicate that the administration of testosterone to non-demented subjects is associated with better visuospatial functioning and deterioration of verbal skills. In summary, gonadal hormones seem to modulate various aspects of mental functioning. If future studies prove this to be true, hormone replacement therapy should have a major impact on the physical and mental health of older people in the years to come.

Depressão é problema de saúde frequente entre idosos, embora a identificação desses pacientes seja muitas vezes difícil na prática clínica. Nesse sentido, a avaliação sistemática dos indivíduos nessa faixa etária pode contribuir para melhorar a detecção dos casos de depressão. Este estudo foi desenhado com o objetivo de avaliar a confiabilidade de teste-reteste das versões com 15, 10, 4, e 1 itens da Escala de Depressão em Geriatria (GDS). Foram selecionados 64 indivíduos com 60 ou mais anos de idade atendidos de forma consecutiva nos ambulatórios da Unidade de Idosos do Departamento de Saúde Mental da Santa Casa de São Paulo entre fevereiro e maio de 1998. Todos preenchiam critérios para o diagnóstico de transtorno depressivo (em remissão ou atual) de acordo com a CID-10 e apresentavam escores maiores do que 10 no Mini-Exame do Estado Mental. Eles foram avaliados duas vezes com a GDS-15, sendo as entrevistas conduzidas com intervalo de 48 a 72 horas. Cinquenta e um pacientes aceitaram participar do estudo. A concordância entre os escores de itens individuais da escala foi avaliada pelo coeficiente estatístico Kappa. Estes oscilaram entre 0,04 e 0,49, indicando baixa estabilidade na resposta dos pacientes. Os escores totais da GDS-15 mantiveram-se relativamente estáveis durante o reteste, conforme indicado pelo teste pareado de Wilcoxon (z=1,60; p=0,109), correlação de Spearman (rho=0,86; p

Diversos estudos indicam que o cuidado de pacientes com demência está associado a sobrecarga importante sobre a vida do cuidador. Há evidências crescentes de que esse desgaste está mais intimamente ligado à presença de sintomas não cognitivos (ou psiquiátricos). Este estudo tem como objetivo realizar revisão sistemática da literatura sobre esse assunto de todos os trabalhos listados no banco de dados MedLine, que incluíssem os seguintes unitermos: 'burden or impact or cost' e 'dementia or Alzheimer's disease' e 'carer or caregiver or caregiving or family'. Foram incluídos artigos impressos entre janeiro de 1990 e janeiro de 1998. Quatorze estudos preencheram os critérios de inclusão da revisão, dentre aqueles disponíveis nas bibliotecas das universidades de São Paulo. Estes revelaram que transtornos de comportamento em pacientes dementados são importantes causas de sobrecarga na vida do cuidador, porém um consenso sobre o conceito desses transtornos ainda não está totalmente estabelecido. Além disto, não está claro quais sintomas não cognitivos são os principais responsáveis por aumento do impacto. Futuras pesquisas devem abordar esses aspectos no sentido de elucidar quais os melhores métodos de intervenção para esses casos.

O envelhecimento populacional vem provocando um aumento contínuo no número de idosos que buscam atendimento para problemas de saúde mental. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar os transtornos mentais que mais freqüentemente levam o idoso a um serviço de emergência psiquiátrica. Todos os idosos atendidos entre 1o de janeiro e 31 de dezembro de 1997 no pronto-socorro de saúde mental da Santa Casa de São Paulo foram incluídos no estudo. Os diagnósticos psiquiátricos seguiram as diretrizes da CID-10. Um total de 5.434 atendimentos foram feitos durante esse período, sendo que 398 (7,3%) desses indivíduos tinham 60 ou mais anos de idade. A idade média dos idosos que procuraram o Pronto Socorro era de 68,66 (CI=67,88 a 69,43 - extremos 60 e 96 anos), e houve um excesso relativo de mulheres entre os idosos (67,3% vs 51,2%, p

A demência do tipo Alzheimer (DA) é uma doença degenerativa que há até pouco tempo não tinha nenhum tratamento eficaz. Pesquisas realizadas a partir da década de 70 revelaram que os sistemas cerebrais que utilizam acetilcolina encontram-se gravemente comprometidos nesses pacientes, o que serviu de base para a introdução da terapêutica de base colinérgica da doença. Os inibidores da acetilcolinesterase foram os primeiros medicamentos que demonstraram ser úteis para o tratamento da DA em ensaios clínicos controlados contra placebo. Este artigo revê os principais estudos desenhados para investigar a eficácia e efeitos adversos da tacrina, donepezil, rivastigmina, e metrifonato em pacientes com DA. Discutem-se, ainda, os fatores que podem interferir na resposta do paciente ao tratamento com anticolinesterásicos, bem como as limitações inerentes a esse tipo de abordagem terapêutica.

O diagnóstico de demência tem como base a presença de declínio da memória e de outras funções cognitivas. Diversos instrumentos foram desenvolvidos durante os últimos anos com o objetivo de auxiliar na investigação de possíveis déficits cognitivos em indivíduos de risco, como é o caso dos idosos. O Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MMSE) é a escala de avaliação cognitiva mais amplamente utilizada com essa finalidade. Apesar disso, o MMSE ainda não foi adequadamente validado para o diagnóstico específico de demência no Brasil. Este estudo foi desenhado com os seguintes objetivos: (1) investigar o melhor ponto de corte do MMSE para o diagnóstico de demência em uma amostra de idosos atendidos em um ambulatório de saúde mental; e (2) estudar o impacto da idade e escolaridade sobre o escore total final da escala. Duzentos e onze pacientes com mais de 60 anos de idade que buscaram tratamento junto à Unidade de Idosos do ambulatório de saúde mental da Santa Casa de São Paulo entre fevereiro de 1997 e fevereiro de 1998 foram incluídos no estudo. Eles foram avaliados de forma sistemática com o SRQ-20, MMSE e entrevista clínica para realização do diagnóstico clínico de acordo com a CID-10. Setenta (33,2%) pacientes receberam o diagnóstico de demência. Os escores do MMSE foram comparados no grupo de pacientes sem e com demência. O ponto de corte 23/24 (caso/não caso) revelou índices de sensibilidade e especificidade de 84,3% e 60,3% respectivamente. O escore total do MMSE correlacionou-se de forma significativa com a idade (r= -0,41; p

O processo de envelhecimento é acompanhado de declínio em algumas habilidades intelectuais, embora apenas em alguns casos essa deterioração prossiga no sentido de evolução para demência. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a associação entre a queixa subjetiva de dificuldades com a memória e o diagnóstico de demência entre os idosos atendidos em um ambulatório de saúde mental. Todos os casos novos com mais de 60 anos de idade avaliados na Unidade de Idosos do Ambulatório de Saúde Mental da Santa Casa de São Paulo entre fevereiro e dezembro de 1997 foram incluídos no estudo. Eles foram avaliados de forma sistemática com o SRQ-20, MMSE e avaliação clínica para realização do diagnóstico de acordo com a CID-10. Dos 220 idosos avaliados, 59,1% queixavam-se de problemas com a memória. Setenta e um por cento dos que se queixavam eram do sexo feminino, embora não houvesse associação clara entre sexo, educação, estado civil e viver só com dificuldades subjetivas de memória. Idosos com esse tipo de queixa tendiam a apresentar escores maiores no SRQ-20 (p=0,122). A sensibilidade da queixa de memória para o diagnóstico de demência foi 76,2%, a especificidade foi 47,8%, o valor preditivo positivo foi 36,9% e o valor preditivo negativo foi 83,3%. Conclui-se que queixas de problemas com a memória são frequentes entre os idosos, e que sintomas ansiosos e depressivos podem ser um pouco mais freqüentes nesses pacientes. A vivência subjetiva de perda de memória possui baixo valor preditivo para o diagnóstico de demência. A identificação de populações de risco para o desenvolvimento de demência deve basear-se em outros métodos de investigação como neuroimagem e genética.Ageing is often associated with the decline of some cognitive abilities, although in most cases these losses do not progress to full blown dementia. The current study aimed to evaluate the association between subjective memory complaint and the diagnosis of dementia among the elderly assessed at the Old Age Unit of the Department of Mental Health of Santa Casa de São Paulo-Brazil between February and December 1997. Subjects were assessed with the SRQ-20 and MMSE. Further clinical information was also collected to allow for the diagnosis of mental disorders according to ICD-10 diagnostic guidelines. Fifty-nine percent of the 220 patients included in the study complained of memory difficulties. Seventy-one percent of the complainers were women, although there was no clear statistical association between sex, education, marital status and living conditions with the memory complaint. There was a trend for memory complainers to present with higher scores on the SRQ-20 (p=0.122). The complaint of memory difficulties had a sensitivity of 76.2%, specificity of 47.8%, positive predictive value of 36.9%, and negative predictive value of 83.3% for the diagnosis of dementia. Memory complaints are frequent among the elderly, particularly among those with more severe depressive and anxiety symptoms. The subjective experience of memory difficulties has a low predictive value for the diagnosis of dementia. The identification of "at risk" cases should, instead, be based on new neuroimaging and genetic methods.

Several recently published studies showed the existence of an association between the allele ε4 of the apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in developed countries. We examined this association in 55 patients with possible or probable AD and 56 elderly controls referred to outpatient clinics at the "Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo" and "Centro de Saúde Escola da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo". The allele ε4 was significantly more frequent among patients than controls (20.9% vs 8.9%, p=0.038). Thirty-six percent of the cases presented with at least one allele ε4 compared with only 17.9% of the controls (p=0.027). The presence of at least one ε4 allele increased by 2.63 times the risk of subjects being diagnosed as suffering from AD. All three ε4ε4 patients were male and had a pre-senile onset of the disease. There was no significant difference between senile and pre-senile cases (41.9% vs 29.2%, p=0.326) nor between men and women (36.0% vs 36.7%, p=0.959) regarding their risk of being ε4. The age at onset of symptoms did not differ among the different genotype groups, although ε4ε4 cases showed a consistent trend for earlier onset. When only patients with the diagnosis of "probable AD" were included in the analysis (n=43), we observed that 22.1% of the alleles were e4, a rate that was significantly higher than the 8.9% of controls (p=0.024). This study supports the association between the presence of the ε4 allele and AD and extend this finding to Brazilian patients. Nonetheless, the presence of this allele is not necessary nor sufficient for the development of the disease and it is possible that its contribution to the pathogenesis of the disorder depends on the subject's ethnic group.Vários estudos publicados durante os últimos dois anos demonstraram a existência de uma forte associação entre o alelo ε4 da apolipoproteina E e a doença de Alzheimer (AD) em países do hemisfério norte. Este estudo investigou a associação entre a presença do alelo ε4 da apolipoproteina E e a doença de Alzheimer em amostra de pacientes brasileiros atendidos em um serviço público de saúde. Foram investigados 55 pacientes com diagnóstico de AD possível ou provável e 56 controles idosos atendidos em serviços ambulatoriais do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo e do Centro de Saúde Escola da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo. A determinação do tipo de alelo foi feita através de tipagem genética. Do total de alelos investigados (n=222) observou-se um excesso de ε4 entre os pacientes (20,9% vs 8,9%, p=0,038), com 36,4% deles exibindo ao menos 1 alelo ε4 (vs 17,9% dos controles, p=0,027). O risco de indivíduos com ao menos 1 alelo ε4 serem diagnosticados como sofrendo de AD foi 2,63 vezes maior que para aqueles sem este alelo. Três pacientes apresentaram o genótipo ε4ε4, sendo todos homens com início pré-senil da doença. Não se observou diferença na freqüência de ao menos 1 alelo ε4 entre pacientes com demência senil e pré-senil (41,9% vs 29,2%, p=0,326) ou entre homens e mulheres (36,0% vs 36,7%, p=0,959). Não havia diferença significativa quanto à idade de início dos sintomas entre grupos de pacientes com diferentes genótipos, embora indivíduos com genótipo ε4ε4 revelassem tendência a desenvolver a doença mais precocemente. Quando apenas pacientes com diagnóstico de AD provável foram incluídos na análise (n=43), verificou-se que 22,1% dos alelos eram ε4, uma taxa significativamente maior que os 8,9% dos controles (p=0,024). Os resultados deste estudo confirmam a associação entre ε4 e AD e estendem este achado para uma amostra de pacientes brasileiros. Entretanto, a presença desse alelo não é necessária nem suficiente para o desenvolvimento da doença e é possível que sua contribuição varie de acordo com o grupamento étnico ao qual pertence o indivíduo.