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The world's population is getting older, a phenomenon that has important implications for the future of work. Persons aged 55 years and over are expected to outnumber all children aged 0 to 14 years by 2035 and the entire child and youth population aged 0 to 24 years by 2080. As a direct consequence of population ageing, the number of older workers aged 55 to 64 years is increasing and is set to equal one quarter of the global labour force by 2030. This paper examines the projected labour force participation trends of older workers to 2030 and discusses the future of economic dependency for developing, emerging and developed countries. It introduces five alternative measures of economic dependency to account for the fact that persons of working age may not be working or may be facing employment conditions that compromise their capacity to support themselves and others. Such conditions include scenarios where workers are unable to work as many hours as they would like, or where they are in situations of vulnerable employment or working poverty. These alternative measures therefore not only take into account demographic and quantitative labour market characteristics, such as age structure, activity status and unemployment, but also consider qualitative dimensions such as underemployment, labour income and vulnerability. Using a very rich ILO data set that provides a consistent series of labour market data for all countries with forecasts to 2024 and beyond, the paper provides estimates for these new dependency measures and makes a number of policy recommendations to address the impact of ageing on decent work.

In the runup to the ILO's 100th anniversary in 2019, the ILO asked the Nordic countries to contribute to the debate about how the future of work can be shaped. the Stockholm conference gathered more than 120 participants, and was number three out of four annual Nordic conferences. The debate was divided into four main themes: 1) How will the technological developments affect the Labour market? 2) How are the Nordic countries preparing for a more digitised and automated labour market? 3) How are companies and industries affected by the technological development? 4) How to deal with the need for skills? The programme included perspectives from all of the Nordic countries, from multinational organisations such as the OECD and the ILO, international companies such as McKinsey and Google, Nordic labour market authorities, social partners and companies undergoing changes.

Intraoperative brain shift during neurosurgical procedures is a well-known phenomenon caused by gravity, tissue manipulation, tumor size, loss of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and use of medication. For the use of image-guided systems, this phenomenon greatly affects the accuracy of the guidance. During the last several decades, researchers have investigated how to overcome this problem. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of publications concerning different aspects of intraoperative brain shift especially in a tumor resection surgery such as intraoperative imaging systems, quantification, measurement, modeling, and registration techniques. Clinical experience of using intraoperative imaging modalities, details about registration, and modeling methods in connection with brain shift in tumor resection surgery are the focuses of this review. In total, 126 papers regarding this topic are analyzed in a comprehensive summary and are categorized according to fourteen criteria. The result of the categorization is presented in an interactive web tool. The consequences from the categorization and trends in the future are discussed at the end of this work.

The production of agrofuel crops is believed to be playing a decisive role in the so-called "land rush," the international scramble for arable land in developing and emerging countries. Reports of an alarming wave of land acquisitions due to "agrofuels hype" initiated by agrofuel investors have made headlines in recent years. The potential merits and dangers of agrofuel production are the subject of heavy debate, with food-security concerns and environmental impacts fueling the controversy. Analysis Based on data from the Land Matrix Global Observatory, our analysis assesses the role of agrofuel production in the "rush for land" and sheds light on the often-nontransparent investment process of agrofuel projects. We find that these projects account for an important share of the global demand for land. However, the "agrofuels hype" is over. Land deals with the intention of cultivating agrofuel crops are particularly prone to failure, especially early on in the projects. We expect that the investors that have survived this first period of investments are here to stay, and that "cowboy investors" have been turned off by difficult investment environments in low- and middle-income countries. Agrofuel production is one of the main drivers of the global rush for land. Twentythree percent of the concluded transnational deals currently recorded in the Land Matrix include plants intended for agrofuel production. Sub-Saharan Africa appears to be the most heavily favored region for agrofuel investments. European investors top the rankings of investor countries for agrofuel projects. Agrofuel crops require huge initial investments and take several years to yield returns. In difficult investment environments, agrofuel projects require experienced and serious investors in order to be successful. Jatropha projects have a particularly high record of failure.

Attendu que de nombreux investisseurs s'arrachent les terres agricoles dans le monde entier, il est difficile de savoir qui s'implique dans quelle entreprise et quels pourraient en être les effets sur les populations locales. Une base de données internationale fait la lumière sur cette situation confuse.

As foreigners snap up farmland around the world, it is hard to know who is investing in what, and what the effects on local people might be. An international database is throwing light on the murk.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the ongoing discussion about the design of a post-2015 development framework by proposing indicators to monitor employment outcomes. Our analysis of the current MDG employment indicators shows that measurement problems, the inappropriate use of aggregate statistics, ambiguous interpretability, and assumptions that often do not hold true in the context of developing countries are major shortcomings of the current indicators. Based on this critique, we develop a new set of indicators for productive employment and decent work. We propose four indicators: (i) the growth of labor value added per worker, (ii) the working poverty rate, (iii) (a) the share of workers receiving less than an absolute labor income and (b) the share of workers receiving less than 60 percent of the median labor income. We demonstrate the empirical application of these indicators using the country cases of Uganda and Peru.

En ligne: http://landmatrix.org/media/filer_public/74/1e/741e67d5-cb24-4db6-aadb-756fb2bd5f88/lm_newsletter_n2_update_feb_2014.pdf; Autres productions

Laut dem aktuellen Weltentwicklungsbericht 2013 bildet Beschäftigung den Grundstein für Entwicklung. Auch in der laufenden Debatte über die Millenniumsziele (Millennium Development Goals, MDGs) nach 2015 wird die bisher vernachlässigte Dimension menschenwürdiger Beschäftigung als ein zentraler Bestandteil möglicher Anschlussabkommen an die Millenniumsziele gesehen. Analyse Die Schaffung menschenwürdiger Arbeit ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die nachhaltige Bekämpfung von Armut und ein erklärtes Ziel der Vereinten Nationen (UN). Allerdings lässt sich „menschenwürdige Arbeit“ nur schwer messen. Dies spiegelt sich in den bisher verwendeten beschäftigungsbezogenen MDG-Indikatoren wider, die bezüglich ihrer Aussagekraft über die Qualität von Arbeit erhebliche Defizite aufweisen. Trotz des globalen Beschäftigungsanstiegs und einer deutlichen Verringerung der globalen Einkommensarmut in den letzten dreißig Jahren leben in Entwicklungsländern immer noch mehr als eine Milliarde Menschen in extremer Armut. Ein Großteil der erwerbstätigen Bevölkerung in Entwicklungsländern arbeitet als Selbstständige im informellen Sektor, der auch in den nächsten Jahrzehnten bestehen bleiben wird. Die nachträglich hinzugefügten beschäftigungsbezogenen MDG-Indikatoren werden den Charakteristika von Beschäftigung in Entwicklungsländern nicht gerecht. Sie lassen außerdem kaum Rückschlüsse auf die Qualität der Arbeit zu, da die nichtmateriellen Aspekte menschenwürdiger Arbeit nur schwer oder gar nicht operationalisierbar sind. Beschäftigungsbezogene Zielindikatoren sollten bei einem möglichen Anschlussabkommen zu den MDGs weiterhin berücksichtigt, jedoch in ihrer Ausgestaltung überdacht werden. Ein neuer Indikator, der den Anteil der Beschäftigten mit einem Arbeitseinkommen unter einer bestimmten Mindesteinkommenshöhe misst, böte einige Vorteile gegenüber den bisherigen Indikatoren. Darüber hinaus spielt die soziale Absicherung eine wichtige Rolle für das individuelle Wohlergehen. Entsprechende Ziele – etwa der krankenversicherte Anteil der Bevölkerung – sollten jedoch nicht an das Ziel gekoppelt werden, menschenwürdige Arbeit zu schaffen.