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Objective. To investigate the presence of Mycobacterium bovis and other Mycobacterium species in samples of cattle and buffalo in Colombia, to start the molecular characterization of M. bovis in the country. Material and methods. 492 samples were collected from herds identified with the presence of infected animals through the PPD, by the Group of Bovine Tuberculosis ICA Colombian Agricultural Institute in eight departments of Colombia. Lymph nodes of head, thorax and abdomen, gross lesions of tissues with tuberculosis, nasal swabs, milk, blood and fresh cheeses were included. Samples were subjected to detection of Mycobacterium bovis and other mycobacteria by conventional microbiological analysis and PCR-6110 and spoligotyping molecular assays. Results. In the samples analyzed especially in lymph nodes, Mycobacterium bovis was demonstrated with genotypes reported and not previously reported in the world, as well as M. tuberculosis in Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Boyacá and Magdalena departments. Conclusions. In Colombia there are at least 7 genotypes of M. bovis that are infected and sick cattle and buffalo from four different departments becoming serious threat to public health.

La fracción glicosídica de hojas de lulo (Solanum quitoense L.) fue obtenida por adsorción sobre Amberlita XAD-2 y posterior elución con metanol. Los glicósidos así extraídos se hidrolizaron enzimáticamente con una glicosidasa no selectiva (Rohapect D5-L) y las agliconas (volátiles enlazados glicosídicamente) producidas fueron caracterizadas químicamente por CGAR (cromatografía de gases de alta resolución), CGAR-EM (cromatografía de gases de alta resolución acoplada a espectrometría de masas) y analizadas sensorialmente (nota olfativa) por CGAR-O (cromatografía de gases de alta resolución acoplada a olfatometría). Se detectaron en total 25 compuestos volátiles y de ellos, se identificaron 21, los cuales representan el 90 % de todas las agliconas generadas. Los volátiles identificados presentaron diversas estructuras químicas que pueden agruparse en Ci3-norisoprenoides (38.1 %, 15 mg/kg hojas), compuestos aromáticos (30.5 %), alcoholes monoterpénicos (12.3 %) y compuestos alifáticos Cg (9.3 %). El extracto de volátiles producido por hidrólisis enzimática presentó un olor a verde amaderado agradable, con fuertes notas dulces parecidas a la miel.

ABSTRACT Objective. To investigate the presence of Mycobacterium bovis and other Mycobacterium species in samples of cattle and buffalo in Colombia, to start the molecular characterization of M. bovis in the country. Material and methods. 492 samples were collected from herds identified with the presence of infected animals through the PPD, by the Group of Bovine Tuberculosis ICA Colombian Agricultural Institute in eight departments of Colombia. Lymph nodes of head, thorax and abdomen, gross lesions of tissues with tuberculosis, nasal swabs, milk, blood and fresh cheeses were included. Samples were subjected to detection of Mycobacterium bovis and other mycobacteria by conventional microbiological analysis and PCR-6110 and spoligotyping molecular assays. Results. In the samples analyzed especially in lymph nodes, Mycobacterium bovis was demonstrated with genotypes reported and not previously reported in the world, as well as M. tuberculosis in Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Boyacá and Magdalena departments. Conclusions. In Colombia there are at least 7 genotypes of M. bovis that are infected and sick cattle and buffalo from four different departments becoming serious threat to public health. RESUMEN Objetivo. Investigar la presencia de Mycobacterium bovis y otras especies de Mycobacterium en muestras de ganado bovino y búfalino en Colombia e iniciar la caracterización molecular de M. bovis en el país. Materiales y métodos. 492 muestras fueron recogidas de hatos identificados con presencia de animales infectados a través de la prueba de PPD, por el Grupo de Tuberculosis Bovina del Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario ICA en ocho departamentos de Colombia. Se incluyeron ganglios linfáticos de cabeza, tórax y abdomen, tejidos con lesiones macroscópicas de tuberculosis, hisopos nasales, leche, sangre y quesos frescos. Las muestras se sometieron a investigación de Mycobacterium bovis y otras micobacterias mediante el análisis microbiológico convencional y pruebas moleculares de PCR-IS6110 y spoligotyping. Resultados. En las muestras analizadas especialmente en los ganglios linfáticos, se evidenció Mycobacterium bovis con genotipos reportados y no reportados previamente en el mundo, así como M. tuberculosis en los departamentos de Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Magdalena y Boyacá. Conclusiones. En Colombia existen al menos 7 genotipos de M. bovis que se encuentran infectando y enfermando a bovinos y bufalinos de cuatro diferentes departamentos del país constituyéndose en seria amenaza para la salud pública.

Controlled in-stream flow manipulations are challenging but necessary to implement to assess the consequences of real-world flow alterations on aquatic ecosystems. We designed a double v-notch weir system, which was first prototype-tested in a laboratory flume and then in the field. The device diverted instantaneous flows proportionally in a robust way (e.g., 10% of flow in the stream main channel and 90% of flow into the diversion channel). We tested diversions systematically and evaluated how well flows matched our target flow-percentages. This is one of the first ecohydraulic structures designed and tested to experimentally manipulate environmental flows in small upland streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El término violencia extrema se aplica en contextos variados que se caracterizan por la violencia, la furia, el odio, las masacres y la crueldad. Mediante el estudio del conflicto étnico que vivieron las poblaciones de la ex Yugoslavia durante los años noventa, se intenta explicar la negación de la humanidad del otro al que se extermina. Este artículo es una reflexión sobre las distintas manifestaciones de la crueldad y los crímenes de profanación que se observaron durante este conflicto y que alcanzaron la integridad física, psíquica y moral, individual y colectiva de estas poblaciones. El análisis antropológico, más allá de las estadísticas macabras, permite volver a poner los conceptos de crueldad y profanación en el marco de la intencionalidad de los agentes sociales.

Background: Down syndrome (DS) population has a very high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), but this remains underdiagnosed. Hence, we aimed to evaluate caregiver's knowledge of OSA and related sociodemographic factors that could contribute to OSA screening patterns in this population. Methods: An online survey though the LuMind IDSC Foundation focused on OSA diagnosis, treatments and the number of sleep studies performed. Data were compared between subjects born before and after the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendations for OSA screening. Results: Of the caregivers, 724 (parents 96.3%), responded to the survey. The median [interquartile (IQR)] age of the subjects with DS was 12 [20;7] years. The majority (84.3%) had sleep apnoea diagnosis, and half of them were initially referred for a sleep study due to disturbed sleep symptoms. Only 58.7% of the responders were aware of the AAP recommendations. This was linked to higher socioeconomic and/or educational level and to an earlier OSA diagnosis. The median (IQR) age of OSA diagnosis was lowered after the AAP guidelines publication compared with before its publication (3 [4;2] years vs. 10 [18;5] years, P < 0.000). Adenotonsillectomy (81.9%) and continuous positive airway pressure (61.5%) were the most commonly prescribed treatments. Few had discussed other new therapies such as hypoglossal nerve stimulation (16.0%). Only 16.0% of the subjects repeated the sleep study to monitor OSA with ageing, and 30.2% had to wait more than 4 years between studies. Conclusions: This study reinforces the need to improve OSA knowledge of caregivers and clinicians of individuals with DS to promote an earlier diagnosis and optimal treatment of OSA in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]