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In this study, it is aimed to determine the effect of steel and macro synthetic fibers used in different ratios and types on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. For this purpose; Macro synthetic fiber was used at 0.25%, 0.30% and 0.35% by volum4, steel fiber at 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.00% by volume. Chemical additives and marble powder were used in fixed proportions. In the study, the water / cement ratio was taken as 0.54 constant according to the fiber concrete TS 802 mixture. In this research, beams of 10 × 10 × 40 cm and 15 cm cube samples were produced for fresh and hardened concrete properties. The effect of fiber type and ratio was investigated by performing physical and mechanical tests on the produced samples. As a result of the study, as the fiber ratio of fiber mixes in fresh concrete increased, workability and unit volume weights decreased. As a result, as the fiber ratio in fresh concrete increases, the fiber ratio has negatively affected the workability and the unit volume weights decreased. In hardened concrete; In hardened concrete; As the fiber ratio increased, the initial crack stress and bending stress increased. The highest mechanical and physical properties were given by 1.00% steel fiber and 0.35% macro synthetic fiber concretes., Yapılan bu çalışmada farklı oran ve tiplerde kullanılan çelik ve makro sentetik liflerin betonun fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla; Makro sentetik lif hacimce %0.25, %0.30 ve %0.35 oranında, çelik lif hacimce % 0.50, % 0.75 ve % 1.00 oranında kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada lifli betonların karışım hesabı TS 802’ esas alınarak yapılmış ve su/çimento oranı 0.54 sabit alınmıştır. Bu araştırmada taze ve sertleşmiş beton özellikleri için 10 × 10 × 40 cm boyutlarında kiriş ve 15 cm’lik küp numuneler üretilmiştir. Üretilen numuneleri üzerinde fiziksel ve mekanik deneyler yapılarak lif tipi ve oranını etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda taze betonda lifli karışımlar da lif oranı artıkça, işlenebilirlik ve birim hacim ağırlıklarını da azalmıştır. Sonuç olarak taze betonda lifli karışımlar da lif oranı artıkça, işlenebilirliği olumsuz olarak etkilerken birim hacim ağırlıklarını da düşürmüştür. Sertleşmiş betonda ise; Lif oranı arttıkça ilk çatlak gerilmesi ve eğilme gerilmesi arttırmıştır. En yüksek mekanik ve fiziksel özellikleri %1.00 çelik lifli, %0.35 makro sentetik lifli betonlar vermiştir.

Bu çalışmada, bir saha betonuna taze halde iken farklı sürelerde vakum ile beton karışım suyunun geri çekilme işlemi uygulanmıştır. Taze betona vakum uygulama işlemiyle, beton içerisindeki karışım suyunun bir kısmı ve ayrıca hapsolmuş hava da kontrollü olarak alınmıştır. 15 cm kalınlığında olacak şekilde üretilen beton bloklar 3 gruba ayrılmıştır. Bunlardan vakum uygulanmayan beton blok “A” (şahit), 17 dakika vakum uygulanmış beton blok “B”, 35 dakika vakum uygulanmış beton blok da “C” olarak gruplandırılmıştır. Ankara’da 66 ay açık hava şartlarına maruz kalan vakumlu beton bloklardan 75mm çapında ve 150 mm yüksekliğinde karot numuneleri alınmıştır. Beton derinliğine bağlı olarak vakum etkisinin betonun özelliklerindeki değişimlerini gözlemleyebilmek amacı ile alınan karot numuneleri 50 mm yükseklikte olacak şekilde alt, orta ve üst olmak üzere 3 eşit parçaya bölünmüştür. Bu numuneler üzerinde yapılacak deneysel çalışmalarla vakumlama süresinin betonun farklı derinliğindeki basınç dayanımı, aşınma direnci ve kapiler su emme etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, şahit betonunun üst yüzeyinden uzaklaştıkça şahit betonun basınç dayanımı ve aşınma direncinin arttığı, kapiler su emme miktarının azaldığı ve kapilerite katsayısının küçüldüğü gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca, vakum uygulanan yüzeyden uzaklaştıkça betonun basınç dayanımının ve aşınma direncinin azaldığı, kapiler su emme miktarının arttığı ve kapilerite katsayısının da büyüdüğü gözlemlenmiştir.

Farklı renklerdeki doğal taşların dekoratif görüntüsü ve bazı fiziksel özelliklerinden dolayı son yıllarda inşaat sektöründe kullanımı gittikçe artmaktadır. Gelişen taş işleme teknolojisiyle birlikte doğal taşlar özellikle duvar kaplama malzemesi kullanılmaktadır. Bu doğal taşlar arasında en yaygın kullanılanlardan birisi de ignimbiritlerdir. Bu çalışmada Nevşehir (Kavak) yöresinden temin edilen vişne renkli ignimbirit taşının teknik özellikleri araştırılmıştır. İgnimbirit örnekleri üzerinde TS EN 1469 ve TS 699 standartlarında önerilen fiziksel özelliklerinden porozitesi, yoğunluğu ve farklı etkiler altındaki su emme özellikleri incelenmiştir. Mekanik özelliklerinden ise basınç, eğilme ve dolaylı çekme dayanımları, nokta yükleme ve saplama deliğinde kırılma yükü özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen verilere göre ignimbiritlerin fiziksel özellikleri bakımından gözenekli bir yapıya sahip olup su emme kapasitesinin yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Mekanik özeliklerinden eğilme dayanımı 11,9 MPa iken ortalama kırılma yükü 1180 N bulunmuştur. Bu özelikler TS EN 1469’da belirtilen doğal taş kaplama plâkalarında aranan ölçütleri karşılayamadığı ve bu nedenle inşaat sektöründe kaplama taşı olarak kullanımının uygun olmadığı değerlendirilmiştir.

Clay brick has recently become a very inevitable product for the construction industry due to the being a sustainable and relatively cheaper material especially with the parallel of developments on foam-forming agents. These bricks have two main problems. These are high unit volume weight and thermal conductivity. In this study, an expansion agent was added to the brick raw material to reduce the unit weight of the brick and to increase the thermal insulation. Samples were produced by adding a mixture of expanding at certain rates. The produced samples were fired at 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050 and 1100 oC to obtain 100×100×100 mm bricks. The unit volume weight, water absorption, void ratio, compressive strength, compressive strength after freezing-thawing and thermal conductivity properties of the produced bricks were investigated. According to the data obtained in the research, the optimum expansion chemical ratio is 15%. The most suitable firing temperature was determined as 1100 oC. The samples produced with 15% expander at 1100 °C, unit volume weight 744 kg/m3, water absorption 31.83%, void ratio 36.88 %, compressive strength 6.93 MPa, compressive strength after freezing-thawing 5.10 MPa and thermal conductivity λ=0.16 W/mK.

Kızılırmak Nehrinin düşük hidrolik eğimi nedeniyle su akış hızı yavaştır. Bu sebepten kaynaklı daha çok ince taneli malzemelerin taşınmış ve depolanmıştır. Temel kayanın daha alt kotlarda olması nedeniyle Kızılırmak Nehri yakınındaki yapı temelleri de daha çok ince taneli malzeme üzerine inşa edilmiştir. Çoğunlukla Temel Mühendisliği kriterlerine göre inşa edilmeyen yapı temelleri, yağışlar ve nehir yatağının feyezanı vs. gibi olaylarda aşırı miktarda su etkisine maruz kalması durumunda bu temeller, katı-rijit bir davranış gösterememektedir. Drenaj koşullarının da sağlanamaması durumunda olumsuzluk daha da artmaktadır. Bu durumda suya doygun ince taneli temel malzemesi daha çok plastik davranış göstermektedir. Plastik davranış nedeniyle yapı temel ve duvarları ilksel özelliğini kaybederek çatlaklara, ayrışmalara ve daha sonra da deformasyonlara sebep olur. Bu çalışmada, Kızılırmak nehri yakınındaki Karabucak köyündeki yapılarda oluşan deformasyonlar, laboratuvarda zemin malzeme parametreleri ve drenaj koşulları araştırılarak açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. İnce taneli kohezyonlu malzemelerin su ile etkileşimi ve drenaj koşullarının sağlanamaması durumunda likit limitin %50’yi aştığı durumlarda boşluksuyu basıncının arttığı, likit limitin %60’ı ve plastisite indisinin %20 yi aştığı durumlarda ise şişme ve sıkışma potansiyelinin arttığı gözlemlenmiştir. Artan şişme basınçları ile %13’e kadar artan hacim değişikliği nedeniyle bu tip yapılarda yüksek oranda hasar meydana geldiği gözlenmiştir. Aynı şekilde kesme dayanımı anlamında 20 kpa değerinin altındaki kohezyon ve 30° altındaki içsel sürtünme açısı durumlarında da duraylılık kaybı olduğu belirlenmiştir.

This study investigates the effect of elevated temperature on cementitious composites with 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% firebrick powder (FBP). In this regard, cementitious composite mortars with di-mensions of 40 x 40 x 160 mm, which were water-cured at 20 +/- 2 degrees C for 56 days, were pro-duced. Produced samples were exposed to 300, 600, 750, and 900 degrees C, then air-and water-cooling processes were applied. Cooling processes were continued until the samples reached the labora-tory temperature. Unit weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity, compressive strength, and mass loss of the FBP-based cementitious composite samples were measured after both air-and water-cooling regimes. Finally, microstructural analysis was performed for reference samples and samples with 20% FBP. As a result, the compressive strengths of the samples exposed to 600, 750, and 900 degrees C showed that up to 15% of FBP-based cementitious composite samples had better results com-pared to the reference samples. The compressive strengths of the water-cooled samples were lower than those of the air-cooled samples. The mass loss results of FBP-based samples decreased with the increase in temperature. The mass loss of the air-cooled samples was higher than that of the water-cooled samples.

Bu çalışmada piyasada satılan mısır ya da mısır ürünleri (mısır irmiği, mısır unu vb.) veya soya içeren işlenmiş veya yarı işlenmiş ürünler rastgele seçilerek toplamda 25 adet üründe (cips, çerez, gevrek, kuruyemiş kaplaması, un) GDO varlığı DNA temelli bir tespit metodu olan konvansiyonel Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu (PCR) ile araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla homojenize edilen örneklerde CTAB (Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide) yöntemi ve Roche High Pure DNA Isolation Kit ile DNA izole edilerek çoğaltılması denenmiştir. DNA Isolation Kit kullanılarak DNA izole edilmesi yöntemi daha başarılı olduğundan işlemler bu yöntemle tamamlanmıştır. DNA izolasyonunun ardından Lektin geni, Zein geni, 35S Promotör ve NOS Terminatör bölgelerinin tespiti konvansiyonel PCR ile yapılmıştır. Zein geni tespiti örneklerdeki mısır varlığını, Lektin geni tespiti ise örneklerdeki soya varlığını araştırmak ve kanıtlamak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Zein ve Lektin genleri tespiti için sırasıyla GMO3/GMO4 ve Zein3/Zein4 primer çiftleri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen DNA’ların amplifikasyonundan sonra DNA agaroz jel elektroforezi ile gözlemlenmiştir. Agaroz jel elektroforezi sonucu alınan görüntülerde 17 örnekte Lektin ya da Zein geni tespit edilirken 8 örnekte bu genler tespit edilememiştir. Lektin ya da Zein geni tespit edilen ürünlerin 35S Promotör ve NOS Terminatör taraması için çalışılmaya devam edilmiştir. Bunun için sırasıyla 35S-3/35S-6 ve tNOS2F/tNOS2R primer çiftleri kullanılmıştır. Mümkün kontaminasyonları gözlemlemek için sterilize su kullanılırken, negatif kontrol amacıyla 0 % Bt-11 ve 0% GTS 40-3-2, pozitif kontrol amacıyla ise 5% Bt-11 ve 10% GTS-40-3-2 kullanılmıştır. 25 örneğin hiçbirinde istenen kalitede ve yeterli miktarda DNA elde edilememesinin sebebinin işleme sırasında uygulanan prosesler (kızartma, kavurma, ekstrude etme, basınç vb.) olduğu düşünülmektedir. Hiçbir numunede 35S Promotör ve NOS Terminatör bölgesine rastlanmamıştır., In this research, processed or low processed samples containing corn or corn products (corn semolina, flour, etc.) and soybean were randomly collected from the market, and 25 products in total (chips, nuts, cereals, flour) were analyzed for genetic modification using DNA based detection method, the polymerase chain reaction. First, homogenization of the samples was performed. Then DNA isolation was done by using Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) and Roche High Pure DNA Isolation Kit. Since the Roche High Pure DNA Isolation Kit gave better results, the analysis was completed with this method. After DNA isolation, the detection of the Lectin gene, Zein gene, CaMV 35S Promoter and NOS Terminator regions was performed by conventional PCR. Zein gene determination was done for searching and proving corn presence and similarly, Lectin gene determination was done for searching and proving soybean presence in the samples by conventional PCR. GMO3/GMO4 and Zein3/Zein4 primer pairs were used for Lectin and Zein gene determination, respectively. The amplification of DNA was observed in agarose gel electrophoresis. Lectin or Zein genes were detected in 17 samples while these genes were not detected in 8 samples. Samples, in which Lectin or Zein gene was detected were scanned for 35S promoter or NOS terminator. 35S-3/35S-6 and tNOS2F/tNOS2R primer pairs were used for scanning 35S Promoter and NOS Terminator, respectively. To observe possible contamination in the mix sterilized deionized water was used and 0% Bt-11 and 0% GTS 40-3-2 were used as a negative control, 5% Bt-11 and 10% GTS-40-3-2 were used as a positive control. All of the 25 samples did not provide enough DNA with the required quality. This result was considered to be sourced by the applications (frying, extruding, pressing etc.) that samples had been exposed to during processes. Neither 35S Promotor nor NOS Terminator was determined from any of the samples.

Bu çalışmada C20 ve C25 sınıfı betonların, beton santralı çıkışı ile şantiye şartlarındaki kalite kontrolünün analizi yapılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda santralde ve şantiyede taze beton sıcaklığı, çökme (slump) ölçülmüş ve basınç dayanımı için küp numuneler alınmıştır. 7 ve 28 günlük basınç dayanımı için her yaş için santralde 3 adet, şantiyede 6 adet 150 mm küp numune alınmıştır.İşlenebilirliği belirlemede kullanılan çökme testinin şantiyedeki değeri, santraldan daha düşük çıkmıştır. Beton basınç dayanımında en yüksek değeri şantiye tesliminde alınan numuneler vermiştir. En düşük basınç dayanımı ise şantiye tesliminde alınıp şantiye ortamında bırakılan numunelerde görülmüştür., In this study, the analysis of the quality control of the C 20 and C25 class concretes in the concrete plant output and construction site conditions was performed. For this purpose, fresh concrete temperature, slumps were measured in the plant and on the construction site and cube samples were taken for compressive strength.For 7 and 28 days of compressive strength, 3 samples of 150 mm cubes were taken at the plant and 6 samples were taken at the construction site for all ages.The value of the slump test used to determine workability was lower at the site than at the plant. Samples taken at the highest construction site delivery in concrete pressure resistance were given. The lowest compressive strength was seen in samples taken at site delivery and left at site environment.

ÖZÇimento harcında uçucu kül ve lif kullanımı, harçların fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerini önemli ölçüde artırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada,çimento harçlarında uçucu kül ve lif kullanımının harcın fiziksel ve mekaniksel özelliklerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla,hazırlanan çimento harcında çimento maliyetini azaltmak amacı ile çimento yerine ağırlıkça % 0, 10, 15 ve 20 oranlarında uçucukül (UK) kullanılmıştır. Uçucu kül ilaveli çimento harcının mekanik özelliklerini arttırmak amacı ile karışıma hacimce %1, %2 ve%3 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) lif ilave edilmiş ve üretilen bu harç numunelerinin serbest rötre, eğilme dayanımı ve basınçdayanımları incelenmiştir. Deneyler sonucunda; UK ikame oranları arttıkça yayılma çapının arttığı buna karşın UK’ lı karışımlardaPVA oranı artıkça yayılma çapının azaldığı görülmüştür. Karışımlarda UK ikame artıkça basınç dayanımının düştüğü buna karşınPVA lifli karışımlarda (UK15 kodlu karışıma) %1 PVA lif ilave edildiğinde basınç dayanımının yaklaşık %12 oranında arttığıgörülmüştür. Bununla birlikte UK ikameli karışımlarda PVA lif ilavesi artıkça eğilme dayanımının arttığı ve en yüksek eğilmedayanımının %3 PVA lif katkılı %10 uçucu kül (UK10) ikameli karışımda olduğu görülmüştür. Diğer taraftan, harçlarda lif oranıile boy değişimi arasında negatif bir ilişki olduğu ve lif miktarı artıkça boy değişiminin de azaldığı tespit edilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Çimento harcı, PVA lif, uçucu kül, basınç dayanımı. Determination of Optimum Fly Ash and PVA FiberRatio in Cement MortarsABSTRACTThe use of fly ash and fiber in cement mortar significantly improves the physical and mechanical properties of the mortar. In thisstudy, the effect of using fly ash and fiber in cement mortars on the physical and mechanical properties of the mortar wasinvestigated. For this purpose, 0, 10, 15 and 20% fly ash (UK) was used instead of cement in order to reduce the cement cost in theprepared cement mortar. In order to increase the mechanical properties of the fly ash added cement mortar, 1%, 2% and 3%Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) fiber was added to the mixture and the free shrinkage, flexural strength and compressive strengths ofthese mortar samples were examined. As a result of the experiments; It has been observed that as the UK substitution rates increase,the spread diameter increases, whereas in the mixtures with UK, the spread diameter decreases as the PVA rate increases. It wasobserved that the compressive strength decreases as the UK substitute increases in the mixtures, but when the PVA fiber is addedin the mixtures with PVA fiber (UK15 coded mixture), the compressive strength increases by approximately 12%. However, it hasbeen observed that as the addition of PVA fiber increases in UK substituted blends, the bending strength increases and the highestbending strength is in the mixture with 10% fly ash (UK10) substituted with 3% PVA fiber. On the other hand, it has beendetermined that there is a negative relationship between fiber ratio and length change in mortars and the length change decreasesas the fiber amount increases.Keywords: Cement mortar, PVA fiber, fly ash, compressive strength.

In this study, the effects of blast furnace slag (BFS) and calcite on rheological properties of self-compacting concrete (SSC) in meso and macro scales were investigated. During the preparation of replicate samples, while BFS was replaced with the cement at the rate of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight, calcite was added to the cement at the rate of 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by weight. The rheological properties (plastic viscosity and yield point) and mini-slump flow values of the cement paste prepared in meso scales were determined. The fresh flow consistency of concrete prepared in macro-scale was tested with L-box flowing test. As a result, upon evaluating the rheological parameters of the pastes according to the Bingham model, while the pastes with a plastic viscosity value close to 1 Pa·s (±100 MPa·s) and a mini-slump flow rate higher than 200 mm were observed to be more resistant to segregation and form a homogeneous flow consistency, their L-box flowing rates were determined to be homogeneous and high. Ideal SSCs were made by adding 20% and 25% calcite to 30% BFS and 40% BFS replaced mixtures respectively in this study. It was also concluded that ideal SCC could be produced with paste mixtures having 1 Pa·s (±100 MPa·s) viscosity and mini-slump flow diameter higher than 200 mm. With the increase in calcite addition rates in SSCs, the passing rate for the L box test has increased

Objective: Acute appendicitis (AA) is the most common cause of acute abdominal and emergency surgery worldwide. Over the past decades, the incidence of AA has been increasing, and with minimally invasive technology, treatment modalities are changing. This study aimed to examine the incidence of AA in Istanbul, Turkey over the years and seasons and investigate the rates of open and laparoscopic appendectomy (LA). Methods: This retrospective cohort study reviewed the archives of the Turkish Association of Trauma and Emergency Surgery between January 2012 and December 2019. Data from 11 tertiary hospitals with heavy patient flow from Istanbul were included. Descriptive statistics and univariate analysis of variance tests were performed. Statistical significance was defined as p-values of 0.05). Conclusion: The incidence rate of AA and its laparoscopic management are significantly increasing in Istanbul.

Concrete consumes over two billion tons of freshwater every year and 75 % of regions of the world will become water shortages in 2050. Because of increasing freshwater scarcity seawater may become reasonable as an alternative mixing and curing water for concrete. In this study, seawater (SW) was utilized for mixing and curing of concrete and investigated the seawater and sulfate on the properties of cementitious composites containing silica fume (SF). Hence, SF was replaced with the cement at ratios corresponding to 0 %, 2.5 %, 5 %, 7.5 %, 10 %, 12.5 %, and 15 % by weight of cement, and SW and tap water (TW) were used as mixing water in the production of cementitious composites. Thus, the effect of SW on the properties of fresh cement pastes and the flexural and compressive strengths of 7-day, 28-day, and 90-day old cementitious composites were examined. Additionally, the lengthening change values of cementitious composites containing SF that were kept in 5 % Na2SO4 solution for 7-day, 28-day, and 90-day were determined. The SF delayed the setting period while increasing the water requirement of the cement paste. It is determined that the SW accelerated the setting period of cement. In the case when 10 % SF in cementitious composites was used, the maximum compressive and flexural strengths were obtained for cementitious composites produced by mixing with SW and SF fume at an age corresponding to 28-day and 90-day. It was observed that the length change of the cementitious composites decreased due to the increase in the SF replacement ratio.

Alkali silika reaksiyonu (ASR) günümüzde betonarme elemanlarının dayanıklılığını olumsuz etkileyen oldukça karmaşık kimyasal reaksiyondur. Çimento içerisinde bulunan alkaliler ve agrega içerisinde bulunan reaktif silis miktarının bir araya gelmesi sonucu yeterli nem miktarına ulaştığında beton içerisindeki boşluklarda alkali silika jeli oluşur. Bu oluşum ile alkali silika reaksiyonu başlar. Alkali silika jellerinin su emmeleri sonucunda beton içsel gerilmeleri artar ve betonda kılcal çatlaklar meydana getirerek hasara yol açar. Bu çalışmada, Nevşehir bölgesinden elde edilen perlit agregasının alkali silika reaksiyonuna etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, hızlandırılmış harç çubuk deneyi (ASTM C 1260) metodu deneyleri yapılmıştır. Kırma kireçtaşı agregasına perlit agregası ağırlıkça %0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 ve 70 oranlarında yer değiştirilmesi ile karışımlar hazırlanmıştır. Bu numuneler 7, 14 ve 28 günlük boy değişim değerleri ölçülmüştür. Harç çubuklarına Kireçtaşı agregası yerine ikame edilen perlitin alkali silika reaksiyonunu arttırdığı görülmüştür., The alkali silica reaction (ASR) is a highly complex chemical reaction that adversely affects the durability of reinforced concrete elements today. Alkaline silica gel is formed in the pores in the concrete when sufficient moisture is reached as a result of the combination of the alkalis in the cement and the amount of reactive silica in the aggregate. With this formation, alkali silica reaction begins. As a result of the water absorption of alkali silica gels, the internal stresses of the concrete increase and it causes damage by creating capillary cracks in the concrete. In this study, the effect of perlite aggregate obtained from Nevşehir region on alkali silica reaction was investigated. In this regard, accelerated mortar bar test (ASTM C 1260) method was carried out. Mixtures were prepared by replacing the crushed limestone aggregate with the perlite aggregate at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 wt.% ratios. The length change values of these samples at 7, 14 and 28 days were measured. It was observed that the perlite aggregate substituted for the limestone aggregate in the mortar bars increased the alkali silica reaction.

BACKGROUND The optimal timing of intervention for aneurysmatic subarachnoid hemorrhage is one of the historically controversial issues in neurosurgery. Although numerous studies investigated the subject, they had many limitations due to the nature of the disease. Early and ultra-early interventions have gained more and more supporters in recent decades. Nevertheless, the effects of the early and ultra-early intervention on the outcome of the disease are far from clarity. METHODS A single-center retrospective cohort study was carried out at Trakya University Medical Faculty Training and Practice Hospital. The study includes data on all patients admitted with an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2005. Patients were divided into two groups according to their WFNS grade status: Good (I-III) or poor (IV-V) grades. Patients are also classified according to their Glasgow Outcome Scale score: Unfavorable (1-2) or favorable (3-5) outcomes. Data were analyzed statistically, and the effects of the early and ultra-early intervention on the outcome were assessed. RESULTS A total of 580 patients were admitted in the study period. Among them, 494 were eligible for the study. The median age (interquartile range) was 55 (18) years. While 244 (49.4%) patients were women, 250 (50.6%) patients were men. Three hundred and fourteen (63.6%) patients were operated, and 25 patients (5.1%) were undergone endovascular treatment. The ultra-early intervention was achieved in 60 (12.1%) patients and 142 patients (28.7%, including the previous ultra-early intervention group) early intervention was achieved. A meaningful outcome difference was present between the poor-grade ultra-early treatment group and the rest (p=0.007). Analogously, a meaningful outcome difference was present between the poor-grade early treatment group and the rest (p

Many studies have been conducted with fibers of different types and shapes to increase the technical properties of concrete. Generally, steel fiber has been preferred in the places where the mechanical properties of concrete have priority in recent years.In this study, 2 different steel fiber types (Z, C shaped) and 80/60 steel fiber, which are formed by us, were used in the ratios of cement weights at 0.0, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20. While the amount of air content and the workability of the steel fibers of these different shapes added in fresh concrete were observed; In hardened concrete, its effects on compressive strength, flexural strength and abrasion resistance were investigated.The shape and ratio of the fiber have been shown to be effective on fresh and hardened concrete properties. The optimum feature in fresh and hardened concrete has been achieved by using 10% of 80/60 fiber., Birçok araştırmada betonun teknik özelliklerini artırmak için farklı cins ve tiplerdeki liflerle çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Genellikle son yıllarda betonun mekanik özeliklerinin öncelikli olan yerlerde çelik lif tercih edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, tarafımızca şekil verilerek oluşturulan 2 farklı çelik lif tipi (Z, C şeklinde) ve 80/60 çelik lifi, çimento ağılığının 0.0, 0.10, 0.15 ve 0.20 oranlarında kullanılmıştır. Bu farklı şekillere sahip çelik liflerin, taze betonda oluşturdukları hava %’si miktarı ve işlenebilme özelliği gözlenirken; sertleşmiş betonda ise basınç, eğilme ve aşınma dayanımlarına olan etkileri incelenmiştir. Lifin şekli ve oranının, taze ve sertleşmiş beton özellikleri üzerinde etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Taze ve sertleşmiş betonda en optimum özellik, 80/60 lifinin %10 kullanılmasıyla elde edilmiştir.

Günümüz inşaat sektöründe en önemli yapı malzemesinden biri betondur. Beton malzemesinin önemli sorunları vardır. Bu sorunların başında kaliteli agrega temini ikincisi ise inşaat yıkıntı atıklarının çevre kirliliği ve sürdürülebilirliğidir. İri agrega olarak inşaat yakıntı atığından (YAA) elde edilen ve ince agrega olarak kırma kum (KK) ve doğal kumu (DK) kullanımlarıyla farklı oranlar da hiper akışkanlaştırıcı kullanılarak beton üretilmiştir. Beton karışımında agrega olarak YAA (4-11,2) %24, (11,2-22,4) %29 ve ince agrega DK ve KK (0-4) %47 oranlarında kullanılmıştır. Bağlayıcı olarak CEM I 42,5 R çimentosu ve hiper akışkanlaştırıcı miktarı ise çimento ağırlığının %0, %1, %1,5 ve %2 oranlarında kullanılarak beton üretilmiştir. Üretilen betonların işlenebilirlik, basınç ve yarmada çekme dayanımları, aşınma, kılcal su emme oranları ve boy değişimleri gözlenmiştir. YAA yanında kullanılan DK ile üretilen betonun işlenebilirliği yüksek iken diğer mekanik ve fiziksel özellikleri çalışmanın en düşük özelliklerini gösterdiği görülmüştür. KK ile üretilen beton karışımında işlenebilirliğin azalmasına karşın mekanik ve fiziksel özellikleri çalışmanın en yüksek performansa sahip değerler sergilediği saptanmıştır., Concrete is one of the most important building materials in today's construction industry. Concrete material has important problems. The first of these problems is the supply of quality aggregate and the second is the environmental pollution and sustainability of construction wreck wastes.Concrete was produced by using a hyper plasticizer in different proportions, using crushed sand (KK) and natural sand (DK) as fine aggregate and coarse aggregate obtained from construction wreck waste (YAA). YAA (4-11.2) 24%, (11.2-22.4) 29% and fine aggregate DK and KK (0-4) 47% were used as aggregate in the concrete mixture. Concrete was produced by using CEM I 42.5 R cement as the binder and the amount of hyper plasticizer at 0%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% of the cement weight. Workability, compression and splitting tensile strength, abrasion, capillary water absorption rates and length changes of the concrete produced were observed.It has been observed that the workability of concrete produced with DK used in addition to YAA is high, while other mechanical and physical properties show the lowest properties of the study. Although the workability of the concrete mixture produced with KK has decreased, it has been determined that the mechanical and physical properties of the work have the highest performance values

Self-compacting concretes (SCC), a new type of concrete, were realized with the development of polycarboxylate-based chemical additives. The interaction of these additives with the powder materials in the nano and micro scales affects the fresh and hardened properties of concrete in meso and macro scales. To change and improve the macro-dimensional properties of concrete, it is necessary to better analyze the nano-micro-dimensional interaction. The aim of this study is to examine the interactions of cement, mineral and chemical additives in micro scale. For this purpose, the zeta potential values of the mixtures consisting of cement, water, calcite and blast furnace slag prepared by using a polycarboxylate based plasticizer additive were analyzed. In addition, SEM analyzes of hardened samples were made on the 28th days., Polikarboksilat esaslı kimyasal katkıların geliştirilmesi ile yeni bir beton türü olan kendiliğinden yerleşen betonlar (KYB) hayata geçirilmiştir. Bu katkı maddelerinin nano ve mikro boyutlardaki toz malzemelerle etkileşimi, betonun taze ve sertleşmiş özelliklerini mezo ve makro boyutlarda etkilemektedir. Betonun makro boyutlu özelliklerini değiştirmek ve iyileştirmek için nano-mikro boyutlu etkileşimini daha iyi analiz etmek gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı çimento, mineral ve kimyasal katkı maddelerinin etkileşimlerini mikro ölçekte incelemektir. Bu amaçla polikarboksilat esaslı plastikleştirici katkı kullanılarak hazırlanan çimento, su, kalsit ve yüksek fırın cürufundan oluşan karışımların zeta potansiyel değerleri analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca 28. günde sertleşmiş numunelerin SEM analizleri yapılmıştır.

In this study, in order to ensure maximum complexity in fiber concrete production, different amounts of silica fume (SF) were substituted by keeping the amount of fiber and super plasticizer (SP) constant. The amount of cement was replaced by SF at 0% (RC): 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 12.5% by weight, respectively. Six 100 x 100 x 100 mm cube test samples were produced with these mixtures. Slump and Ve-Be tests were carried out on processability tests on fresh concrete. 28, 90 and 120 days compressive strength tests were performed on hardened concrete samples. In all mixtures, it was found that there was an inverse relationship between SF ratio and workability. SF ratio was effective on the processability of fresh concrete. As the SF content of the mixtures increased, the precipitation decreased and the Ve-Be duration was extended time.In all mixtures, there was a certain increase in compressive strength naturally depending on the age of the concrete. In fiberless samples, the compressive strength increased as the ratio of SF to RC’ increased. The highest compressive strength of all ages was obtained with 7.5% SF. In fiber samples (FC): compressive strength increased as SF ratio increased. The highest compressive strength increase at all ages was obtained in samples produced with 10% SF ratio, Buaraştırmada, lifli beton üretiminde maksimum kompasiteyi sağlamak için, lif vesüper akışkanlaştırıcı (SA) miktarı sabit tutularak farklı oranlarda silisdumanı(SD) ikame edilmiştir. Çimento miktarı sırasıyla ağırlıkça % 0(KB): %2.5, %5, %7.5, %10 ve %12.5 oranlarında SDikame edilmiştir. Bu karışımlarla 100x100x100 mm boyutunda küp deney numuneleriüretilmiştir. Taze beton üzerinde işlenebilirlik testlerinden çökme ve Ve-Bedeneyleri yapılmıştır. Sertleşmiş beton numuneleri üzerinde 28, 90 ve 120günlük basınç dayanım deneyleri yapılmıştır. Bütünkarışımlarda, SD oranı ile işlenebilirlik arasında ters ilişki olduğugörülmüştür. Taze betonun işlenebilirlik özelliği üzerinde SD oranı etkiliolmuştur. Karışımlardaki SD oranı arttıkça çökme azalmış ve Ve-Be süresiuzamıştır. Bütün karışımlarda, beton yaşına bağlı olarakbasınç dayanımında doğal olarak belirli oranda artış görülmüştür. Lifsiznumunelerde KB’ye göre SD oranı artıkça basınç dayanımı artmıştır. Bütünyaşlarda en büyük basınç dayanımı %7.5 SD oranı ile üretilen numunelerde eldeedilmiştir. Lifli numunelerde LB ‘ye göre SD oranı arttıkça basınç dayanımıartmıştır. Bütün yaşlarda en büyük basınç dayanımı artışı %10 SD oranı ile üretilen numunelerde eldeedilmiştir.

In this study, compressive strength performance of boron active belite cement containing fly ash at the ratios of 0, 10, 20, and 30% (by weight of cement) is researched against aggressive environments; sea water, 5% sodium sulphate solution, and 5% ammonium nitrate solution in addition to tapping water. Alternative low energy cement i.e., Portland-composite cement was used and its results were compared with those of boron active belite cement. Early strength losses (reaching up to 40%) of the boron active belite cement with incorporation of fly ash up to 30% were found to be less pronounced than those (reaching up to 51%) of Portland-composite cement in tapping water. Although, the losses were highly compensated with the prolonged curing period (90 days), boron active belite cement and Portland-composite cement kept their losses up to 14% and 36%, respectively. Residual mechanical properties (reaching up to 67%) of boron active belite cement against aggressive environments were found almost similar to those of Portland-composite cement in presence of 30% fly ash. In conclusion, the study shows that belite cements with low fly ash contents can be a reasonable alternative for specific applications such as mass concrete, hot weather concreting especially in aggressive environments.

Demir, Ilhami/0000-0002-8230-4053 WOS: 000456418500009 In this study, deep-neural-network (DNN)- and artificial-neural-network (ANN)- based models along with regression models have been developed to estimate the pressure, bending and elongation values of ground-brick (GB)-added mortar samples. This study is aimed at utilizing GB as a mineral additive in concrete in the ratios 0.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10.0%, 12.5% and 15.0%. In this study, 756 mortar samples were produced for 84 different series and were cured in tap water (W), 5% sodium sulphate solution (SS5) and 5% ammonium nitrate solution (AN5) for 7 days, 28 days, 90 days and 180 days. The developed DNN models have three inputs and two hidden layers with 20 neurons and one output, whereas the ANN models have three inputs, one output and one hidden layer with 15 neurons. Twenty-five previously obtained experimental sample datasets were used to train these developed models and to generate the regression equation. Fifty-nine non-training-attributed datasets were used to test the models. When these test values were attributed to the trained DNN, ANN and regression models, the brick-dust pressure as well as the bending and elongation values have been observed to be very close to the experimental values. Although only a small fraction (30%) of the experimental data were used for training, both the models performed the estimation process at a level that was in accordance with the opinions of experts. The fact that this success has been achieved using very little training data shows that the models have been appropriately designed. In addition, the DNN models exhibited better performance as compared with that exhibited by the ANN models. The regression model is a model whose performance is worst and unacceptable; further, the prediction error is observed to be considerably high. In conclusion, ANN- and DNN-based models are practical and effective to estimate these values.

To the best of our knowledge, no data has been published about the spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage (sSAH) incidence in Turkey. We aimed to report the estimation of sSAH incidence in Edirne Province, in Turkey for the first time, using the data acquired from a single medical centre which has the biggest and the most comprehensive emergency department in Edirne and to where a great majority of patients are referred. We investigated all the accessible sSAH patients’ data obtained from computer-based automation systems and all the written documents in the neurosurgery and the emergency departments. Patients included in the study were diagnosed with sSAH between the dates of January 2007 and December 2011 and were resident in Edirne. We used this data to calculate the crude and age-adjusted incidence rates of sSAH for every decade. One hundred fifty-four patients have been diagnosed with sSAH during a 5-year period. Among them, 72 were men (47.8%) and 82 (53.2%) were women. The mean age of the patients was 60.8 years and age range was 23–85 years. The overall annual adjusted incidence rate for sSAH was 10.3 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval = 10.2–10.3). Annual adjusted incidence rate was 10 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval = 10–10.1) for men. For women, it was 10.4 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval = 10.4–10.5). For both sexes, after the 6th decade, the annual incidence rate of sSAH was higher than 10 per 100,000, reaching over 20 per 100,000 person-years after the 7th decade. The overall crude incidence rate for sSAH was 10.3 per 100,000 person-years. For men, the crude incidence rate was 9.4 per 100,000 person-years and for women, it was 11.2 per 100,000 person-years. This study showing the first sSAH incidence estimation in Edirne might also be accepted as an estimation of overall epidemiological sSAH aspect in Turkey. Future investigations should be realised in different parts of Turkey to enlighten the epidemiological state of affairs and the course of sSAH in Turkey.

DergiPark: 522525 klujes Fly ashes are used aspozzolanic admixtures or filler materials in concrete production. Increasingthe use of fly ash is important both in terms of economy and environmentalpollution. The interlocking concrete paves are commonly used in urban streetsand pavements, in factory surroundings and etc. Interlocking concrete paves shallbe above the minimum strength specified in TS 2824 EN 1338 standard.In this study, fly ashhas been used as a substitute to cement in 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% ratios.The splitting tensile strength and water absorption characteristics of the pavehave been determined. The usage of the FA in the production concrete pave is amore high quality production, more economical and a more environmentallyfriendly approach.

High-performance fiber-reinforced cement composite (HPFRCC) mixtures containing high-volume fly ash and nanomaterials are investigated in this study. In order to determine high early strength and high connection performance between repair mortar produced with HPFRCC containing nanomaterials, high volume fly ash, and concrete which will be repaired, compressive strength, elasticity, and slant shear test were conducted on the samples. The experimental results showed that HPFRCC mixtures containing nanomaterials increased the strength on 1, 3, 7, 28, and 90 days in comparison to control mortars for compressive strength test. Also, the samples containing nanosilica gave the highest compressive strength in all mixtures. In addition, the samples containing nanosilica gave the best result for elasticity modulus, showing similarity to compressive strength test. For the bond strength, deformations were observed on the old concrete in the samples formed from HPFRCC mixtures and old concrete. Expected sloping surface sliding was not occurred.

Tevhidi Düşünce bir “Kâinat Ana Sistemi” olarak İslam medeniyetinin (Umran’ının) ana düşünce kaynağını oluşturur. “Tevhit”, “bir”lik, ya da Allah’ın “Ehadiyeti” üzerinde “bir”leme olarak bilinir. Bu bağlamda genelde kâinatta ve özelde dünya üzerindeki her şeyde “tevhit” niteliği bulunmaktadır. Buna göre de dünya üzerinde tüm ilimler, toplum sistemleri, bilgi üretme anlayışları gibi pek çok unsurun Tevhidi Düşünce yöntemine (metodolojisine) göre oluşmaktadır. Tevhidi Düşünce yöntem geleneğinden modern düşünce yöntem geleneğine geçen bir kültürel değişme sürecinde Tevhidi Düşünce geleneği, 19. Yüzyıla kadar Osmanlı’yı Cihan hâkimiyeti yapmıştır. Oysa19.yüzyıldan günümüze kadar aşama aşama yaşanan pozitivist temelli kültür değişmesi (batılılaşma/batılılaştırma) sonucu Türkiye dünya üzerinde; az gelişmiş, taklitçi bilgi üreten bir doğu toplumu şeklinde oryantalist tanımlamaya muhatap olmuştur. Bu noktada yaşanan mevcut durumu “Düşünce Yöntemi-Kültür Değişmesi” bağlamında ele alarak, bu iki unsurun etkileşimi neticesinde ortaya çıkan Türkiye’deki sosyolojik durumunu açıklamak, bu çalışmanın ana amacını oluşturmaktadır., Being the Cosmic Super System, Tawhidi Thought accounts for the major source of Islamic civilization. Inherent in the whole universe in general and in everything on Earth in particular, Tawhid refers to the episteme of oneness (Ahad) of Allah. All the sciences, social systems, and epistemological approaches are developed according to the methodology of Tawhidi Thought. Before the process of cultural change from the tradition of a thought system in line with tawhid, which is the oneness of Allah, to the system of modern thought, it was the ideology of tawhid that enabled the Ottoman state to dominate the world until the 19th century. However, as a result of the cultural change based on positivism in the form of westernization that has lasted up to the present, Turkey has been a subject of an orientalist definition as an Eastern country which is underdeveloped and just produces imitative scientific information. The main purpose of this study is to explain the sociological situation in Turkey by considering the current situation in the context of “method of thought -cultural change” that emerged as a result of the interaction of these two elements.

Nowadays, interest in probiotics, which are useful and necessary for healthy life, is rapidly increasing, and studies on the beneficial effects of probiotics on human health continue intensely. Every year, increasing efforts to prevent cancer, which has been anticipated, has increased the interest in probiotics and therefore synbiotics. Encapsulation methods are one of the most important protection methods currently used to ensure the viability of probiotics and their effectiveness. Especially milk and dairy products are used for many purposes such as increasing the shelf life, increasing the nutritional value, providing digestibility, shortening the ripening period, improving taste and aroma substances. The use of the microencapsulation technique alone can improve probiotic vitality. Combining microencapsulation with various food processing technologies is thought to help improve the vitality of probiotics in production and storage. In this chapter, probiotic microorganisms and encapsulation applications are explored.

Protecting natural sources is an important responsibility for the whole world. Concrete is the most widespread construction material, as a result of its production, natural sources are running out, and also natural environment is being disturbed. In addition, building wastes brought about by the renovation activities for the structures that have expired. In order to maintain the ecological balance, using the available sources wisely and efficiently is crucial. In this study, known class and age of waste concrete is used as coarse and fine aggregates as production of concrete. There are two types of aggregates are used in concrete production as 0–4 and 4–22.4 sizes. These aggregates groups are replaced with normal aggregates as 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 100% ratios in concrete. Compressive strength of concrete specimens are determined as 28 and 90 days coring regime. According to the experimental results, it has been seen that recycled aggregates may be used in concrete production and that they may shed light in the production of sustainable concrete.

Innovations for mineral and chemical additives used in concrete cause a rapid development in concrete technology. Thus, high-performance fiber-reinforced cement composites (HPFRCC) that exhibit ductile behavior under axial loads are produced. With the development and widespread use of nano technology, the production of nano materials that can be used in concrete has led to the development of concrete properties. The first studies about nano and fiber materials used in concrete show that the performance of the concrete develops when they are used together in concrete. In this study, two basic mixtures were designed as fly ash (55% by weight of total cementitious material) and without fly ash mixture. In both of two basic mixtures, HPFRCC mixtures were prepared using the ratio of nano materials (nano silica, nano alumina, and nano calcite) determined by the preliminary test and the additive materials. According to results for all mixtures, the highest compressive and flexural strengths belong to the mixture containing 0% fly ash and nano silicate which is 109.7 and 17 MPa at 90 days, respectively, and the lowest compressive and flexural strengths belong to the mixture containing 55% fly ash and without nano materials which is 23.36 and 12.02 MPa at 1 day, respectively. The results show that mixtures containing nano materials improve the compressive and flexural strengths.

The goal of this study was to present our experience in the management of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related complications in patients referred to our surgical emergency unit by various endoscopy centers.A retrospective investigation was conducted on the records of the 54 patients who were referred to our surgical emergency unit between October 2005 and January 2014 due to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related complications.There were 25 and 29 female and male patients, respectively. Pancreatitis was the most common complication (38.8%). Perforation (27.7%), infection (20.3%), and bleeding (12.9%) were the other complications. In 22.2% of cases, patients were died. The mortality rate was the highest in patients with perforation (40%). The mean age of the patients who were died due to complications was 75.9 years (range, 47-94 years). In total, 41.6% of the patients were died within the first week and 33.3% were died within the second week following ERCP. Nearly half of these patients had a cancerous disease (one had metastatic breast cancer, one had a gallbladder cancer, one had a duodenal cancer, and the other three had periampullary cancers) and 50% of the patients who died also had cardiopulmonary and/or cerebrovascular disorders.Comprehending and managing the main risk factors can minimize complications; however, they would not be eliminated. Moderate and severe complications may increase the mortality rates, particularly in high-risk patients.

Bu çalışmada 8 farklı karışım yapılmıştır. Bu karışımlarda, Nano Silikat %0 ’dan %2’ ye kadar % 0.25 arttırılarak çimento yerine ikame edilmiştir. Hazırlanan numunelerde su oranı düşük tutulup yüksek hacimde kullanılan Uçucu Külün etkisi altında ikame edilen Nano Silikatlı karışımların basınç ve eğilme altındaki davranışları araştırılmıştır. Numunelerde basınç dayanımı testi için 5×5×5 cm küp prizma betonlar hazırlanmış ve 1., 3. ve 7. günlerde deneylere tabi tutulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı Nano Silikatlı numunelerin 1. günden itibaren Uçucu Külün erken yaş dayanımdaki negatif etkisini önlemek ve yüksek performanslı beton elde etmektir., In this study, 8 different mixtures were made. In these mixtures, silica nanoparticles were substituted for cement by 0% to 2% by 0.25%. The compressive and flexural strength of Nano Silicate Mixtures under the influence of high volume fly ash with low water content were investigated. 5×5×5 cm concrete cubic prisms were produced and subjected to compressive strength test on the 1st, 3rd and 7th days. These prepared concrete specimens were subjected to experiments on 1, 3 and 7 days. The aim of this study is to prevent the negative effect of high volume fly ash on the early age strength of concrete from the first day and to obtain high performance concrete.

The effects of ripening temperature and adjunct cultures (Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus casei) on the volatile compounds and sensory and textural properties of white-brined cheese were investigated. Three batches of cheese were produced: cheese A was inoculated with only cheese starter culture (Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis plus Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris), cheese B was inoculated with cheese starter culture plus Lactobacillus helveticus and cheese C was inoculated with cheese starter culture plus Lactobacillus casei. Cheeses were ripened at 6 or 12 °C and analyzed at 30-day intervals up to 120 days of ripening. The use of adjunct culture and ripening temperature significantly influenced the pH and proteolysis of cheeses (P < 0.05). Acids, ketones and alcohols were found at high levels in all three cheeses. Volatiles were significantly influenced by the use of the adjunct cultures, ageing and to some extent ripening temperature (P < 0.05). Textural parameters of the cheeses were significantly affected by the adjunct culture during ripening (P < 0.05). The sensory scores of the cheese samples decreased during the ripening period. An age-related bitterness was detected by the panellists in 90 or 120-day-old cheeses with added adjunct cultures. In conclusion, the use of adjunct culture and ripening at 12 °C enhanced the volatile composition and changed the texture profiles of the cheeses.

Attempts to find a construction material having increased strength, ductility, toughness, and durability have led to interest in high performance fiber reinforced concrete. The use of such materials increases day by day. When the fibers are distributed in a homogeneous way and used in appropriate quantity inside the concrete, they reduce cracks, contribute to tensile strength, toughness, ductility and durability, and improve other mechanical properties. In this study, four types of concrete were produced: steel fiber (SFRC), polyester fiber (PYFRC), polypropylene fiber (PPFRC) reinforced concrete and a reference sample made of plain concrete (R1); these were then compared to one another. The ratio of fibers was used 4.25% of volume of concrete. The effects of the different types of fiber on hardened concrete were determined by conducting physical and mechanical experiments. Compressive strength, surface hardness, ultrasonic pulse velocity, carbonation, abrasion, capillarity and freeze thaw resistance experiments were conducted on hardened concretes. SFRC had higher 12.4%, PYFRC 3.4% higher and PPFRC 4.3% lower compressive strength with respect to RI. PPFRC showed 8.04% higher compressive strength than R1 when it was determined by the surface hardness method. SFRC showed 5.4% higher compressive strength than R1 when we applied the ultrasonic pulse velocity method. In the abrasion experiment, the highest abrasion was found in SFRC with similar to 0.5%, while the lowest was found in PPFRC at similar to 0.18%. The highest and lowest amount of capillary water absorption was seen in R1 and PYFRC, respectively. In a carbonation experiment, SFRC was determined similar to 130.8% higher than R1. It was concluded that the types of fiber used for reinforcement influenced the physical and mechanical properties of the concrete. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The combined effect of temperature, agitation speed, and light on red pigment production by Monascus purpureus (M. purpureus) Went DSM 1604 using bug damaged wheat was studied using an artificial neural network (ANN). Information retrieved from the ANN was used to determine the optimal operating conditions for pigment production by M. purpureus using bug damaged wheat meal. The developed ANN had R 2 values for training, validation, and testing data sets of 0.993, 0.961, and 0.944, respectively. According to the model, the highest pigment production of 1.874 absorbance units at 510 nm (A510 nm) would be achieved at 29°C and 150 rpm under light conditions. The mean value of the experimental results obtained under these optimum conditions was 1.787±0.072 A510 nm, corresponding to a pigment yield of 35.740 A510 nm/g. The study showed that bug damaged wheat can be used as a substrate for red pigment production by M. purpureus.

The effects of waste concrete (WC) properties (compressive strength of the concrete and its aggregate) on the properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) were investigated in two parts: WC and RAC. WCs, the first part of the study, cover three different strength limestone aggregate types and concrete mixtures with five different water/concrete ratios (0·69, 0·54, 0·42, 0·37, 0·32) in each aggregate type. RACs, the second part of the study, were prepared with three different w/c ratios (0·30, 0·35, 0·40), and 100% coarse recycled aggregates supplied from each WC. Some tests – compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, Schmidt rebound hammer, specific gravity and water absorption – were performed on the hardened WC and RAC samples. It was found that the compressive strength of RAC was mainly dependent on the strength of limestone aggregate and w/c ratio, while WC strength affected the strength to a lesser extent. The correlation coefficients of RAC for the ultrasonic pulse velocity, Schmidt rebound number, specific gravity and water absorption values against uniaxial compressive strength were found to be significantly lower than those of WC.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of rice husk addition on the porosity and thermal conductivity properties of fired clay bricks. Therefore, brick raw material and rice husk obtained from Corum, Turkey were used. Rice husk was substituted by volume (5%, 10% and 15%) to brick raw material in two forms as ground rice husk and coarse rice husk. The prepared mixtures were compacted in laboratory type extrusion under a pressure of 0.6 MPa for the perforated rectangular shaped (40 mm x 70 mm x 50 mm). Dried brick samples were fired at the rate of 2.5 degrees C/min until final temperature for 1 h. The observations during the tests show that bricks with the 5% and 10% addition of rice husk to brick clay exhibit a compressive strength of 7-10 MPa which is smaller than the reference clay bricks and nevertheless, satisfies the requirements in TS EN 772-1 and disaster regulation for a building material to be used in the indoor structural applications. Reference samples give the highest thermal conductivity at all firing temperatures. It has been determined that samples added coarse rice husk have lower thermal conductivity than samples added ground rice husk. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sürdürülebilirlik açısından betonarme altyapıelamanlarında bazı sebeplerden ötürü bozulmalar oluşmaktadır. Bu bozulmalarıntamir ve onarımında yüksek dayanımlı tamir harcı üretimi konusunda araştırmalarartmıştır. Bunun nedeni kısa süredebozulan altyapı betonarme elamanlarının tamir ve onarımının daha az maliyetliolmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Çalışmada yüksek performanslı tamir ve onarım harçlarıüretim amacıyla üç farklı nano malzeme çimento ağırlığının % 0.5, %1, %1.5 ve%2 oranlarında ilave edilir iken karışıma giren bağlayıcının %55’i oranında UKikame edilmiştir. Her bir karışım için 28 günlük basınç dayanımı için üçer tane50×50×50 mm küp numuneler hazırlanmıştır.Genellikle nano silikat ve nano alüminat bütünkarışım oranlarında yaklaşık olarak birbiriyle paralellik göstermiştir. Nano silikatve nano alüminat %1 oranında kullanıldığında maksimum basınç dayanımınıkazanırken, nano kalsit %0.5 oranında kullanıldığında maksimum basınç dayanımı değerinivermiştir. Nano malzemeler birbiri ile kıyaslandığında en yüksek dayanımı 97,86 MPa ile %1oranı ile hazırlanılan nano silikatlı numuneler verirken, en düşük dayanımı 54,32 MPa ile %0,5 oranı ile hazırlanılan nano alüminatlınumuneler vermiştir. &nbsp, In terms of sustainability reinforced concreteinfrastructure elements deteriorate for some reasons.. The research on theproduction of high performance repair mortars in the repair of these deteriorationshas increased rapidly. The reasons for this is the use of nanomaterials atcertain rates in the production of repair mortar and its great advantage ofhigh performace in a short time. In the study, three different nano materialswere added at 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% of the weight of the cement for theproduction of high performance repair and repair mortars, while the admixturebinder was 55% UK substituted. Samples of 50 × 50 × 50 mm cubes were preparedfor 28 days compressive strength for each mixture. Generally, with thenano-silicate and nano-aluminate mixtureshad approximately parallel results to each other in all mixture ratios. Nano-silicateand nano-aluminate mixtures gave the maximum compressive strength when used at1% whereas nano-calcite mixture gave the maximum compressive strength when usedat 0.5% ratio. When the nano materials compared with each other, nano-silicate samples prepared at 1% ratiogave the highest strength of 97,86 MPa, while thenano-aluminate samples prepared at 0.5 ratio gave the lowest strength of 54,32 MPa&nbsp

Beton günümüzde yaygın kullanılanbir yapı malzemesidir. Betonun %70-75’i agrega olmasından dolayı geri dönüşümagrega (GDA)’nın beton üretiminde kullanılması konusunda birçok araştırmacıçalışma yapmaktadır. Atık beton dolayısıyla atık agrega kullanımı çevresel,ekolojik ve ekonomik etkilerinin yanı sıra enerji sarfiyatını ve doğal hammaddetüketimini de azaltmaktadır. Bu çalışmada atık betonlardan elde edilen agregave bu agrega ile üretilen betonun mühendislik özellikleri incelenmiştir.Araştırmada GDA % 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 ve 100 olarak kırmataş agregası (KTA) ileince ve iri olarak ikame edilerek beton üretiminde kullanılmıştır. Bağlayıcıolarak CEM I 42,5 R çimentosu ve çimento ağırlığının %20’si oranında uçucu külikame edilerek beton örnekler üretilmiştir. GDA ikameli betonun 28 ve 90 günlükbasınç dayanımı, 90 günlük betonlarda ıslanma kuruma sonrası dayanım kaybı veaderans dayanımı belirlenmiştir. GDA’sının KTA’ya göre daha yüksek su emmeoranınına sahip olmasından dolayı GDA ikame oranı arttıkça taze betonda çökmedeğeri azalmıştır. Kontrol betonu (KB) bütün yaşlarda en yüksek dayanımı vermişve GDA ikame edildiğinde basınç dayanımında düşüş gözlenmiştir. GDA ikamelibetonların aderans dayanımı ve ıslanma kuruma sonrası basınç dayanımlarınınKB’a göre daha düşük olduğu gözlemlenmiştir., Nowadays concrete is the most commonly usedconstruction material. Many researchers are investigating the use of recycledaggregate in concrete because 70-75% of concrete is composed of aggregates andusing aggregates produced from waste concrete has environmental, ecologic andeconomic impacts and reduces the energy and natural resources consumption. Inthis study properties of aggregates provided from crushing waste concrete andalso engineering properties of concrete made from these aggregates have beeninvestigated. Fine and coarse recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) were replacedin the ratio of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% with fine and coarse crushedaggregates in concrete mix design. CEM I 42,5 R cement was used as a binder andreplaced by 20% of the cement’s weight with fly ash in all mixtures. Due to thehigh water absorption of the RCA in comparison to the crushed aggregates, theslump was decreased by increasing RCA substitution ratio in the mixtures.Control concrete (CC) has gained the highest compressive strength in all ages.28 and 90-day compressive strength of normally cured concretes, the bondstrength between concrete specimens and rebars and compressive strength ofconcretes subjected to the wetting and drying cycles were decreased byincreasing RCA substitution ratio in the mixtures.

Bitki yetistiriciliginde iklimsel faktorler buyuk onem arz etmektedir. Bunlarin basinda sicaklik faktoru gelmektedir. Bu nedenle bu calismada sicaklik parametresi ele alinmis, ulkemizde meyve, sebze, sus bitkileri ve orman agaclari gibi alanlarda yetistiricilik yapanlarin kullanabilecekleri bitkisel uretimde onemli olan sicaklikla ilgili alt ve ust sinir degerlerinin dagilimini gosteren haritalarin uretilmesi amaclanmistir. Gelismis ulkelerde bu calismalar uzun yillar once baslamis ve cografi bilgi sistemleri teknikleri de kullanilarak gelistirilmistir. Bitkiler icin cok dusuk ve cok yuksek sicakliklarin dagilimini gosteren haritalarin yeni teknolojilerle uretilmesi, ulke kaynaklarinin daha verimli bir sekilde kullanilmasini saglamasi acisindan onemlidir. Bu calismada, 250 iklim istasyonun 1975-2010 yillari arasi, dusuk ve yuksek sicaklik parametreleri kullanilarak veri tabani hazirlanmis, topografya ve yukseltinin de etkisi yansitilarak Turkiye icin 18 sinifli bitkilerin soguga ve 10 sinifli sicaga dayaniklilik bolge haritalari uretilmistir. Boylece yetistiriciler kendi bolgelerinin riskli sicaklik araligini bu haritalardan ogrenerek daha dogru tur ve cesit secimi yapabileceklerdir. Bunun sonucunda yurtdisi ile fidan ticareti yapan yerli sirketler urunlerin zarar gormeyecegi sicaklik degerine sahip bolge konusunda dunya ulkeleri ile ayni dili konusabileceklerdir. Ayni zamanda bitki koruma uzmanlari da zararli risk analizi calismalarinda uretilen bu haritalardan faydalanabileceklerdir.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine risk factors and the impact on treatment cost of infection in patients with isolated head injury. METHODS: Data acquired from 299 patients (239 males, 60 females; mean age 35,1±23,2 years) with isolated head trauma who were hospitalized for more than 72 hours at Trakya University Training and Research Hospital between 2001-2007 were evaluated retrospectively. Data including age, gender, initial neurological examination, radiological findings, duration of hospitalization, need for surgery, cost of infection treatment, total cost of care, and outcome scores were determined. Two groups divided according to the development of infection were compared for risk factors and the impact of infection on the cost of treatment. RESULTS: In the group of patients with infection, the mean Glasgow Coma Scale score at delivery was lower; anisocoria, light reflex loss, lateralized deficit, skull base fracture, subdural hematoma, and cerebral edema findings were more frequent. A four-times longer hospital stay, 10-times higher total cost and a significantly increased mortality rate were determined in this group. For the patients with light head injury, in the group of patients with infection, the mean age was found to be higher. CONCLUSION: For patients with isolated head injury, there are some risk factors for the development of infection that increase the hospitalization duration, total cost of care and mortality rates.