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Objective: This study investigates whether and how perceived training value varies among fighter pilots participating in a large force exercise (LFE), and whether they expect Live Virtual Constructive (LVC) training to enhance training value of future LFEs. Background: LVC technology is maturing but its expected training value is under-investigated, especially regarding future LVC in LFEs. Method: Fighter pilots at a Live-flying LFE answered questionnaires, 120 responses were analyzed statistically. The questions focused on whether the sortie they just flew provided training value, generally and for specific Desired Learning Objectives (DLOs), on whether the inclusion of Virtual and Constructive entities in future LFEs would contribute to training value generally and to the DLOs specifically, and on specific LVC implementation issues. Results: Ratings of experienced training value varied across DLOs, and DLO ratings varied across Mission types. Fighter pilots were positive toward including Virtual and Constructive entities in LFEs for certain DLOs, mostly for flying a complex mission. DLOs covaried around the factors of LVC-tradeoff advantages and Live advantages, as well as temporal dimensions of planning before a mission and stages of engagement. LVC implementation lessons were extracted. Conclusion: Fighter pilots are generally moderately positive about LVC in LFEs. The measurement of perceived training value per DLO seems a relevant instrument for investigating perceived training value of an LFE and expected training value of future LVC training.

A state machine model can turn a complex behavioural system into a more accessible graphical model, and can improve the way people work with system design by making it easier to communicate and understand the system. The clear structure of a state machine model enables automatic generation of well structured, and consequently readable, and maintainable code. There are many known implementations and even plenty of commercial software available for working with state machines, and the goal of this project is to compare and discuss some of these implementations in the context of Ericsson's demands for run time, memory usage, scalability, readability, and maintainability. More specifically, the project focuses on the state machine models specified in the UML (the unified modeling language [15]), utilizing UML's associated markup language, XMI, to go from graphical model to generated C code. The resulting C code is primarily a code skeleton which only provides the basic behaviour of transitioning between states given a specific event, it is expected that the developers manually implement additional features themselves. The examined implementations are: Nested Switch, Array of Structs, Function Pointers, Basic State Pattern, State-Table Pattern, and Hierarchical State Pattern. Additionally, the project investigates how multiple state machines can communicate and work together as interacting state machines. And finally, to showcase how a state machine implementation can be maintainable, we develop an iterative code editor that can edit already operating and manually modified state machine implementations. The implementations are tested on a case study example provided by Ericsson, aimed to represent a sort of typical state machine design when it comes to number of states and events. The implementations are further tested with randomly generated state machines, to examine their scalability properties. In our opinion the results favour the Array of Structs and Basic State Pa

Aviation is a highly inter-connected system. This means that a problem in one area maycause effects in other countries or parts of the Air Transport System (ATS). Examples range from localair traffic disruptions to the 2010 volcanic ash crisis. Agility, like resilience, refers to the ability to copewith dynamics and complexity in a flexible manner, by adjusting and adapting performance and theorganization of work to fit changing demands. The aim of this work is to help ATS organizationswith increasing their agility in the face of crises and challenges. To this end, this article presents theAgile Response Capability (ARC) guidance material. ARC was developed from a literature study anda number of case studies that combined past event analysis, interviews, focus groups, workshops,questionnaires, and exercise observation methodologies. ARC aims to help aviation organizations toset up, run, and evaluate exercises promoting agility to handle disturbances and crises, and to enablestructured pro-active and retrospective analysis of scenarios and actual events. The elements andsteps of the ARC approach are illustrated and exemplified with data from three case studies. TheARC methodology facilitates more agile and resilient ways of responding to the fundamental andnovel surprises that have become almost commonplace in the past decade, and are likely to continueto do so.

Reliable energy storage systems are necessary in modern sustainable societies. Storing energy in a spinning flywheel is an old technology which is further investigated in this project. By examining the reactionary forces and friction loss for bearings in a flywheel system, using both MATLAB and Google Spreadsheets, conclusions about the systems design can be drawn. Out of the reactionary forces acting on the rotor, the gravitational force and the mechanical unbalance force proved to be the significant ones, while the gyroscopic reactionary force was relatively small. According to these calculations, to minimize the friction losses, a disc shaped flywheel should be constructed. In general smaller bearing of a chosen bearing type will cause less friction than a bigger bearing of the same type. The bearings also have to be strong and durable enough to meet the requirements of the application.

Objective Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with low IGF-I and altered levels of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in plasma. This may be of importance for insulin sensitivity and the risk of developing diabetic complications. We hypothesized that IGF-I bioactivity is affected by the route of insulin administration and that continuous intraperitoneal insulin infusion (CIPII) has a more pronounced effect than continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Design and methods We compared 10 patients with T1D on CIPII with 20 age- and sex-matched patients on CSII. Blood sampling was carried out 7–9 am after an overnight fast. All patients were C-peptide negative. IGF-I bioactivity was measured in vitro using a specific IGF-I kinase receptor activation (KIRA) assay. IGF-I was also measured by immunoassay together with IGF-II, IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2. Results When compared with subcutaneous insulin, intraperitoneal insulin resulted in (CIPII vs CSII) higher IGF-I bioactivity (1·83 ± 0·76 vs 1·16 ± 0·24 μg/l; P = 0·02), IGF-I (120 ± 35 vs 81 ± 19 μg/l; P = 0·01) and IGF-II (1050 ± 136 vs 879 ± 110 μg/l; P = 0·02). By contrast, log-transformed IGFBP-1 was reduced (P = 0·013), whereas log-transformed IGFBP-2 was not different (P = 0·12). There was a positive correlation between IGF bioactivity and IGF-I (r = 0·69; P < 0·001) and an inverse correlation between IGF-I bioactivity and log10 IGFBP-1 (r = −0·68, P < 0·001). Conclusion The in vitro IGF-I bioactivity was higher in patients treated with CIPII compared with CSII supporting the theory that the route of insulin administration is of importance for the activity of the IGF system. Intraperitoneal insulin administration may therefore be beneficial by correcting the alterations of the IGF system in T1D.

This contribution presents a summary of activities performed in an ongoing military research project aiming at investigating the impact of navigational support on spatial awareness. Investigated tasks are e.g. indication of direction to objects beyond visual range with and without navigational support, display size, performance time, and use of GPS device in darkness. The results indicate that the ability to keep track of targets in the terrain without a technical aid is very poor, but with a GPS device targets can be indicated with relatively high precision. Precision on target indication is slightly better with a larger display, it seems possible to indicate as fast as 5 seconds with a GPS device without impairments of precision, and a GPS device can be used for target indication in darkness. Spatial ability measured by PTSOT can discriminate important aspects of spatial ability with direct relevance for navigation and target indication.

Dismounted soldiers today use digital support for navigation and presentation of direction, and most likely such support will become standard equipment. Therefore, it is important to investigate how factors such as display size and performance time influence the ability to transform information on the map to positions in the terrain. An experiment was performed with two display sizes (3.5-inch and 9.7-inch). The participants’ task was to indicate direction to positions in the terrain represented by target symbols on a digital map with four different time limits (5s, 10s, 15s, and 20s). Participants with low spatial ability (measured by PTSOT) had lower precision with the small display, whereas participants with medium and high spatial ability performed equally well with both displays. When the time limit was shortened, task load increased, but performance was not affected. The results also confirm that important aspects of spatial ability can be discriminated by PTSOT.

Previous experiments have shown that target indication supported by satellite-guided positioning with map on a GPS device can be made with high precision in daylight. Since the ability of military units to operate in night-op conditions is vital, the possibilities of using such equipment with night vision goggles was tested in a night-time experiment with ten officers. Their tasks were 1) to designate direction and distance to targets visible in the terrain, and 2) to identify target positions in the terrain. They performed the tasks both with GPS device and with conventional verbal target designation. Precision was approximately equal whether the tasks were performed with the GPS device or verbally, but performance time was longer with GPS device. To elicit more information the officers also participated in focus group discussions. This provided important information on design and usage of a GPS device in night-op conditions, e.g. concerning compatibility with other systems and usability in cold weather.

The study presented in this paper has investigated how technology can support spatial awareness when moving in wooded terrain. By “spatial awareness”, we refer to the ability to point in the approximate direction of several objects while navigating in unknown terrain. The ability to localize objects in the terrain has importance for emergency operations, for example firefighting and search and rescue operations. A field experiment was conducted with two conditions, one with technical support and one without. The results show that technical support in terms of GPS, digital maps and electronic compass can dramatically improve the ability to accurately indicate directions to objects. Further, findings concerning use of tests on spatial orientation to predict the ability to indicate directions to objects in the terrain when having no technical support are presented.

Objective:In a simulated combat vehicle, uni-, bi-, and trimodal cueing of direction to threat were compared with the purpose to investigate whether multisensory redundant information may enhance dynamic perception and performance. Background: Previous research has shown that multimodal display presentation can enhance perception of information and task performance. Method: Two experiments in a simulated combat vehicle were performed under the instructions to turn the vehicle toward the threat as fast and accurately as possible after threat cue onset. In Experiment 1, direction to threat was presented by four display types: visual head-down display, tactile belt, 3-D audio, and trimodal with the three displays combined. In Experiment 2, direction to threat was presented by three display types: visual head-up display (HUD)–3-D audio, tactile belt–3-D audio, and trimodal with HUD, tactile belt, and 3-D audio combined. Results: In Experiment 1, the trimodal display provided overall best performance and perception of threat direction. In Experiment 2, both the trimodal and HUD–3-D audio displays led to overall best performance, and the trimodal display provided overall the best perception of threat direction. None of the trimodal displays induced higher mental workload or secondary task interference. Conclusion: The trimodal displays provided overall enhanced perception and performance in the dynamically framed threat scenario and did not entail higher mental workload or decreased spare capacity. Application: Trimodal displays with redundant information may contribute to safer and more reliable peak performance in time-critical dynamic tasks and especially in more extreme and stressful situations with high perceptual or mental workload.

Information Operations (InfoOps) can be used by or affect all kinds of actors in a multinational, civil-military operation. To explore issues related to command and control (C2) and information operations, a simulation environment was developed in which a series of experiments was performed. The simulator is called the Command and Control Warfare Demonstrator (C2WD). In the C2WD, C2 warfare in terms of electronic warfare (EW) and computer network operations (CNO) can be used to facilitate or reduce certain aspects of a staff?s C2 ability. During experiments, military InfoOps experts formed a team responsible for C2W resources in a fictive peace keeping mission. The scenario was developed as being comprehensive, involving both civil and military aspects. Data collection was based on a hypothesis of ten prerequisites for C2 and included performance measures, self estimations, observations, system logs, video and screen recordings. A synchronized replay of all data sources was performed in order to compare the results from the different sources. The main findings are that the ten prerequisites for C2 seem to explain C2 ability. Based on these findings, a LISREL model was developed, where four factors with causal connections were created, visualizing the relations between these prerequisites., Presented at the International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium (16th) held in Quebec City, Canada on 21-23 June 2011. Published in the Proceedings of the International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium (16th), June 2011.