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4. Identifying Gender and Racial Bias in Pediatric Fellowship Letters of Recommendation: Do Word Choices Influence Interview Decisions?

Author

Boolchandani, Henna, primary, Chen, Laura, additional, Elder, Robert W., additional, Osborn, Rachel, additional, Phatak, Uma P., additional, Puthenpura, Vidya, additional, Sheares, Beverley J., additional, Tiyyagura, Gunjan, additional, Amster, Leah, additional, Lee, Seohyuk, additional, and Langhan, Melissa L., additional

Published
2023
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6. Management Practices for Standard-Risk and High-Risk Patients With Bronchiolitis

Author

Spindler, Derek, primary, Monroe, Kimberly K., additional, Malakh, Mayya, additional, McCaffery, Harlan, additional, Shaw, Rebekah, additional, Biary, Nora, additional, Foo, Katrina, additional, Levy, Kathryn, additional, Vittorino, Roselle, additional, Desai, Pooja, additional, Schmidt, John, additional, Saul, D’Anna, additional, Skoczylas, Maria, additional, Chang, Y. Katharine, additional, Osborn, Rachel, additional, and Jacobson, Emily, additional

Published
2023
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7. Identification of microbes degrading nematicides and the development of a diagnostic assay for nematicide persistence in soils

Author

Osborn, Rachel Kathleen

Subjects
631.417, Nematicides
Abstract

The potential for enhanced degradation of the carbamate nematicides oxamyl and aldicarb was demonstrated in UK agricultural soils by applying three successive applications in laboratory incubation. Enhanced degradation was observed in all of the soils treated with oxamyl except one, soil OX 11. The reason for the comparatively slow rates of degradation in this soil could not be explained by any physical property of the soil. Enhanced rates of degradation were recorded for nine of the fifteen soils treated with aldicarb. The rate of aldicarb degradation did appear to be affected by low pH and high organic matter content. Enhanced degradation of the organophosphorus nematicide fosthiazate was not observed in any of the ten soils investigated. This was the case irrespective of soil type, pH, organic matter or nematicide-treatment history. Enhanced degradation of oxamyl was also observed in liquid media containing oxamyl as the sole carbon source. Thirty-six oxamyl-degrading bacteria from seven different soils were characterised by partial 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Twenty-one of these strains showed high similarity to Aminobacter aminovorans, 14 demonstrated an equal degree of similarity to the species A. niigataensis and Chelatobacter heintzii and one was classed as a Mesorhizobium sp. Using mcd gene specific primers to detect mcd gene homologous sequences resulted in the visualisation of mcd gene sized bands, under gel electrophoresis, for ten of the 28 isolates tested. An investigation into the suitability of the enrichment culture method for predicting the potential for enhanced degradation of nematicides in agricultural soils gave promising results. The enrichment culture method mirrored the enhanced degradation results of the incubation study in nine of the 19 soils tested, i.e., enhanced degradation occurred in both the incubation and the enrichment study or it was absent from both. The method was, however, found to be less reliable in low pH soils.

Published
2005
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19. Multi‐gene phylogeny of North American clear‐winged moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae): a foundation for future evolutionary study of a speciose mimicry complex.

Author

Cognato, Anthony I., Taft, William, Osborn, Rachel K., and Rubinoff, Daniel

Subjects
PHYLOGENY, HYMENOPTERA, MOTHS, SPECIES
Abstract

Sesiids are a diverse group of predominantly diurnal moths, many of which are Batesian mimics of Hymenoptera. However, their diversity and relationships are poorly understood. A multi‐gene phylogenetic analysis of 48 North American sesiid species confirmed the traditional taxonomic tribal ranks, demonstrated the paraphyly of Carmenta and Synanthedon with respect to several other genera and ultimately provided minimal phylogenetic resolution within and between North American and European groups. Character support from each gene suggested inconsistency between the phylogenetic signal of the CAD gene and that of the other four genes. However, removal of CAD from subsequent phylogenetic analyses did not substantially change the initial phylogenetic results or return Carmenta and Synanthedon as reciprocally monophyletic, suggesting that it was not impacting the overall phylogenetic signal. The lack of resolution using genes that are typically informative at the species level for other lepidopterans suggests a surprisingly rapid radiation of species in Carmenta/Synanthedon. This group also exhibits a wide range of mimicry strategies and hostplant usage, which could be fertile ground for future study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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20. Symbiotic Fungi Associated With Xyleborine Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and the Imperative of Global Collaboration.

Author

Osborn, Rachel K, Castro, Jessenia, Duong, Tuan A, Hulcr, Jiri, Li, You, Martínez, Malena, and Cognato, Anthony I

Subjects
*AMBROSIA beetles, *BEETLES, *CURCULIONIDAE, *ENTOMOPATHOGENIC fungi, *AGRICULTURE, *FUNGI, *PATHOGENIC fungi
Abstract

Ambrosia beetles from the tribe Xyleborini are part of nearly all forest ecosystems. Because of their small size, haplodiploid mating structure, and protected lives inside the sapwood of woody plants, they have a unique ability to expand into new regions via inadvertent human transport. A small number of invasive xyleborines cause significant damage to forests, lumber concerns, and agricultural systems. Most ambrosia pests damage or kill trees by the accumulation of beetle attacks, one is known to cause tree death through the introduction of pathogenic fungus into susceptible Lauraceae trees. The relationships between ambrosia fungi and their beetle vectors range from mutualistic symbiosis to facultative association, but most remain unstudied. Unresolved taxonomies, convergent morphologies, and the difficulty of sampling ambrosia fungi over their entire global ranges make comprehensive surveys of ambrosia fungi difficult to achieve. Ambrosia fungi from Europe and North America are moderately well documented, however, we have yet to sufficiently document those from Africa, Asia, Australia, and South America. Worldwide cooperation to improve and standardize scientific study of the ambrosia symbioses is needed to better understand these impactful organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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24. Hydraulic continuity in Washington water law.

Author

Osborn, Rachel Paschal

Subjects
Water rights -- Laws, regulations and rules, Water -- Management, Water -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation
Published
2010

30. Firearms Screening in the Pediatric Inpatient Setting

Author

Monroe, Kimberly K., primary, Fried, Sarah Q., additional, Rubin, Alexandra, additional, Markman, Lisa R., additional, Shefler, Alanna, additional, McCaffery, Harlan, additional, Arora, Nonie S., additional, Osborn, Rachel R., additional, Freundlich, Katherine L., additional, and Mychaliska, Kerry P., additional

Published
2020
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31. Ecuadorian Coptoborusbeetles harbor Fusariumand Graphiumfungi previously associated with Euwallaceaambrosia beetles

Author

Osborn, Rachel K., Ordóñez, Maria Eugenia, and Cognato, Anthony I.

Abstract

ABSTRACTAmbrosia beetles from the scolytine tribe Xyleborini (Curculionidae) are important to the decomposition of woody plant material on every continent except Antarctica. These insects farm fungi on the walls of tunnels they build inside recently dead trees and rely on the fungi for nutrition during all stages of their lives. Such ambrosia fungi rely on the beetles to provide appropriate substrates and environmental conditions for growth. A small minority of xyleborine ambrosia beetle–fungal partnerships cause significant damage to healthy trees. The xyleborine beetle Coptoborus ochromactonusvectors a Fusarium(Hypocreales) fungus that is lethal to balsa (Ochroma pyramidale(Malvaceae)) trees in Ecuador. Although this pathogenic fungus and its associated beetle are not known to be established in the United States, several other non-native ambrosia beetle species are vectors of destructive plant diseases in this country. This fact and the acceleration of trade between South America and the United States demonstrate the importance of understanding fungal plant pathogens before they escape their native ranges. Here we identify the fungi accompanying Coptoborusambrosia beetles collected in Ecuador. Classification based ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS) sequences revealed the most prevalent fungi associated with Coptoborusare Fusariumsp. and Graphiumsp. (Microascales: Microascaceae), which have been confirmed as ambrosia fungi for xyleborine ambrosia beetles, and Clonostsachyssp. (Hypocreales), which is a diverse genus found abundantly in soils and associated with plants. Phylogenetic analyses of the Fusariumstrains based on ITS, translation elongation factor (EF1-α), and two subunits of the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II (RPB1and RPB2) identified them as Fusariumsp. AF-9 in the Ambrosia FusariumClade (AFC). This Fusariumspecies was previously associated with a few xyleborine ambrosia beetles, most notably the species complex Euwallacea fornicatus(Eichhoff 1868) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini). Examination of ITS and EF1-αsequences showed a close affinity between the Graphiumisolated from Coptoborusspp. and other xyleborine-associated Graphiumas well as the soil fungus Graphium basitruncatum. This characterization of ambrosia fungi through DNA sequencing confirms the identity of a putative plant pathogen spread by Coptoborusbeetles and expands the documented range of Fusariumand Graphiumambrosia fungi.

Published
2022
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41. Pediatric Chief Residents' Experiences as Inpatient Attending Physicians.

Author

Banker, Sumeet L., Berkwitt, Adam, and Osborn, Rachel R.

Subjects
ANALYSIS of variance, ATTITUDE (Psychology), CHI-squared test, CONTENT analysis, HOSPITAL medical staff, INTERNSHIP programs, MEDICAL personnel, PEDIATRICS, QUESTIONNAIRES, LOGISTIC regression analysis
Abstract

Some pediatric chief residents perform supervisory clinical duties during chief residency, but these activities are highly variable and descriptions are limited. Our goals were to characterize inpatient service performed by pediatric chief residents and to explore factors that influence their experiences as inpatient attending physicians. Pediatric chief residents at Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–accredited programs in 2016 were invited to complete a 40-item electronic questionnaire about their inpatient service obligation as well as attitudes regarding this experience. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, analysis of variance tests, and logistic regression. Open-ended responses underwent content analysis. There were 116 completed surveys from a national sample of 223 (response rate 52%); 66% served as inpatient attending physicians during chief residency. On average, chief residents spent 5.5 weeks (range 1–16) in this role with a daily census of 11.5 patients (range 5–20). Those entering primary care were significantly less likely to spend time as an inpatient attending compared with chiefs entering fellowship or hospital medicine (45.7 vs 67.3 vs 83.3%, P =.01). Overall, 92% regarded their inpatient clinical experience positively and indicated they would like the same (40%) or more time (52%) in this role. The average favorability rating was 8.2 of 10, and this was not associated with clinical workload or career choice. Most chief residents serve as inpatient attending physicians during chief residency. They rate their inpatient experience positively despite wide variability in clinical experiences, patient population, and clinical load. Further studies should examine the value of this experience and its impact on chief residents' future practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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49. Potential enhancement of degradation of the nematicides aldicarb, oxamyl and fosthiazate in UK agricultural soils through repeated applications.

Author

Osborn, Rachel K., Edwards, Simon G., Wilcox, Andrew, and Haydock, Patrick P.J.

Subjects
ARABLE land, NEMATOCIDES, ALDICARB, BIODEGRADATION
Abstract

The article presents a study on potential enhancement of degradation of the carbamoyloxime nematicides aldicarb and oxamyl and the fosthiazate in British agricultural soils. The study is undertaken through repeated applications of nematicide at 25 day intervals. Results of the study show that degradation rate was faster at second and third applications of aldicarb compared to first application in six of the 15 soils. Also, the study found no evidence of enhanced degradation for fosthiazate.

Published
2010
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