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Entrepreneurship has become vital for national growth. Therefore, it is essential to explore the factors that enhance entrepreneurial transformation. The literature identifies two main driving forces behind entrepreneurship: necessity and opportunity, which react differently to the socio-economic factors. This study explores the socio-economic determinants of necessity-based entrepreneurship and opportunity-based entrepreneurship. Here the yearly data of 108 countries from 2009 to 2017 is used to formulate a panel data model. Data on entrepreneurship is taken from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). HDI is used as a surrogate measure of socio-economic factors along with several control variables like cost of doing business, economic factors, governance factors and perception factors. Panel Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) estimation technique accounts for spatial heterogeneity. The panel data estimation shows that human capital improvement enhances the opportunities for entrepreneurial transformation while decreasing necessity-based entrepreneurship due to higher job creation. The findings also suggest that improvement in governance, perceived opportunities, openness, and culture are vital for enhancing opportunity-driven entrepreneurship.

Data digitalization is need of every organization. Manual record keeping requires more time and human resources. In our log-on based application, maintenance and flying record of an aircraft would be updated regularly. This database will provide flying analysis on rule-based artificial intelligence (AI) for efficient utilization of aircrafts. Aircraft database would be customized with the help of different programming languages like Python, Java, and HTML etc. This paper elaborates aircraft periodic inspection and flying analysis techniques like Gantt chart and stagger chart. we further present a comparative analysis of different project management techniques and potential for future work in this field. Index Terms—Project Management Techniques, Gantt Chart, Aircraft periodic inspection, Stagger, Aircraft customized Database

The study of entrepreneurial intention has been an emerging research agenda in the field of entrepreneurship since the 1990s. This field is appealing for researchers since it offers the opportunity to analyze entrepreneurial intention in the context of a different theoretical framework that can be used by developing and developed countries to improve their economies. The study has the purpose to conduct a scoping review of existing literature on entrepreneurial intentions. It aimed to spot research gaps in the existing literature without conducting an exhaustive review. One such gap was the inadequate use of existing theories to facilitate the development of entrepreneurial pedagogy. The other identified research gap was that no scholar has explained how external factors, such as education, financial support, and culture, affect entrepreneurial intentions and how these intentions can be explored from a theoretical perspective. Furthermore, scholars also failed to elaborate on which study materials should be used by educational institutions in order to improve enterprising expectations among students. Thus, it is recommended that future scholars should explore the above-mentioned research gaps so policymakers may use their findings to develop a mechanism that would facilitate the development of entrepreneurial intentions.Keywords: entrepreneurial event theory (EET), entrepreneurial intention, personality traits, educational institutions, theory of planned behaviour (TPB), scoping review

COVID-19 is a new and contagious disease that has changed human lifestyle and habits globally according to the directions provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Until some authentic remedy or vaccine becomes available, every country is providing instructions to its public to follow precautionary measures. These measures may include lockdown, social distancing, restricting movement, and educating public about COVID-19. Lockdown is the most applied and successful way to control the virus spread and it remains helpful in curtailing the spike. However, it adversely affects developing countries like Pakistan. All types of lockdown disrupt the life of the poor and the middle class. In this paper, an intelligent-smart approach is suggested for developing countries as against complete lockdown to handle the pandemic. This approach will show the long-term results needed for controlling COVID-19 without creating any major disturbance in the economy. In this paper, evidence based approaches were used to evaluate the short-term and long-term effects of the daily increasing number of cases of COVID-19 in Pakistan. The results showed that Sindh, which has the maximum number of COVID-19 cases, is better in implementing smart lockdown as compared to other administrative regions of Pakistan. As the risk of the second wave of COVID-19 is enhanced, it would be effective to continue the intelligent-smart approach with mild SOPs to avoid the disastrous effects of COVID-19 in the future. Received Date: May 14, 2020, Last Received: December 10, 2020 Acceptance: December 25, 2020

When firms do not know which labor is capable of efficient work, then paying all employees their average product as wage seems a feasible option. This simplest of ways discourages good workers and makes bad workers costly. Spence proposed to use educational attainment as the indicator of the labor force's capability to solve this problem. Since workers are randomly distributed in terms of their ability, Akerlof would lead us to believe that the level of educational attainment should be proportional to the individual's ability, which is not valid, practically. This study strives to find the determinants of educational inequality, where income inequality of the household is the prime suspect, and other indicators include gender, household size, and age. GMM instrumental variable approach was used to study the effect of income inequality on educational inequality. The results showed that it is income inequality, which restricts people from attaining higher education.

In Clinical practice, this implies having in place a well-organized Pharmacovigilance system. Pharmacovigilance is an important exercise for monitoring of drug related issues after marketed in "real world setting". Pharmacovigilance and all drug related issues are important for everyone whose life is being impacted any way by medical interventions. An organized Adverse Drug Reaction monitoring program is one mechanism to more actively detect ADRs, and consequently positively affect the quality of patient care. To prevent or lessen harm to patients and improving public health, the various mechanisms for evaluating and monitoring the safety of medicines in clinical use are important. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have a major impact on public health, reducing patient’s quality of life and imposing a considerable financial burden on the health care systems at a time when many health care systems are under considerable financial strain. All healthcare providers have roles to play in maintaining a balance between a medicine's benefits and risks. Once a drug is available to the public, making a determination about its safety is the shared responsibility of all who are part of the prescribing process, including patients. The role of healthcare professionals is vital in recording and reporting suspected ADRs in order that regulatory agencies are alerted of emerging safety concerns and thereby facilitating timely and appropriate action. Pharmacovigilance is an important exercise for monitoring of drug related issues after marketed in “real world setting”. Pharmacovigilance and all drug related issues are important for everyone whose life is being impacted any way by medical interventions. This paper unfolds very aspects of adverse drug reaction monitoring and evaluation in clinical settings. Key words: Pharmacovigilance, Drug, Adverse drug reactions

Aims: Early discovery of colorectal sickness (CRC) is recommended for individuals over the period of danger in youth and grown-ups who have been treated with radiation therapy in the field that incorporates colon or rectum. Be that as it may, little idea has been given to the discoveries of colonoscopy in the current populace. Methods: Our momentum research were led at Mayo Hospital, Lahore from October 2019 to September 2020 at grown-ups who had gone through danger in youth or adulthood. Analysts made data on introductions identified with harmful development, strategy sign and discoveries. Reformist adenomatous sores were portrayed as follows: gigantic adenoma (≥ 2 cm), ≥ 4 adenomas, tubulovesicular pathology, high-grade dysplasia, or CRC. Screening execution was described as having an adenoma or reformist adenomatous injury in people who stayed asymptomatic on colonoscopy. Results: The entire of 1,196 survivors stayed perceived. Of those, 187 (16%) went through in any event one colonoscopy for any sign. The mean age at assurance of danger was 17.8 years (range, 0-38.7) and at colonoscopy stayed 35.7 years (range, 7.5-67.8). Colonoscopy was acted in 119(66%) survivors for illustrative reasons, 54(28%) for asymptomatic screening and 13(8%) for perception. Generally speaking, 46(25%) had an adenomatous result at any rate; 31(17%) had a reformist adenomatous injury and 8(5%) had CRC. Of 54 survivors through experienced screening colonoscopy, 19 had an adenomatous result, ensuing in the screening yield of 34%. Conclusion: Adults who endure dangerous development as youth and grown-ups made basic discoveries on colonoscopy. The utilization of screening colonoscopy ought to stay broadened; however extra examination is wanted. Key words: colorectal cancer for survivors, childhood and young adult cancers, radiation therapy, colon or rectum.

Poverty is one of the main issues faced by countries across the world. Over the last three decades, governments and international organizations such as the World Bank, the IMF, etc. have been trying to reduce poverty. Despite this, today almost 2.5 billion people are still living in poverty. Entrepreneurship is often seen as a way to reduce poverty. Moreover, the role of entrepreneurship facilitators is very important in creating a suitable business environment for entrepreneurs which increases the capacity of entrepreneurial activities. The purpose of this thesis is to provide an insight into how entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurship facilitators (Government, Incubators, and Financial Institutions) help in improving the business environment in all countries and hence in poverty alleviation, examining the impact in case of high-income, high medium-income, medium-income, low-income countries and, as a result, reduce poverty. To investigate this, the Human Development Index (HDI) has been used to measure poverty. Secondary data for Entrepreneurship (Entrepreneurial Facilitators, Entrepreneurial Activities, and Economic Factors) and Poverty (HDI)) from the period of 2005 to 2016 are used for high-income countries, high medium-income countries, medium-income countries and low-income countries. The study has found that there is a positive and significant relationship between entrepreneurial activity and the changes in Human Development Index (HDI) in all countries studied over the 12 years period. It also finds that the presence of good entrepreneurial facilitators improves the capacity of entrepreneurial activity which reduces poverty as measured by the HDI. It adds to the body of knowledge by using HDI as a new tool to analyze the impact of entrepreneurial activity country wise. It also suggests that governments need to make better business related regulations which will motivate entrepreneurs and create ease of business doing. Finally it suggests that trade openness bring foreign investments in a country which create employment for people.

On the eve of depleting energy resources and global warming, there is a sincere push by OECD and other economies toward the sustainable energy consumption. This change of perception is mainly coined with the aim to change in attitude of people for the posterity. This study sets to evaluate the effect of development in human capital on the selection of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption. Further, this study put insights into the interaction effect of technology innovation to propose an early turning point for the energy—human capital Kuznets curve for OECD and non-OECD emerging countries. Panel FGLS model confirms the presence of the Kuznets curve for both OECD and non-OECD emerging countries, and there is an evidence of the supportive moderating role of technology innovation. Further practical implications are discussed.

Women participation in the economy can help accumulate capital formation and ideation which helps them in becoming a tool for socio-economic uplift for poor people working in the informal sector of the economy. The current research has examined the impact of financial assistance programs provided to micro and small women entrepreneurs, on the economic capital formation. Assistance programs include training and financial assistance. This research also aimed to investigate the mediating role of financial assistance between training assistance and economic capital. The methodology included empirical study, collection of data from 350 women micro-entrepreneurs from Southern Punjab in Pakistan, and analysis is conducted with the help of SPSS. Findings revealed that training assistance program has a significant impact on capital formation. While the mediation test confirmed the mediation of financial assistance between the training and economic capital.Keywords: Economic Capital, Financial Assistance, Informal Economy, Vocational Training, Women Micro entrepreneurs.JEL Classifications: G21, I22, I23, L26DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.9833