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The dentist faces a difficult challenge in preserving the quantity and quality of gum and bone tissues. Furthermore, the processes adopted should meet these objectives while posing no substantial future issues. In current dental and maxillofacial surgery, a variety of materials as Morphogenic Protein of Bone (BMP) and Platelet Rich Fibrins (PRF) are employed to repair and reconstruct bone tissue. The purpose of this review was to compare the efficiency of both BMP’s and PRF’s in Socket preservation. Reviewing the literature was conducted by using the following search strategies: Bone Morphogenic Proteins, Platelet Rich Fibrins, socket preservation approach, comparison of BMPs and PRFs, Bone Morphogenic Proteins and effectiveness in socket preservation and Platelet Rich Fibrins’ effectiveness in socket preservation. In conclusion, BMPs have been studied more completely than PRFs, and they have higher impacts on hard tissue regeneration and repair, according to the research. The fact that PRFs increase soft tissue healing shows how promising they are. Especially when we consider that soft tissue healing is more important than socket care in implant dentistry.

Introduction: Hypodontia or Dental agenesis; is defined as a developmental missing of any teeth, excluding the last molars. It may befall as a genetic syndrome or as a non-syndromic isolated trait. However, there is no prevalence available in our city. Aim and Objectives: The tenacity of this research is to assess the frequency of hypodontia among the population who received dental care at King Abdul Aziz University Dental Hospital in the city of Jeddah. Study Design: Retrospective digital orthopantomographic: cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Oral & Maxillofacial Prosthodontic Department, King Abdulaziz University, between January 2019 and July 2020. Methodology: This research is a retrospective cross-sectional study based on the examination of an archival dental record and 2D panoramic radiographs of patients who are presented at King Abdulaziz University Dental Hospital, Jeddah. A total of 2045 records were reviewed and included in this study. Two general practitioners reviewed patient’s dental charts looking for congenital missing tooth/teeth in a dark room by the method that the practitioners use. Careful reviews of each patient’s record were done to ensure that the cause of the missing tooth/teeth were congenital and not surgical or traumatic. Data were gathered from dental records of patients’ age period 6-9 years since most of the dental follicle of the permanent teeth should be completed or the tooth just erupts, radiographic findings were always compared to the patients’ file and progress notes to ensure the causative factors of missing teeth. The data were recorded in an excel sheet which included gender, age, the type, area and counting of the missing teeth. Results: After collecting the data, the total number of patients after exclusion were 1984. The prevalence of hypodontia in our tested population was %5.39. Statistical analysis were done by using SPSS software to correlate between variables. Varices grades. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study our data shows that the most common congenitally tooth agenesis is the second premolar %47.6 and the second most common congenitally missing tooth is lateral incisor %18.6.

Introduction: One of the important aspects of provisional restorations, especially in case of long-span edentulous situations, short-height pontics, extended treatment time and in patients with para-functional habits is their flexural strength. Maintaining the integrity of the provisional restorations throughout the course of treatments is highly valuable and important to have a predictable outcome. Objectives: To evaluate and compare the flexural strength of composite based provisional materials. Materials and Methods: Materials: Group 1, conventional bisacryl composite material (Protemp 4, 3M). Group 2, Computer Assisted Designing - Computer Assisted Milling (CAD-CAM) composite provisional material (CAD Temp). Method: Twenty identical specimens sized 25×2×2-mm were prepared from each material. A standard three-point bending test was conducted on the specimens with a universal testing machine at a 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed, and the flexural strength values were calculated (MPa) for each specimen. The flexural strength data were statistically analyzed using T-Test. Results: The measured mean flexural strength values (MPa) were as follow: group1 = 99.38 in comparison to group 2 = 92.06. There were statistically significant differences among the flexural strengths of tested materials (P < 0.05), The conventional group had significantly higher flexural strength than the CAD/CAM group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, the bisacryl composite resin (Protemp 4) provisional material has superior flexural strength than CAD/CAM composite material. Although many authors recommended the use of CAD/CAM provisional materials, this study prove that the material composition is as important as the material method of fabrication.

High esthetic demand and expectation challenges the rehabilitation of the esthetic zone with dental implants. Most implant system manufacturers offer customized and prefabricated ceramic, specifically zirconia or alumina abutments, as an alternative to titanium or gold alloy abutments, with the aid of computer-aided designing/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology. A 45-year-old male patient was referred to the prosthodontics clinic for the restoration of maxillary central incisors with all ceramic dental implants. After healing, both implants were restored with all-ceramic crowns but different customized abutment materials for the purpose of comparison. The all-ceramic crown was cemented on a customized zirconia abutment at the implant site # 11 and on a customized gold alloy abutment at implant site # 21. The treating dentist as well as two prosthodontists performed a meticulous clinical examination to compare the ceramic crowns side by side and agreed that the outcome was esthetically satisfactory. The patient was satisfied with the esthetics and functional outcome of the final restorations, as was the prosthodontist.

To explore the surface modification of dentin using Er,Cr:YSGG phototherapy and bonding system on the shear bond strength and microleakage scores at two different distances and times of laser irradiation.Ninety disease-free third molars were collected for the experiment. The four laser groups were divided on the basis of non-contact mode distance and time of irradiation: Group-I: Distance of 1 mm with duration of 60 s; Group-II: Distance of 1 mm with duration of 120 s; Group-III: Distance of 2 mm with duration of 60 s and; Group-IV: Distance of 2 mm with duration of 120 s. The surface for control group (Group-EB: Etchbond group) was treated with etch and rinse bonding regime. Specimens from all the groups were assessed for shear bond strength and microleakage scores. Samples from all groups were immersed in 2% methylene blue for 24 h and assessed under a digital microscope for microleakage.The lowest bond strength and microleakage was observed in the control group EB. The maximum bond strength score was observed in Group-IV with mean scores 23.41 ± 1.83, while the maximum microleakage scores were observed in Group-II and Group-IV with mean scores 1.0 ± 0.36 and 1.0 ± 0.11, respectively. The lowest bond strength and microleakage among laser groups was observed in Group-II and Group-III, respectively. However, specimens in laser groups showed comparable bond strength and microleakge scores (p 0.05). For bond strength and microleakage values, analysis of variance showed significant difference among the study groups (p 0.001). Using Tukey post hoc test, bond strength and microleakage of laser groups showed statistically significant values than EB group.Use of phototherapy using Er,Cr:YSGG for dentin surface treatment has the potential for clinical application in comparison to conventional conditioning technique. Increasing the distance of laser application and time of irradiation has significant effect on the shear bond strength and microleakage scores of dentin bonded to resin composite. However, further in-vitro analysis should be undertaken in order to prove such findings.

BACKGROUND: The aesthetics and strength of anterior porcelain layered zirconia (PLZ) crowns are mainly affected by the zirconia (Zr) coping design. There is a need for a modified design to enhance aesthetics with strength. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture resistance of anterior PLZ crowns having modified CAD-CAM Zr coping designs (in terms of thickness and marginal collar designs) with standard Zr copings. METHODS: Fifty PLZ crowns were fabricated and divided into two groups: Gr 1: Standard Zr Coping (SZC) (control gr) with 0.5 mm thickness (Facial-F, Mesial-M, Distal-D, incisal-I, and Palatal-P) without a collar; Gr 2: Collar Zr Coping (CZC) (test gr) with 2.5 mm collar height on M, D, P and 0.2 mm F and variable facial wall thickness. Subgroups: Gr 2a: (CZC-0.5 mm) facial wall thickness 0.5 mm; Gr 2b: (CZC-0.4 mm) facial wall thickness 0.4 mm; Gr 2c: (CZC-0.3 mm) facial wall thickness 0.3 mm; Gr 2d: (CZC-0.2 mm) facial wall thickness 0.2 mm. The fracture load was determined and analysed using One-way ANOVA and Dunnet test. RESULTS: The minimum fracture load was 927.36 ± 127.80 N observed for Gr 2c (CZC at 0.3 mm) while the maximum fracture load was 1373.61 ± 146.54 N observed for Gr 2a (CZC at 0.5 mm). A highly significant difference in mean fracture load among various Zr coping groups (p< 0.001) was determined. CONCLUSIONS: Novel Zr coping design for anterior PLZ crowns can provide better aesthetics with strength. Reducing the thickness of Zr coping in the aesthetic zone to 0.2 mm and providing a modified collar design (2.5 mm collar height on M, D, P, and 0.2 mm F) would provide strength without jeopardizing aesthetics.

The objective was to formulate and analyze a dentin adhesive incorporated with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticle and calcium phosphate (CaP) composite. Methods comprising of scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), micro-Raman spectroscopy, shear bond strength (SBS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize nanoparticle composite, dentin bond toughness, degree of conversion (DC), and adhesive-dentin interaction. Postsynthesis of GO nanoparticles, they were functionalized with CaP using standard process. The GO-CaP composite was not added to experimental adhesive (negative control group, GO-CaP-0%), and added at 2.5 and 5 wt% to yield GO-CaP-2.5% and GO-CaP 5% groups, respectively. Teeth were set to form bonded samples utilizing adhesives in three groups for SBS testing, with and without thermocycling. The homogenous diffusion of GO-CaP composite was verified in the adhesive. Resin tags having standard penetrations were observed on SEM micrographs. The EDX analysis confirmed the occurrence of calcium, phosphorus, and carbon ions in the composite containing adhesives. The SBS test revealed highest mean values for GO-CaP-5% followed by GO-CaP-2.5%. The FTIR spectra verified the presence of apatite peaks and the micro-Raman spectra showed characteristic D and G bands for GO nanoparticles. GO-CaP composite in dentin adhesive may improve its bond strength. The addition of 5 wt% resulted in a bond strength that was superior to all other groups. GO-CaP-5% group demonstrated lower DC (to control), uniform distribution of GO and CaP composite within adhesive, appropriate dentin interaction, and resin tag formation.

There are no studies that have assessed the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in reducing peri-implant inflammatory response in individuals vaping electronic cigarettes (e-cigs). This study explored the effectiveness of aPDT as an adjunct to mechanical debridement (MD) in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis (p-iM) in individuals vaping e-cigs.Vaping individuals with p-iM were divided into 2 groups: (a) Group-I: receiving MD with aPDT (test group); and (b) Group-II: MD only (control group). Peri-implant inflammatory parameters including plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BoP), and pocket depth (PD) were assessed at baseline and 12-weeks follow-up. Inter- and intra-group comparisons were made using Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed ranks test. P-value 0.05 was considered significant.Thirty-eight male patients (20 in Group-I and 18 in Group-II) were included. The mean age of vaping individuals in groups I and II were 33.6 ± 2.8 and 35.4 ± 2.1 years, respectively. Mean daily frequency of vaping e-cigs in groups I and II was 7.3 ± 0.9 and 5.9 ± 1.0 whereas mean duration of vaping e-cigs was 4.8 ± 1.5 and 4.1 ± 1.3 years respectively. There was no significant difference between groups at baseline. There was significant improvement in PI (p 0.001) and PD (p 0.001) at 12-weeks follow-up with respect to the baseline visit in both groups. There was a significant reduction in PI (p 0.001) and PD (p 0.001) for group-I as compared to group-II at follow-up. There was no statistically significant difference for BoP between groups at follow-up.Antimicrobial PDT is more effective compared to MD alone in the treatment of p-iM in individuals vaping e-cigs. The findings of the present study should be considered preliminary and interpreted with caution. Further randomized clinical trials should be performed in order to obtain strong conclusions.

Studies on the degree of conversion of dental cement in relation to the number of methacrylate components are lacking.The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the degree of conversion of single- and multicomponent methacrylate-containing dental cements around opaque and translucent fiber dowels at varying depths.Teeth were prepared for standard endodontic therapy, and a dowel space was created. Opaque and translucent fiber dowels consisting of Aestheti-Plus (AP) and FiberKleer were cemented with 4 methacrylate (MA)-containing cements, including RelyX U100 (R), which contains TEGDMA; Duolink (D), which contains TEGDMA and BisGMA; and Variolink N LC (V) and Breeze (B), which contain TEGDMA, BisGMA, and UDMA. Light-emitting diode polymerization was performed for 60 seconds. The specimens were immediately cut into halves and measured within the first hour at depths of 1, 3, and 5 mm using Raman spectroscopy, and the degree of conversion (DC) of resin cement was calculated. Data were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA and the Tukey multiple comparison test (α=.05).The measured dowel regions were not significantly different at various depths (P=.10). The dowel and cement types significantly influenced the degree of conversion of the cement (P.05). The V and B cements exhibited a higher DC than D and R cements. With AP dowels, the DC of cement D was lower than that of the V, B, and R cements.Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the degrees of conversion of the tested resin cements were not affected by the tested dowel depths. Higher DC was found in cement with more than 2 types of flexible MA. Opaque dowels produced a lower DC than translucent dowels.

It is hypothesized that levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 and MMP-9 are significantly higher in the peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) of waterpipe-smokers (WS) compared with never-smokers with peri-implantitis. The aim of the present convenience sample case-control study was to compare the levels of MMP-8 and MMP-9 in the PISF of WS and never-smokers with peri-implantitis.Individuals smoking waterpipe (Group 1) and never-smokers (Group 2) were included. Demographic data was collected using a questionnaire. Peri-implant probing depth (PPD) was measured and crestal bone loss (CBL) was measured on digital bitewing radiographs. PISF samples were collected using paper strips and the collected PISF volume was determined. Levels of MMP-8 and MMP-9 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Study sample-size was estimated and statistical analysis was performed. p values .05 were considered statistically significant.Sixty-six individuals (33 individuals in Group 1 and 33 in Group 2) were included. In Groups 1 and 2, 41 and 44 implants, respectively were placed. The mean total PPD (p .001) and peri-implant CBL (p .001) was statistically significantly higher around implants affected by peri-implantitis in Group 1 compared with Group 2. The PISF volume (p .05) collected and levels of MMP-8 (p .01) and MMP-9 (p .01) were statistically significantly higher among individuals in Group 1 compared with Group 2.PISF levels of MMP-8 and MMP-9 are significantly higher among WS compared with never-smokers with peri-implantitis.

Aim The purpose of the current study was intended to evaluate the effect of different surface modifications and different adhesive materials on the shear bond strength of artificial teeth to heat-polymerized and thermoplastic denture base materials using different repair techniques. Materials and methods Forty cross-linked artificial teeth used to construct different types of acrylic based denture prosthesis were selected to be bonded to two types of denture base materials, heat-polymerized acrylic resin denture base material, and thermoplastic acrylic resin denture base material. The specimens were divided into four subgroups according to the repair technique and adhesive material used. The base surfaces of all acrylic teeth then were moistened with monomer prior to bonding to the denture base specimens. Then, the specimens were tested using Universal Testing Machine for shear bond strength. The results were analyzed by using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical analysis and multiple comparison tests, α ≤ 0.05. Results The effect of the types of denture base materials vs the surface conditioning methods displayed a statistically significant difference. Conclusion This study concluded that monomer surface treatment of the bonded surface of artificial denture teeth and the use of cyanoacrylate adhesive followed by additional microwave polymerization displayed better shear bond strength when compared with other repair techniques. Clinical significance Artificial teeth debonding from their denture bases is a common complication in dental practice. The current study evaluates different repairing techniques. Within the limitation of this study, the use of cyanoacrylate adhesive in combination with microwave polymerization is one of the best techniques of repairing denture teeth debonding.

Aim The purpose of this in vitro study is to compare the bond strength to denture acrylics efficacy of miconazole gel against two denture adhesives with improved retentive properties (zinc-free PoliGrip cream and Snug denture soft cushion). Materials and methods Eight heat-cured acrylic samples were prepared measuring 0.7 cm × 1.4 cm flat tested surface. The two well-adapted tested surfaces were matched and fixed to Universal Testing Machine clamp. Vertical separating load was applied at a rate of 1 mm/min to yield the maximum load before denture adhesive failure occurs. These measurements were used to express the retention bond strength when improved denture adhesive material was applied alone in comparison with micon-azole nitrate gel. Results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical analysis at p-value of Results There was a statistically significant reduction in the mean tensile strength when the antifungal gel was opposed by the zinc-free PoliGrip cream. However, such a significant difference was not evident when the Snug denture cushion was opposed by the miconazole gel. Conclusion The addition of antifungal gel to denture adhesives reduces retentive bond strength of denture adhesives to denture acrylics. However, if an antifungal gel has to be used, then a denture adhesive cushion soft plastic liner may provide a better retentive option than denture adhesive cream. Clinical significance The incorporation of an antifungal agent into denture adhesives is required in many denture patients to suppress fugal growth and eliminate the undesirable health effects associated with such infections.

Objective: To investigate the effect of Arabic coffee on bleached teeth in comparison to black coffee. Material and Methods: Forty teeth (sound maxillary or mandibular premolars with no carious lesions) were randomly selected into 4 groups (A, B, C and D). One group (A) did not receive bleaching and was incubated in saline. The second group (B) was bleached and then incubated in saline. The last two groups were bleached and were immersed in either Arabic coffee (C) or black coffee (D). Color recording of the samples was always carried out as near to their mid-buccal surfaces as possible using VITA Easyshade Advance System. Color measurements were carried out using a digital spectrophotometer at baseline and after short-term and long-term immersion. Data were subjected to two way ANOVA and T-test. The level of significance was set at was set at 0.05. Results: Results show that immersion in Arabic coffee resulted only in significant reduction in the b* color value upon long-term immersion (i.e. a reduction in the yellow hue). Black coffee on the other hand resulted in significant: reduction in lightness, increased red tint and increased yellow hue altogether. Conclusion: The use of Arabic coffee did not deteriorate color, with the only significant change being the reduction of yellowish hue. Arabic coffee could be an alternative to black coffee after bleaching.

BACKGROUND Obesity seem to regulate peri-implant health. It is proposed that peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 are higher in obese as compared to nonobese individuals. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present clinico-laboratory study is to estimate and compare the clinical and radiographic indices and PICF levels of IL-1β and IL-6 among obese and nonobese patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty patients were divided into two groups (25 obese with ≥27.5 kg/m2 and 25 nonobese with

The purpose of this in vitro study is to compare the bond strength to denture acrylics efficacy of miconazole gel against two denture adhesives with improved retentive properties (zinc-free PoliGrip cream and Snug denture soft cushion).Eight heat-cured acrylic samples were prepared measuring 0.7 cm × 1.4 cm flat tested surface. The two well-adapted tested surfaces were matched and fixed to Universal Testing Machine clamp. Vertical separating load was applied at a rate of 1 mm/min to yield the maximum load before denture adhesive failure occurs. These measurements were used to express the retention bond strength when improved denture adhesive material was applied alone in comparison with micon-azole nitrate gel. Results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical analysis at p-value of0.05.There was a statistically significant reduction in the mean tensile strength when the antifungal gel was opposed by the zinc-free PoliGrip cream. However, such a significant difference was not evident when the Snug denture cushion was opposed by the miconazole gel.The addition of antifungal gel to denture adhesives reduces retentive bond strength of denture adhesives to denture acrylics. However, if an antifungal gel has to be used, then a denture adhesive cushion soft plastic liner may provide a better retentive option than denture adhesive cream.The incorporation of an antifungal agent into denture adhesives is required in many denture patients to suppress fugal growth and eliminate the undesirable health effects associated with such infections.