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Kadam is a mineral and dietary fiber-rich fruit grown in Southeast and South Asia. The fruit is underutilized due to its unappealing taste. This study aimed to optimize the incorporation of Kadam fruit powder in cookies. The Kadam fruit powder was added to the cookie dough in different proportions, viz. 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%. and 10%. Adding Kadam fruit powder increased the storage and loss modulus of the dough. The hardness of the cookies decreased with the addition of the Kadam fruit powder. Kadam fruit powder gave a red tint to the cookies as compared to the control cookies. The cookies incorporated with the Kadam fruit powder were rich in calcium and dietary fiber (the calcium and total dietary fiber content increased by 113% and 110%, respectively, with 10% Kadam fruit powder). The cookies containing 5% Kadam fruit powder had the highest overall acceptability in sensory evaluation. The selected cookie variant contains 6.5% total dietary fiber and 44.08 mg/100 g calcium.

Background: Plants are a source of a variety of secondary metabolites. Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated hairy root cultures offer a great advantage for the production of these metabolites in large amounts in comparison to cell suspension cultures as they have the capability of fast growth along with genetic stability. In order to commercialise secondary metabolite production, the mass production of hairy root cultures is of paramount importance. Various conventional bioreactors, broadly classified as liquid phase and gas phase reactors, have been employed for this purpose which includes airlift, bubble column, stirred tank, trickle bed, nutrient mist, spray reactors and others. Objective: This review discussed various aspects of hairy root culture in bioreactors. Method: Peer-reviewed research literature was searched and screened for information about the evolution of designs of bioreactors used for hairy roots culture. Data was gathered after a keen search from research and review articles and is presented in this review paper. Results: The major limitations of the conventional type bioreactor systems were high shear stress and oxygen deficiency, thus the demand for improved designs led to the evolution and designing of various types of bioreactor systems with low shear stress and better oxygen uptake in order to enhance yield productivity. Amidst these modifications in reactors, hybrid reactors, which are a combination of liquid phase and gas phase reactors, offer a very promising approach for commercialisation of secondary metabolite production using hairy root cultures. Conclusion: Although many efforts have been done to obtain a bioreactor configuration for highest biomass possible, there are still chances of improvement to get the most suitable bioreactor that could provide high oxygen mass transfer, better growth characteristics, homogenous culture environment and minimum shear stress.

Nanoparticles have a wide range of responsive reactions in bacterial cells depending on their characteristics. They interact with organisms at a cellular level and are capable of producing unexpected reactions depending on their own and cell’s morphological features. Some functions provide betterment of cells and some cause disruptions in the cell functioning or exhibit toxicity for them. Nanoparticles, depending on their toxicity, can also cause alterations in cellular physiology. Different nanoparticles affect different biological species in different ways. As a result, a comprehensive investigation is necessary for all types of nanoparticles to demonstrate their beneficial and harmful effects on various species in terms of growth, inhibition, toxicity, and death. In this review, we have only focused on the iron nanoparticle and their effects on bacterial cells as they are the most commonly used nanoparticle in biology and microbiology because of their unique physicochemical properties (size, shape, stability, etc.). These properties of NPs allow them to react with the bacterial cell surfaces and create a response (which can either support the growth of the bacteria or cause an anti-bacterial or anti-microbial effect on them). These properties are also changeable if we alter the morphological features of the NPs. Studies have shown improvement in microbiological reaction rates by using magnetic nanoparticles. However, nanoparticle toxicity is the major area of concern, as it can decrease therapeutic efficiency and cause adverse effects. Considering the wide range of responses and their reasons, this review summarizes the effects an iron oxide nanoparticle can have on the bacterial cell in general, the factors that influence those effects, and the relation of NP's characteristics to their significant differences in effects on bacteria.