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Cigarette beetles Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius, 1792) and saw-toothed grain beetles Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus, 1758) are considered serious stored grain pests. Developing silica nanoparticles (SNs) coated with the most effective and persistent photosensitizer is a viable alternative to current synthetic chemical pesticides. Chemical characterization confirmed the conjugation process between SNs and rose bengal (RB) and formation of SNs photosensitizer rose bengal (SNP-RB). Additionally, bioassays were performed to determine the impact of the median-lethal concentration (LC50) of the three substances against pests. The corresponding LC50 values against L. serricorne and O. surinamensis were 5.14, 20.32, 50.60 and 9.79, 28.93, 106.29 for SNP-RB, SNs and RB respectively. Therefore, the toxicity of these tested compounds after three hours of sun light exposure could be descendingly arranged in order as follows: SNP-RB, SNs and RB. The relative percentages of mineral contents were detected in the whole body tissue of L. serricorne and revealed the existence of nine elements in untreated adults, 11 elements in adults treated with RB as well as nine elements in adults treated with SNP-RB. Silicon was the least abundant element in both controls as well as adults treated with SNP-RB, Sulphur was the least abundant element in adults treated with RB and carbon was detected as the most abundant element in all treatments. Considering O. surinamesis, ten elements existed in untreated adults, 11 elements in adults treated with RB, whereas ten elements were found in adults treated with SNP-RB. Carbon was the most abundant element in all treatments, whereas calcium appeared as the least abundant element in SNP-RB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cigarette beetles Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius, 1792) and saw-toothed grain beetles Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus, 1758) are considered serious stored grain pests. Developing silica nanoparticles (SNs) coated with the most effective and persistent photosensitizer is a viable alternative to current synthetic chemical pesticides. Chemical characterization confirmed the conjugation process between SNs and rose bengal (RB) and formation of SNs photosensitizer rose bengal (SNP-RB). Additionally, bioassays were performed to determine the impact of the median-lethal concentration (LC50) of the three substances against pests. The corresponding LC50 values against L. serricorne and O. surinamensis were 5.14, 20.32, 50.60 and 9.79, 28.93, 106.29 for SNP-RB, SNs and RB respectively. Therefore, the toxicity of these tested compounds after three hours of sun light exposure could be descendingly arranged in order as follows: SNP-RB, SNs and RB. The relative percentages of mineral contents were detected in the whole body tissue of L. serricorne and revealed the existence of nine elements in untreated adults, 11 elements in adults treated with RB as well as nine elements in adults treated with SNP-RB. Silicon was the least abundant element in both controls as well as adults treated with SNP-RB, Sulphur was the least abundant element in adults treated with RB and carbon was detected as the most abundant element in all treatments. Considering O. surinamesis, ten elements existed in untreated adults, 11 elements in adults treated with RB, whereas ten elements were found in adults treated with SNP-RB. Carbon was the most abundant element in all treatments, whereas calcium appeared as the least abundant element in SNP-RB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Storage insect pest sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, is one of the important secondary pests encountered in grains and packaged commodities. It is emerging as one of the important storage pests due to the development of resistance against phosphine fumigants in many countries. Several studies were carried out to ascertain the susceptibility of this pest to phosphine fumigation from India. Dose-response probit assays conducted against larval (second and fourth instar) and adult stages of O. surinamensis revealed significant dose-dependent and time-dependent variations in these stages. The adults were relatively less susceptible to phosphine (LC50 = 36.84 ppm) than the larval stages (LC50 = 13.12, 18.68 ppm respectively, for second and fourth instar at 72 h exposure). Comparative toxicity of phosphine at 24, 48 and 72 h exposures revealed that extended exposures led to linear decrease in lethal concentrations irrespective of life stage of the pest. The discriminating dose bioassay at 0.04-0.2 mg l-1 phosphine with 20 h exposure revealed weak resistance to phosphine in this population. The present study confirmed the tolerance of O. surinamensis to phosphine as comparable with that reported from other countries. Large-scale sampling of field populations of O. surinamensis from different geographical regions will update the current levels of resistance in field populations of O. surinamensis from India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on encapsulation of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (EO) on chitosan and gum Arabic matrix in various ratios and with varying essential oil concentrations. Additionally, UV/VIS spectroscopy was used to determine cumulative-release profiles. The insecticidal activity was tested against Tribolium castaneum and Oryzaephilus surinamensis, both pests of stored products. In terms of encapsulation efficiency (EE%) and loading capacity (LC%), capsules had EE at 45.8% and LC at 2.31%. Furthermore, many minor compounds were lost after encapsulation, until identifying only 1,8-cineole, α-terpineol, and camphor after 60 d of storage. The fumigant tests demonstrated that encapsulated EO exhibited an effective control against insect pest during storage periods, namely, 30, 45, and 60 d with 99, 66, and 46% mortality for T. castaneum and 100, 84, 82% mortality for O. surinamensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Harran Journal of Agricultural & Food Science is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Plant Protection & Pathology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Essential oils (EOs) and their components have been conducted for insecticidal properties. Castor oil (CO) and nano-emulsion (CNE) were used against Tribolium castaneum and Oryzaephilus surinamensis under laboratory conditions. CNE exhibited mortality % on T. castaneum (80–100%) and O. surinamensis (75–100%) after 1 week, with respect to CO (80–100%) at 35 and 50%. Beetle progeny recorded 100% for CNE on T. castaneum, but CO ranged from 82 to 100% after 3 months. Regarding O. surinamensis, CNE did not show any adult emerged. Administered doses: (CO, 400 mg/kg body weight) and (CNE, 200 and 100 mg/kg equivalent ½ and ¼ LD50 of CO) in rats did not observe signs of toxicity. Mild infiltration inflammatory cells and vacuolations were induced in hepato-sections and mild degenerative of vacuolated glomeruli was found in the renal sections. So, a nano-derived form of CO can be practiced as an eco-friendly alternative against the stored grain pests [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Science & Technology & Economy is the property of Grain Science & Technology & Economy Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Science & Technology & Economy is the property of Grain Science & Technology & Economy Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Plant Protection & Pathology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Henan University of Technology Natural Science Edition is the property of Henan University of Technology Journal Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Essential Oils (EOs) from aromatic plants were reported to have an insecticidal activity against several insects and could be an alternative to synthetic insecticides. The aim of this study is to determine the chemical composition of two plants (Schinus molle and Cupressus sempervirens) grown in Algeria and to investigate their insecticidal activity against the sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis, a secondary pest that may alter seriously the proprieties of some food products. EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The analysis determined that the major components of S. molle EO are β-Eudesmol (15.19 %), Elemol (13.97 %), D-Limonene (9.89 %), Spathulenol (9.33 %) and β-Phellandrene (7.72 %) while those of C. sempervirens EO are Cedrol (44.81 %), α-Pinene (15.71 %) and neoiso-Dihydrocarveol acetate (9.7 %). The biological activity of EOs was evaluated by fumigation and repellency at different concentrations and exposure times. Fumigation toxicity bioassays showed maximum efficacy was reached at a concentration of 100 μL/L of air for the two kinds of EOs (90-100 %). Repellency tests revealed that S. molle EO was moderately repellent (55.62 %), while C. sempervirens EO was highly repellent (66.25 %). In fact, the EO of the experimental plants can be incorporated into insecticidal formulations and might be efficient as alternative to synthetic insecticides for O.surinamensis control. However, other tests need to be performed on other life stages of the insect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endosymbiotic Wolbachia is one of the most common intracellular bacteria known in arthropods and nematodes. Its ability for reproductive manipulation can cause unequal inheritance to male and female offspring, allowing the manipulator to spread, but potentially also impact the evolutionary dynamics of infected hosts. Estimated to be present in up to 66% of insect species, little is known about the phenotypic impact of Wolbachia within the order Coleoptera. Here, we describe the reproductive manipulation by the Wolbachia strain wSur harboured by the sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera, Silvanidae), through a combination of genomics approaches and bioassays. The Wolbachia strain wSur belongs to supergroup B that contains well‐described reproductive manipulators of insects and encodes a pair of cytoplasmic incompatibility factor (cif) genes, as well as multiple homologues of the WO‐mediated killing (wmk) gene. A phylogenetic comparison with wmk homologues of wMel of Drosophila melanogaster identified 18 wmk copies in wSur, including one that is closely related to the wMel male‐killing homologue. However, further analysis of this particular wmk gene revealed an eight‐nucleotide deletion leading to a stop‐codon and subsequent reading frame shift midsequence, probably rendering it nonfunctional. Concordantly, utilizing a Wolbachia‐deprived O. surinamensis population and controlled mating pairs of wSur‐infected and noninfected partners, we found no experimental evidence for male‐killing. However, a significant ~50% reduction of hatching rates in hybrid crosses of uninfected females with infected males indicates that wSur is causing cytoplasmic incompatibility. Thus, Wolbachia also represents an important determinant of host fitness in Coleoptera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Data are provided on the utilization of modified atmospheres, at a commercial scale, against stored product insect populations that are resistant to phosphine. The method is evaluated on different populations of two major stored‐product beetle species, Rhyzopertha dominica and Oryzaephilus surinamensis. The trials were carried out in commercial facilities, in which nitrogen was introduced through an embedded nitrogen generator. Each chamber contained three or four pallets of either currants or herbs. A computational model was developed to evaluate the nitrogen concentration. RESULTS: In most trials, 100% mortality was recorded for both beetle species and all populations, regardless of the temperature and exposure intervals tested. Control progeny production ranged between 20 and 45 adults per vial for R. dominica, and 29 and 27 adults per vial for O. surinamensis. Simulation results reveal that nitrogen can easily penetrate the currants, and its concentration is uniform (differences are below 1.5%) across the pallet. Additionally, the simulation model revealed that lower temperatures do not have an impact on the nitrogen concentration profiles. CONCLUSIONS: The modified atmosphere applications evaluated here were proved to be effective for all populations, regardless of the level of resistance to phosphine, and any survival could be attributed to the short exposure intervals. Modified atmosphere applications can be effective at a considerably short exposure interval, even at 2.5 days, which is an incontestable advantage for the use of this method against insects, at exposures comparable with those of commercial fumigations. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory studies were conducted to assess the repellant effects of three essential oils from plants viz., orange, eucalyptus and cinnamon oils against four major coleopteran stored grain insect pests of rice viz., Sitophilus oryzae, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Rhyzopertha dominica, and Tribolium castaneum. The % repellency (PR) and index of repellency (RI) were observed to range from 10 to 100% and 0.00 to 0.90, respectively. Eucalyptus oil @ 5% showed maximum repellent action against Tribolium castaneum, registering PR and RI values of 93.33 (F=0.921), 100 (F=1.66), 100 (F=3.772) and 0.07, 0.00 and 0.00, respectively at 3, 6 and 12 hrs after treatment and were found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Chemical profiling of tested oils through GCMS showed presence of 2- 3 chemical constituents amounting to >90 % of total composition of oil. The results highlight the repellency effects of the essential oils and indicate that these can be ecofriendly ones for the post-harvest protection of rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insecticidal and repellent activities of methanolic extracts of Ruta chalepensis L. (Rutaceae: Sapindales), Rhazya stricta Decne (Apocynaceae: Gentianales), Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk (Boraginales: Boraginaceae), Salvadora pérsica L. (Salvadoraceae: Brassicales), and Moringa oleífera L. (Moringaceae: Brassicales) were investigated against the saw-toothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Coleóptera: Silvanidae). Results demonstrated that all these plant extracts had variable toxicity against the beetle. The effectiveness of the tested plant extracts was shown by increasing the used concentrations. The methanolic extract from R. stricta performed the best and was able to cause 93.3% and 89.2% mortality for the adult and larval stage of O. surinamensis, respectively, at 500 ppm after six days of plant extract treatment. The tested extract of S. pérsica at 500 ppm caused 80.8% and 82.5% mortality on larvae and adults of O. surinamensis after six-day of treatment. On the other hand, repellent effects of extracts of R. stricta, S. pérsica, and R. chalepensis at 500 ppm were recorded, with higher values of 91.7%, 83.3%, and 78%, respectively, against the adults of O. surinamensis, which were under 500 ppm. These extracts especially from R. stricta, S, spinosa, and R. chalepensis could be useful to prevent damages and store grain production losses for O, surinamensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insecticidal activity of biochar that prepared from Ficus nitida tree residues at 500 and 700C °C was evaluated against some stored product insects Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica and Oryzaephilus surinamensis, alone and as a carrier for the frankincense essential oil (Boswellia sacra) after 0, 15 and 30 days storage periods. The results showed the O. surinamensis was the most susceptible and the biochar prepared at 500C was the most active against all tested insects. Also, the toxicity increased with increasing storage period only against R. dominica. The formula was more toxic than biochar or oil alone, especially against T. castaneum. The elemental analysis showed low carbon and high oxygen contents in the biochar 500 and the FTIR analysis showed a large number of functional groups on biochar 500 compared to biochar 700 which may attribute to the slightly higher toxicity of biochar. SEM images of the ventral surface of treated O. surinamensis showed the adhesion of biochar on all body parts, Moreover, the sensilla within the external surface of the elytra are partly absent. Our results suggest the promising use of biochar against some stored product insects and can be effectively loaded with other safe chemicals, more studies are needed to understand its effects on insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study utilizes and compares the performance of Gaussian and Poisson regression models to examine the associations of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) alone and in all possible combinations with Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), at 25, 30 and 35 °C, 55% and 75% relative humidity (RH), after 65 days, 130 days and 195 days of storage on maize. The increase of temperature from 25 to 30 °C increased the emergence of insects alive and of damaged kernels, while from 30 to 35 °C decreased the aforementioned parameters. The increase of RH from 55% to 75% increased both the emerged insects alive and the damaged kernels. When O. surinamensis was examined alone it outnumbered all the other insect species and their combinations except P. truncatus alone. Regarding damaged kernels, the combination of O. surinamensis- P. truncatus was the most damaging, while the combination of O. surinamensis-T. confusum was the least damaging. The Poisson model demonstrated better performance, hence future analyses could be based upon this model to analyze this type of data. Concerning the production of frass, the combinations of P. truncatus alone, O. surinamensis-P. truncatus, and O. surinamensis-T. confusum-P. truncatus were the most damaging. Our results could be useful for the prediction of damage when different species co-infest the same commodity. Furthermore, the reveal and recording of combinations that lead to elevated damage potential may differentiate the management strategies in storage facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to study the efficiency of carbon dioxide as a natural gas on Ephestia cautella and Oryzaephilus surinamensis insects, their stages and microbial load compared to the insecticide (aluminum phosphide gas). The semi-dry date fruits were exposed to aluminum phosphide gas with different concentrations (1/16 recommended dose, 1/8 recommended dose, 1/4 recommended dose, 1/2 recommended dose and recommended dose) for 5 days at (27 ± 2◦C and 65 ± 5% R.H.), and 100% carbon dioxide for different times) 30min, 1hr, 2hr, 4hr, 6hr, 8hr, 12hr and 16hr), respectively. The finding revealed that the increasing concentration of aluminum phosphide gas increases the mortality till the recommended dose (1.170 g / m 3 / 5 days), while the suitable time with carbon dioxide gas was 16 hours which completed % mortality of eggs and lavera E. cautella and adult of O. surinamensis. The efficiency of exposure to aluminum phosphide gas at the recommended dose was reduced microbial load less than carbon dioxide. Also, the treated date fruits with carbon dioxide were reduced E. coli and Saccharomyces cervisiae than the other ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of commercial product, Xan-Tari (Bacillus thuringiensis) at different concentrations against O. surinamensis and S. granaries adults showed that mortality increased by increasing the Xan-Tari concentration, period exposure and temperature for both insect species. Highest mortality took place at 25 and 30°C. for O. surinamensis. The highest mortality recorded against S. granaries occurred when treatments took place at 25°C. The results indicated that S. granarius was more succeptible to Xan-Tari treatment than O. surinamensis. The safety of Xan-Tari (Bacillus thuringiensis)on mammals was investigated by determining the toxicological effects on liver and kidney enzyme activities and its oxidative stress in male albino rats. In this study, 20 male albino rats (western strain) were divided into 2 groups, each of one 10 rats. First group kept was control, while the second was fed on diat of 400 g of wheat mixed well with Xan-Tari. It was administrated one time per day to the rats for 3 successive weeks quantity of food consumed rat averaged from 25 - 30 gm. The obtained results showed significant increase in ALT, AST, creatinine, urea, uric acid, CAT, MDA and GSH in treated rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study deals with the EO-NPs encapsulated cinnamon essential oil for insecticidal activity. The prepared nanoparticles were subjected to characterization studies using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis. The DLS analysis revealed that the size of the nanoparticles had a slight increase in diameter after three months of storage. Similarly, the characterization with TEM showed that the prepared nanoparticles were of round or spherical shape with clear morphology without any crack in the external surface. Considerable mortality was observed from the insecticidal bioassay carried out by contact with cinnamon essential oil nanoparticles encapsulated with PEG (EO-NPs) against adult Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus) (Coleoptra: Silvanidae). Further, the cinnamon EO-NPs also produced significant repellency effect on the adult insects. About 85% mortality (Contact Toxicity) was observed with 0.025 mg x cm2 concentration of EO-NPs. The results indicate that the cinnamon essential oil encapsulated with PEG nanoparticles could be an effective alternative to chemical pesticides for the control of stored product grain pests. Further this is the first report on the insecticidal efficacy of PEG encapsulated cinnamon essential oil against Oryzaephilus surinamensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Essential oils, especially Ocimum basilicum and Eucalyptus globulus oils were among the most important oils that contain active ingredients which have fumigant repellent activity against insects in stores. The Surinam beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, was the store insects that attack dry dates in the store. The use of these oils in the control of this insect is safer for human and animal health. Results Essential oils of O. basilicum and E. globulus were tested for their volatile toxicity in the laboratory against sawtoothed beetle, O. surinamensis. The concentrations of 4.0, 8.0, 16.0, and 32.0 μl/l air were used in the volatile toxicity experimental. The results indicated that O. basilicum was highly toxic than E. globulus. The results indicated that increased concentration of different oils and exposure time leads to increase in the percentage of mortalities. Also, in storage experimental, the toxic activity for the tested oils was investigated. Ocimum basilicum protects dry dates in storage for 3 months from Surinam beetle infestation. Conclusion The storage experiment clearly confirmed that O. basilicum and E. globulus could be used in the protection of dry dates from infestation with O. surinamensis.

In a pet shop warehouse, stored food pest insects can develop in various preserved animal feeds (dog’s pasta, puffed rice, kibble). However, there is another commodity that is rarely considered, such as the organic litter which is composed of bran, flours and other residues of the screening of corn that may result attractive to the same pest insects. The purpose of this laboratory test was to evaluate the attractiveness of organic litters on Plodia interpunctella, Tribolium confusum, Oryzaephilus surinamensis in comparison with breeding substrate. The results confirmed that the test insects were attracted by the breeding substrate rather than by the organic litter.

On July 2017 in a warehouse of pet food shop in Italy an infestation of Oryzaephilus surinamensis was found on a pallet of organic litter, near an infested pallet of dog’s pasta. In order to investigate the origin of the infestation, and to support the risk assessment by the pest control operator, one test was conducted at Agroblu Laboratory of Applied Entomology (LEAA) to observe the feasibility of development of O. surinamensis, Plodia interpunctella and Tribolium confusum, in a substrate of 2,5 g of organic litter and to compare it to a balanced diet substrate. The results showed that only T. confusum was able to develop with no statistical difference both on the breeding diet and the organic litter.

Se evaluó la acción de Picrasma crenata Engl. in Engl. & Prantl (Simaroubaceae) sobre coleópteros plaga de granos almacenados: Sitophilus oryzae, Tribolium castaneum, Oryzaephilus surinamensis y Ulomoides dermestoides. Se desarrollaron experiencias con distintos extractos obtenidos con solventes de diferente polaridad (no polares a polares) y extractos acuosos (infusión y cocimiento). Se observó el efecto por contacto tarsal y se concluye que la efectividad de los extractos obtenidos de P. crenata varía de acuerdo con la polaridad de los solventes utilizados y a mayor concentración del bioinsecticida mayor porcentaje de mortalidad. Además, se observó la acción por ingesta de extractos de acetato de etilo y acetona de P. crenata sobre adultos de T. castaneum. Los adultos respondieron a las mayores dosis de los extractos de acetona y etanol, la duración del período larval varió con los extractos de acetato de etilo y etanol. La duración del período pupal varió con el extracto de acetato de etilo. En otra experiencia se evaluó la acción de P. crenata como regulador de crecimiento al comparar su acción con los reguladores de crecimiento: Novalurón® y Lufenurón®. En relación al desarrollo larval, todos los extractos tuvieron un comportamiento similar al Novalurón®; los extractos de acetato de etilo y etanol tuvieron un comportamiento similar al Lufenurón®. En relación al desarrollo pupal el extracto de acetato de etilo tuvo un comportamiento similar a los reguladores de crecimiento. Se llevaron a cabo ensayos por topicación sobre las plagas de granos almacenados con la conclusión que los extractos de P. crenata no responden como bioinsecticidas al aplicarse por topicación. Se evaluaron las cuasinas y neocuasinas por contacto tarsal e ingesta. Los resultados indican que la fracción con la mayor relación cuasina/neocuasina mostró un efecto por contacto tarsal sobre S. oryzae, con una eficacia del 100 % al cabo de 48 horas y que la la acción sinérgica de cuasina y neocuasina presentó un efecto positivo sobre la mortalidad de T. castaneum cuando actuó por ingesta y por contacto tarsal sobre S. oryzae.

This work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of modified atmosphere (MA) enriched with Argon gas as an alternative measure for controlling four stored dates pests, two from order: Lepidoptera, Ephestia cautella (Walker) & Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) and two from order Coleoptera; Oryzaephilus surinamensis Linnaeus & Stegobium paniceum (L.) and its effect on some enzymes activity of tested insects. Argon gas concentrations of (60, 80 and 100%) had been tested against the four mentioned insects at different exposure times ranged from 3 to 144 hrs. The results revealed that Lepidopterous were more sensitive to Argon gas than Coleopterous. Also, data indicated that not all tested insects have the same sensitivity to Argon gas. Obtained results indicated that the reduction % of adult emergence increased by increasing exposure duration and or concentration. At the concentration of 100% Argon, data reported that the larvae of E. cautella were the most susceptible and reached a 100% reduction after 12 hrs. While the adults of O. surinamensis was the most tolerant insect stage to Argon gas where reached 74.60% reduction after 72 hrs. Exposure of P. interpunctella and O. surinamensis to LT 50 of Argon increased the activity of two defensive enzymes within tested insects, Acid phosphatase, &Carboxlesterases. and decreased the activity of LDH enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass rearing of Corcyra cephalonica and Oryzaphilus surinamensis adults on six different types of foodstuffs namely, wheat germ, complete wheat flour, rice flour, corn flour, basbousa flour and wheat flour (zero) were evaluated. Our results obtained reveal that mean developmental period (MDP) of C. cephalonica and O .surinamensis from egg lay to emerge adult on different foodstuffs was ranged between 44.00 & 55.33 and 30.33 & 41.33 days, respectively. Longest MDP was occurred on corn flour and rice flour illustrating 55.33 and 41.33 days, resp. While, the shortest period reaching to 44.00 and 30.33 days on wheat germ. Wheat germ was recorded the maximum adult emergence (AE) % (25.33 and 69% progeny of C. cephalonica and O.surinamensis, resp.), While, wheat flour (zero) and basbousa flour were recorded the minimum AE %, 12.33 and 27.33%, respectively. C. cephalonica and O.surinamensis caused highest weight loss (WL) % on wheat germ and corn flour (31.88% 13.73%), while, corn and basbousa flours were recorded the minimum of WL % (11.43 and 4.05%) respectively., which the least preferred foodstuffs to C. cephalonica and O.surinamensis. In comparison between the growth index (GI) of different foodstuffs, our results showed that wheat germ was the most preferred by C. cephalonica and O.surinamensis, whereas, rice flour was the least preferred host. From results chemical analysis, there was a strong correlation between GI of C. cephalonica and O.surinamensis and chemical characters. This relationship was expected as a large carbohydrate, total protein, potassium and magnesium mounts. Our results provide suitable foodstuffs to mass rearing of C. cephalonica and O.surinamensis as the large scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raisins are one of the most important Iranian export products but are threatened by various storage pests. Because of the disadvantages of fumigants, we evaluated alternative microwave and ozone methods for their disinfection and the side effects on raisin qualities. To perform microwave disinfection, the studied raisin samples were exposed to microwave powers of 450, 720, and 900 W for 20, 30, 40, and 50 s. Also, ozone treatments included various combinations of ozone concentrations (2, 3, and 5 ppm) and exposure times (15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min). An image processing technique was implemented to determine the color changes of raisins in terms of lightness, redness, yellowness, total color difference, chroma, and hue angle. The results revealed that increasing the microwave power and exposure time might lead to further changes of the previously mentioned color characteristics. Compared with the microwave treatments, ozone treatments had fewer effects on those features. Generally, microwave and ozone methods could successfully disinfect Oryzaephilus surinamensis in raisins, with acceptable changes in all the color characteristics. Hence, the previously mentioned methods are proposed as alternative chemical fumigants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key depredating agents affecting grains are insects which lead to considerable losses across post-harvest food supply chain. As their control strategies, plant-derived essential oils have become optimal competitors to synthetic insecticides. In view of this background, chemical composition, insecticidal activity in comparison with ultrastructural impact on cuticular topography, repellency and feeding deterrence of Acorus calamus (L.) rhizome essential oil were investigated towards Sitophilus oryzae (L.) , Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.). Chemical profile of oil was examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Morphological alterations on insects' cuticles triggered by oil's direct exposure were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). α-Asarone (89.05%) was the major constituent of oil. Insecticidal bioassays showed that O. surinamensis (LC 50 = 1.92 μl/g) was more susceptible than R. dominica (LC 50 = 4.78 μl/g) and S. oryzae (LC 50 = 9.61 μl/g) upon 24 h of exposure. Degree of insects' repellence was arranged in the declining order of O. surinamensis (RC 50 = 0.96 μl/cm2) > S. oryzae (RC 50 = 1.02 μl/cm2) > R. dominica (RC 50 = 1.56 μl/cm2) after 1 h, wherein estimated values increased after 5 h of exposure. According to flour-disc bioassays, oil had the weakest feeding deterrence on O. surinamensis (AC 50 = 4.37 mg/disc) leading to post-ingestive lethality induced by phagostimulation, than against S. oryzae (AC 50 = 0.88 mg/disc) and R. dominica (AC 50 = 1.80 mg/disc). SEM observations reflected severe impact on insects' cuticular topography suggesting that oil molecules might be entered into their bodies via cuticular penetration and oral ingestion influencing contact/post-ingestive toxicity. Hence, results demonstrate the potentiality of A. calamus essential oil for sustainable insect pest management in stored-grain ecosystems. • Acorus calamus essential oil was toxic to S. oryzae , R. dominica , O. surinamensis. • α-Asarone enriched oil produced significant repellency on test insects in an hour. • Botanical was a potent feeding deterrent against S. oryzae , and R. dominica in 72 h. • The essential oil induced phagostimulant activity against O. surinamensis adults. • A. calamus oil caused severe ultrastructural impacts on insects' cuticular surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is conducted to determine the effect of pathogenicity of the fungus Lecanicillium lecanii in some aspects of life of the insect saw toothed beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) under laboratory conditions with three concentrations of spores and mildew commentator (1 × 103, 1 × 105, 1 × 107) spore / ml , on eggs and larvae second phase of the insect .The study also includs the effect of the fungus concentrations of germination on rice (jasmine) by using direct spray treatment. The results show great fungus efficiency in the control of some aspects of life of the insect, where varied efficiency depends on the concentration of spores, The highest percentage loss of eggs is 63.33% at a concentration of 1 × 107 spore / m followed by aconcentration of 1 × 105 spore / ml in which the loss is 60 % , while the 50% was at a concentration of 1 × 103 spore / ml, which them decreased to 3.33% at the control treatment .The highest rate of destruction of the larvae of the second phase was 60% at a concentration of 1 × 103 spore / ml , and decreased to 56.66% and 46.66% at concentrations 1 × 107 and 1 × 105 spore / ml respectively. In addition there were no significant differences in germination rates for grain treatment direct spray concentrations of innate commentator.

Introduction: The suitable weather conditions of Iran makes it as one of the most talented country in producing of the various agricultural products such as grapes and raisins and has a great history in this field. Raisin is a commercial dried fruit, produced by drying of ripe seedless grapes by the moisture content of 16%. A major problem in the production, storage and marketing of stored products is infestation by insect pests. A number of insect species pose a potential threat to a variety of stored products. The Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. and Ephestia kuehniella Zeller. Have a widespread distribution in the most part of the world. These species are recognized as the cosmopolitan pests attacking stored-products and cause serious losses both in quantity through feeding damage and quality by contaminating the product with its cast skin and frass. Considering economic importance of pests and problems arising from the use of chemical insecticides and fumigants, it is necessary to replace them with the other appropriate methods. The traditional methods of pest control, while having many advantages such as ease of operation and low cost, have some disadvantages such as slow operations, creation of environmental pollution residues, negative impact on product quality and health hazards on the operator. The use of alternative methods seems to be necessary because of concerns about the health hazards of chemical pesticides and its environment pollution. The researches has been conducted on the ionizing radiation, controlled atmosphere, cold treatment, conventional hot air or water heating and novel radio frequency and microwave dielectric heating for controlling the insects. The microwave heating is based on the transformation of alternating electromagnetic field energy into thermal energy by affecting the polar molecules of a material. The most important characteristic of the microwave heating method is volumetric heating. Dielectric heating which covers both radio frequency and microwave has been investigated for insect control in foods. Microwaves radiation are a part of electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths less than radio waves and more than infrared waves, which their frequency range are 300MHz to 30GHz. Materials and Methods: Two insect species, the lesser grain borer, O. surinamensis L. and mediterranean flour moth, E. kuehniella Zeller. Were reared under the laboratory condition at temperature of 27±2 C and relative humidity of 65%±5. The lesser grain borer was reared on the medium contains 99% wheat flour mixed along with 1% brewer’s yeast and the mediterranean flour moth were reared the medium contains on 90% wheat flour mixed along with 10% brewer’s yeast. In this study, the microwave oven (Media -MW-F-282ELKS) was used which operates at 2450 MHz and variable power levels. The samples were exposed to microwave treatments at three power levels (450, 270 and 900W) for four exposure times (20, 30, 40 and 50s). Each treatment (power and exposure time combination) was replicated three times. Results and Discussion: The mortality of E. kuehniella at the highest level of microwave power (900W) and for 20, 30, 40 and 50s exposure times were 51.67%, 71.63%, 91.53% and 100%, respectively. For the microwave power of 900W and exposure time of 20, 30, 40 and 50 s the mortality of O. surinamensis was 68.03%, 88.23%, 91.67% and 100%, %, respectively. The results showed, at a power level of 450W and an exposure time of 20s, the mortality of E. kuehniella and O. surinamensis were 20% and 33.33%, respectively. As the power increases to 720 and 900W, the mortality of E. kuehniella and O. surinamensis enhances to 33.33% and 56.63%, respectively. With increasing the exposure time, higher mortality was achieved at lower power levels. For the microwave power of 720W and exposure time of 40s, the mortality of E. kuehniella was 61.53%. When the exposure time was increased to 50s, the mortality of E. kuehniella was achieved 86.63% for the power of 720W. Also for the microwave power of 450W and the exposure time of 50s, the mortality of O. surinamensis was obtained 78.33%. When the microwave power was increased to 900W, the mortality of 100% was obtained. Conclusion: The results showed the complete mortality for the insects, E. kuehniella and O. surinamensis, were at 900 W and exposure time of 50s. The lowest rate of mortality for both of them was observed at 450 W and exposure time of 20 s. The increase of microwave power and exposure time or both together lead to increase of mortality. It can be concluded that the mortality was affected by microwave power and exposure time.

In this study, fumigant effects were investigated of Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) and Zahter (Thymbra spicata L.) essential oils in different concentrations on Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). For each insect species separately for R. dominica and O. surinamensis species, 12 groups were formed in each group as 20 insects. These groups were the control group, solvent control group (150 µl L-1) include five different doses for L. nobilis. essential oils group (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 150 µl L-1) include five different doses for T. spicata essential oils group (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 150 µl L-1). In the experimental setup for R. dominica, familiar results were obtained from L. nobilis with negative group, and solvent solution group, but mortality increased depend on increase in time and concentration. At the end of 24 hours, 100% fumigant toxicity was recorded in 100 µl L-1 solution. Similar results were obtained with the T. spicata application for the same insect species, with the highest concentration showing 100% fumigant toxicity after 24 hours. Similar results were recorded for O. surinamensis another storage pest, using the same plant essential oils and concentrations. As a result of the data obtained from the plant essential oil and its components, for R. dominica and O. surinamensis can be used instead of synthetic pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this work were to evaluate antifeedant, horizontal transfer and repellent activities of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), free and microencapsulated, at different doses against Oryzaephilus surinamensis and Tribolium castaneum on peanut kernels. In general, negative values for the percentage feeding deterrence index (FDI) were found for Oryzaephilus surinamensis in the presence of these chemical treatments, suggesting a phagostimulant activity. In addition, untreated individuals died within 20 days of coming into contact with insects previously exposed to both antioxidants (BHA and BHT) and formulations (F- BHA and F-BHT), regardless of the dose, while the insects in the controls died after this time. Since this work revealed evidence for the transfer of both free and microencapsulated antioxidants from treated to untreated individuals, we can confirm that horizontal transfer of these compounds takes place between treated and untreated insects. The evaluated compounds showed no repellent activity against O. surinamensis, which continued unaffected with its life cycle on both treated and untreated peanuts. On the other hand, Tribolium castaneum exhibited high FDI values, especially for the formulations, with mean values of 0.68 and 0.91 for F-BHA and F-BHT, respectively. No horizontal transfer was observed for this insect, but repellency was higher than 80% for free and encapsulated BHT. We can conclude that the mechanism of insecticidal action of antioxidants and their formulations was dependent on the type of insect evaluated. The insecticidal effect on Oryzaephilus surinamensis could have been due to the direct intake of the chemical compounds added, whereas the negative effect on Tribolium castaneum could have been caused by starvation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, microwave heating was employed for controlling Oryzaephilus surinamensis adult beetles infesting stored Iranian dried figs. The dried fig samples were artificially infested with O. surinamensis and then heated in a microwave oven (2,450 MHz) at power outputs of 450, 720, and 900 W for 20, 30, 40, and 50 s. Changes in the color of the samples after these microwave applications were evaluated for lightness (ΔL*), redness (Δa*), and yellowness (Δb*) using an image processing technique. Both parameters of microwave power and exposure time had significant effects on beetle mortality (P < 0.01). A direct positive relationship was found between the mortality rate and microwave power. Complete mortality was achieved at 900 Wand for 50 s. The color parameters of the dried fig samples did not change significantly. These results indicate that microwave irradiation can be introduced as an appropriate alternative to chemical fumigants without affecting product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria constitute the most important members of the insect microbial flora and these microorganisms provide important contributions to the life of insects by creating suitable food for insects, helping food digestion, producing useful enzymes, synthesizing vitamins, nitrogen binding, producing pheromones and competing with insect pathogens. Despite all these beneficial effects, however, there are bacteria that kill, sick, inactivate and control insects. In this study, Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. population was collected from different cereal stores in Turkey. For the first time in our country in this type of insect, Wolbachia sp., for the first time in the world Rickettsia sp. and Spiroplasma sp. endosimbiont bacteria, synthetic primers and PCR method was determined by applying the density. According to this; In Turkey, which is a transmission intensity by 49%; It was found that 28% of these were Wolbachia sp., 14% of Rickettsia sp. and 7% of Spiroplasma sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficacy of ozone gas against two of stored product insects, larvae and eggs of almond moth Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and larvae and adults of the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) at 30 ± 1°C was tested. The results showed that mortality increased gradually by increasing exposure time of ozone gas. Mortality percent for larvae of E. cautella was 10% at 0.5 h. exposure and reach to 100% at 4 hrs. after 7day of exposure period. Reduction of egg numbers was 7.65% at 0.5 hrs. exposure period and increased to 81.25% at 4 hrs. These results showed that eggs more tolerant to ozone gas than the larvae. Mortality percent of O. surinamensis adults was 5.2% at 1h. exposure period and increased to 90.4% at 4 hrs. after 7 days of exposure. Mortality of larvae of O. surinamensis was 6.4% at 0.5 hrs. exposure and increased to 92% at 4 hrs. after 7 days of exposure period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphine resistance is occurring among stored-grain pests worldwide. This study investigated the fumigation activity of phosphine (PH3) and carbonyl sulfide (COS) against domestic strain (d-strain) Tribolium castaneum, resistance strain (r-strain) T. castaneum and Oryzaephilus surinamensis. All developmental stages of the pests were exposed to two fumigants (PH3 and COS), and the fumigation activity according to the dose and exposure time was evaluated in a 12-L desiccator and 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber. The rice sorption rate and quality following exposure to thetwofumigants were evaluated. The mortality was 2.9% in r-strain T. castaneum, 49.5% in d-strain T. castaneum and 99.2% in O. surinamensis when 2 mg/L PH3 was used in a 12-L desiccator for 4 h. However, all pest developmental stages showed 100% mortality after 24 h of exposure in the 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber, except for the r-strain T. castaneum. A mortalityof 100% was observed in all of the r-strain T. castaneum developmental stages at an exposure time of 192 h. For COS applied at 40.23 mg/L and 50 g/m3 in the 12-L desiccator and the 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber, respectively, 100% mortality was observed across all developmental stages regardless of species and strain. The sorption of COS was 10% higher than that of PH3, but there was no significant difference in rice quality compared to that in the control. Therefore, this study suggests that COS can be used for controlling T. castaneum resistant to PH3.

Animals engage in a plethora of mutualistic interactions with microorganisms that can confer various benefits to their host but can also incur context-dependent costs. The sawtoothed grain beetle Oryzaephilus surinamensis harbors nutritional, intracellular Bacteroidetes bacteria that supplement precursors for the cuticle synthesis and thereby enhance desiccation resistance of its host. Experimental elimination of the symbiont impairs cuticle formation and reduces fitness under desiccation stress but does not disrupt the host’s life cycle. For this study, we first demonstrated that symbiont populations showed the strongest growth at the end of metamorphosis and then declined continuously in males, but not in females. The symbiont loss neither impacted the development time until adulthood nor adult mortality or lifespan. Furthermore, lifetime reproduction was not influenced by the symbiont presence. However, symbiotic females started to reproduce almost two weeks later than aposymbiotic ones. Thus, symbiont presence incurs a metabolic and context-dependent fitness cost to females, probably due to a nutrient allocation trade-off between symbiont growth and sexual maturation. The O. surinamensis symbiosis thereby represents an experimentally amenable system to study eco-evolutionary dynamics under variable selection pressures.

The saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis Linné, is a well-known stored-product insect. Beetles were obtained from Xichuan County and the mitochondrial genome was characterized (GenBank accession number MN535903). The mitogenome consists of a circular DNA molecule of 15,941 bp, with only 27.36% GC content. It comprises 13 protein-coding, 22 tRNA, and 2 rDNA genes. The protein-coding genes have typical ATN (Met) initiation codons and are terminated by typical TAN stop codons.

ABSTRACT The saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Silvanidae), is a cosmopolitan stored-product pest. Early studies on O. surinamensis in the 1930s described the presence of peculiar bacteriomes harboring endosymbiotic bacteria in the abdomen. Since then, however, the microbiological nature of the symbiont has been elusive. Here we investigated the endosymbiotic system of O. surinamensis in detail. In the abdomen of adults, pupae, and larvae, four oval bacteriomes were consistently identified, whose cytoplasm was full of extremely elongated tubular bacterial cells several micrometers wide and several hundred micrometers long. Molecular phylogenetic analysis identified the symbiont as a member of the Bacteroidetes, in which the symbiont was the most closely related to the endosymbiont of a grain pest beetle, Rhyzopertha dominica (Bostrichidae). The symbiont was detected in developing embryos, corroborating vertical symbiont transmission through host generations. The symbiont gene showed AT-biased nucleotide composition and accelerated molecular evolution, plausibly reflecting degenerative evolution of the symbiont genome. When the symbiont infection was experimentally removed, the aposymbiotic insects grew and reproduced normally, but exhibited a slightly but significantly more reddish cuticle and lighter body mass. These results indicate that the symbiont of O. surinamensis is not essential for the host’s growth and reproduction but contributes to the host’s cuticle formation. Symbiont genome sequencing and detailed comparison of fitness parameters between symbiotic and aposymbiotic insects under various environmental conditions will provide further insights into the symbiont’s biological roles for the stored-product pest. IMPORTANCE Some beetles notorious as stored-product pests possess well-developed symbiotic organs called bacteriomes for harboring specific symbiotic bacteria, although their biological roles have been poorly understood. Here we report a peculiar endosymbiotic system of a grain pest beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, in which four oval bacteriomes in the abdomen are full of extremely elongated tubular bacterial cells. Experimental symbiont elimination did not hinder the host’s growth and reproduction, but resulted in emergence of reddish beetles, uncovering the symbiont’s involvement in host’s cuticle formation. We speculate that the extremely elongated symbiont cell morphology might be due to the degenerative symbiont genome deficient in bacterial cell division and/or cell wall formation, which highlights an evolutionary consequence of intimate host-symbiont coevolution.