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This new infographic highlights the wealth of OpenAIRENOADs’andMembers’ network, the experience, toolbox and pathways that they share for the adoption, compliance and implementation of Open Science and EOSC in their countries. It comes at a timely period for OpenAIRE as it has recently released theOpenAIRE Strategy 2023-2025in support of its mission to “shift scholarly communication towards openness and transparency, mobilising R&I actors to co-develop, co-invest and assume co-ownership of an open scholarly communication ecosystem”. The development of the infographic proved to be a useful exercise for the OpenAIRE members and NOADs. It provided the opportunity to focus on EOSC and connect all the relevant pieces of work to form the bigger picture of their contribution to the alignment of national research ecosystems, competencies and policy frameworks. The infographic positions in the center the OpenAIREResearch Graphand the three pillar areas of OpenAIRE actions:Policy-Services-Training. The Research Graph isthe most valuable scholarly communication resource that OpenAIRE maintains as the cumulative achievement of the research community shifting research practices and progressively adopting Open Science. The statistics reveal the vast amount of information that is available for exploitation through OpenAIRE, especially valuable in support of Open Science maturity as well as effective decision and policymaking for research, at large. From the center, the different tools that OpenAIRE NOADs and Members are equipped with spread around to enhance their activities. Those tools are, for example, collaboration to avoid silos and share practices, theguidelinesfor repositories and CRIS interoperability to increase FAIRness, the supporting resources forpolicy adoptionandcompliance, thecountry pagesgiving a complete overview of Open Science developments in national settings. The left part of the infographic indicates how these tools are organized internally, in the OpenAIRE network, strengthening know-how exchange, support of NOADs and Members and empowering them to advance nationally. The right part of the infographic reveals how the same tools are utilized in the country where the OpenAIRE NOADs and Members are positioned, shaping national research ecosystems around and in EOSC. It’s worth mentioning that this is the last output of OpenAIRE’sEOSC WG. Earlier this year, the “Technical Recommendations” sub-group members published their infographic showing how OpenAIRE services support researchers and service providers to align with Open and FAIR principles and practices, including the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) realization. You may find the technical infographichere. This infographic was developed with input provided by the EOSC WG/Sub-group “Policy and Practical Implementation". Members: Alina Irimia, André Dazy, Asger Væring Larsen, Bojan Macan, Dragana Radulović, Elli Papadopoulou, Gultekin Gurdal, Inge Van Nieuwerburgh, Jitka Dobbersteinova, Katarina Wiberg, Lena Dreher, Michal Růžička, Michele Mennielli, Mihaela Cucu, Mojca Kotar, Nermin Oruc, Pauli Assinen.

Education systems in the Balkans are highly selective: best performing students gain entry into gymnasia, while others attend vocational education training (VET) schools. Children of VET- educated parents are likely to follow in their genitors’ footsteps. High rates of vocational enrolment, furthermore, are not matched by effectiveness in skill formation. A large research project by LSE researchers, whose overview has been recently published by the European Training Foundation, suggests that allocating more resources, improving teacher training and updating curricula are key measures to allow for a change of tide. Will Bartlett and Claire Gordon summarise the findings.

Skill mismatch appears to be a more permanent phenomenon in the Western Balkans than in more developed EU countries where mismatch mainly affects younger people and tends to decline with age due to occupational mobility, movement up the career ladder in larger firms and investment by employers in on-the-job training. In the Western Balkans, such mismatch tends to be more persistent for a number of reasons. Firstly, old skills quickly become redundant when new technologies are introduced through restructuring. Secondly, employers invest relatively little in on -the-job-training due to uncertainty induced by the poor investment climate. Thirdly, old skills have gradually become obsolete due to the persistence of long-term unemployment. Fourthly, re-skilling has been inhibited by the low provision of adult education and life-long learning opportunities. Such skill mismatch could in principal be overcome through on-the-job training or career mobility, but employers are often reluctant to spend on employee training, while career mobility is often severely limited by structural factors such as lack of retraining opportunities and the costs of moving house.

This article fills a gap in theories of forced migration. We present a new model, motivated by specific features of forced migration during a conflict which do not feature in existing migration models. We incorporate the relative deprivation hypothesis and a new “restoration” hypothesis in order to better explain forced migration as a two-stage process, which starts with conflict and, in some cases, forced displacement in the first stage and continues with emigration in the second stage. A particular feature of our model is that it predicts self-selection of highly skilled individuals into international migration as a result of conflict, since the “restoration” hypothesis assumes that individuals with higher income before conflict are most under pressure to restore their previous income through emigration. The model used in this article to analyse conflict-induced migration could also motivate further modelling to better match the characteristics of migration induced by natural disasters (which are expected to increase in the future as a result of climate change) as well as by large development projects.

The main aim of this thesis is to analyze the economic consequences of ethnic cleansing in the countries affected, with particular focus on Bosnia and Herzegovina. As one of the key distinguishing characteristics of ethnic cleansing is mass displacement of people, it focuses its investigation on the impact of ethnic cleansing on the stock of human capital in the country affected. Using the framework of the analysis of brain drain developed for voluntary migration, the further analysis is divided into two parts: the first part deals with the negative consequences of ethnic cleansing for human capital through emigration of highly educated (brain drain), while the second part deals with positive reverse effects of such emigration (brain gain). This should eventually allow us to estimate the net effect of migration on the stock of human capital in the country affected by ethnic cleansing. The analysis of the brain drain caused by ethnic cleansing starts with the development of a theoretical model that explains the impact of ethnic cleansing on emigration of highly educated individuals. The model is based on the models of self-selection and amended by incorporating a ―restoration‖ hypothesis, originally developed in this thesis. This model is then tested by two different empirical studies. In the first study, a household level data from Bosnia-Herzegovina was used in order to measure the impact of different factors affecting the household‘s decision to migrate. In the second empirical study, country level data were used to measure the difference in the magnitude of brain drain between countries with different histories of conflict. The second part of the thesis provides the empirical evidence on brain gain by using two different studies. In the first study, country level data were used to analyze the possibility of the ―incentive effect‖ that increases the stock of human capital in the country as a result of migration. In the second study, household level data were used to analyze the effect of remittances inflows on the increase of human capital through increased educational investments by households receiving remittances. By providing evidence on both brain drain and brain gain effects, this thesis gives comprehensive insight into the impact of ethnic cleansing on the stock of human capital in a country. The main findings of these studies are that the negative effects are stronger, while positive effects are weaker compared to the voluntary migration. This suggests that the net effect of ethnic cleansing on human capital stock in a country is likely to be negative. In addition, the thesis offers a new theoretical model of ethnic cleansing which can also, with minor amendments, be used in the context of natural disasters induced and development induced displacement.