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A method for measuring the electrical connectivity between parts of a rectangular superconductor was developed for weak links making an arbitrary angle with the long side of the sample. The method is based on magneto-optical observation of characteristic lines where the critical current makes discontinuous deviations in the flow direction to adapt to the non-uniform condition created by the presence of the weak link. Assuming the Bean critical state model in the full penetration regime for a sample submitted to a perpendicular magnetic field, the complete flow pattern of screening currents is reconstructed, from which the transparency of the weak link, i.e., the ratio between its critical current and that of the pristine sample, $\tau = \frac{J_i}{J_c}$, is then related to the angle $\theta$ formed by two characteristic discontinuity lines which, in turn, are intimately associated to the presence of the weak link. The streamline distribution is compared with magneto-optical observations of the flux penetration in Nb superconducting films, where a weak link was created using focused ion beam milling. The present work generalizes previous analyses in which the weak link was perpendicular to the long sides of the rectangular sample. Equations and measurements demonstrate that the relationship between the transparency and the angle $\theta$ is not affected by the tilting of the weak link. Noticeably, in order to attain optimum connectivity, the weak link critical current can be less than that of the pristine sample, namely, $\tau _{max}=\sin \Phi$, where $\Phi$ is the tilt angle of the weak link. This expression generalizes the previous result of $\tau _{max}=1$ for $\Phi=$ 90$^\circ$.

The determination of the $DD^{*}$ scattering amplitude from lattice QCD is complicated by long-range interactions. In particular, the L\"uscher method is no longer applicable in the kinematical region close to the left-hand cut. We tackle this problem by adopting plane-wave and effective-field-theoretic methods, which also address partial wave mixing. In addition, we incorporate a diquark-antidiquark interpolator in the operator basis (along with the relevant scattering operators) in order to achieve a better resolution of the energy spectrum. Results show that inclusion of it already has some impact at physical charm quark mass, although it is more significant for larger heavy quark masses, in line with expectations., Comment: 9 pages. Proceedings of the 41st International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, LATTICE2024, 28th July -3rd August, 2024, University of Liverpool, UK

Context: Understanding galaxy evolution in dense environments, particularly proto-clusters, is crucial for studying mechanisms driving star formation and quenching. Aims: This study examines how two proto-cluster over-densities at 3 < z < 4 impact star formation rate (SFR), stellar mass, and morphology, focusing on quenched galaxies. Methods: We identified proto-cluster over-densities in the Chandra Deep Field South (CDFS) and Ultra Deep Survey (UDS) regions of the VANDELS survey. Using spectral energy distribution analysis, Bayesian methods (BEAGLE and BAGPIPES) helped derive best-fit parameters and U-V and V-J rest-frame colours (UVJ), classifying galaxies as quenched or star-forming based on UVJ diagrams and specific star formation rates (sSFR). TNG300 simulations aided interpretation. Results: Two of 13 proto-cluster over-densities host quenched galaxies with red U-V colours, low sSFR, and properties like massive passive galaxies. These quenched members are redder, older, more massive, and more compact. The highest-density peaks at z=3.55 and z=3.43 have dark matter halo masses consistent with proto-clusters and host AGNs, with five and three AGNs, respectively. Compared to field galaxies, these quenched members are in denser environments. TNG300 simulations suggest proto-clusters with quenched galaxies at high redshift evolve to contain more passive galaxies by z=1. Conclusions: The over-densities host massive quenched galaxies and AGNs in their densest peaks. Simulations reveal that sSFR for passive galaxies in proto-clusters was high at z=6, with median mass growth rates of 96% from z=6 to z=3. Conditions for mass assembly likely involve galaxy interactions and high gas accretion in dense environments. Black hole growth and AGN feedback appear to drive quenching at z=3, aligning with the properties of quenched galaxies observed in our study., Comment: 16 pages, 13 figures, 1 table, A&A accepted

Stellar occultations provide a powerful tool to explore objects of the outer solar system. The Gaia mission now provides milli-arcsec accuracy on the predictions of these events and makes possible observations that were previously unthinkable. Occultations return kilometric accuracies on the three-dimensional shape of bodies irrespective of their geocentric distances, with the potential of detecting topographic features along the limb. From the shape, accurate values of albedo can be derived, and if the mass is known, the bulk density is pinned down, thus constraining the internal structure and equilibrium state of the object. Occultations are also extremely sensitive to tenuous atmospheres, down to the nanobar level. They allowed the monitoring of Pluto's and Triton's atmospheres in the last three decades, constraining their seasonal evolution. They may unveil in the near future atmospheres around other remote bodies of the solar system. Since 2013, occultations have led to the surprising discovery of ring systems around the Centaur object Chariklo, the dwarf planet Haumea and the large trans-Neptunian object Quaoar, while revealing dense material around the Centaur Chiron. This suggests that rings are probably much more common features than previously thought. Meanwhile, they have raised new dynamical questions concerning the confining effect of resonances forced by irregular objects on ring particles. Serendipitous occultations by km-sized trans-Neptunian or Oort objects has the potential to provide the size distribution of a population that suffered few collisions until now, thus constraining the history of primordial planetesimals in the 1-100 km range., Comment: 76 pages, 22 figures, 7 tables, accepted for publication in The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review

In this paper, we study some properties of the closure operator in the Mac\'ias topology on infinite integral domains. Moreover, under certain conditions, we present topological proofs of the infiniteness of maximal ideals and non-associated irreducible elements, taking advantage of the hyperconnectedness of the Mac\'ias topology. Additionally, some problems are proposed.

Experimentally, the doubly charm tetraquark channel $cc\bar q\bar q$ with $q\!=\!u,d$ features an exotic hadron, $T_{cc}$, with isospin $I\!=\!0$ near the $DD^*$ threshold, while no peak was observed for $I\!=\!1$. We present a lattice QCD study of this channel with $I\!=\!1$, $J^P\!=\!1^+$ and $m_\pi\simeq 280~$MeV. Finite-volume energies calculated across five charm quark masses consistently indicate a repulsive interaction in this channel. These energies are used to compute the $DD^*$ scattering amplitude using both the standard L\"uscher method and the recently proposed effective-field-theory-based approach in the plane-wave basis, which incorporates the long-range interactions and the left-hand cut. Both analyses reaffirm the repulsive interaction resulting in a scattering amplitude that does not feature any poles in the energy region near the $DD^*$ threshold, in line with LHCb results. We identify that the Wick contraction resembling $t$-channel isovector-vector meson exchanges between $D$ and $D^*$ plays a key role in distinguishing between the $I=0$ and $I=1$ channels, leading to repulsion in the $I=1$ and attraction in the $I=0$ channel., Comment: 14 pages and 11 figures

Galaxy mergers are a key driver of galaxy formation and evolution, including the triggering of AGN and star formation to a still unknown degree. We thus investigate the impact of galaxy mergers on star formation and AGN activity using a sample of 3,330 galaxies at $z = [4.5, 8.5]$ from eight JWST fields (CEERS, JADES GOODS-S, NEP-TDF, NGDEEP, GLASS, El-Gordo, SMACS-0723, and MACS-0416), collectively covering an unmasked area of 189 arcmin$^2$. We focuses on star formation rate (SFR) enhancement, AGN fraction, and AGN excess in major merger ($\mu > 1/4$) close-pair samples, defined by $\Delta z < 0.3$ and projected separations $r_p < 100$ kpc, compared to non-merger samples. We find that SFR enhancement occurs only at $r_p < 20$ kpc, with values of $0.25 \pm 0.10$ dex and $0.26 \pm 0.11$ dex above the non-merger medians for $z = [4.5, 6.5]$ and $z = [6.5, 8.5]$, respectively. No other statistically significant enhancements in galaxy sSFR or stellar mass are observed at any projected separation or redshift bin. We also compare our observational results with predictions from the SC-SAM simulation and find no evidence of star formation enhancement in the simulations at any separation range. Finally, we examine the AGN fraction and AGN excess, finding that the fraction of AGNs in AGN-galaxy pairs, relative to the total AGN population, is $3.25^{+1.50}_{-1.06}$ times greater than the fraction of galaxy pairs relative to the overall galaxy population at the same redshift. We find that nearly all AGNs have a companion within 100 kpc and observe an excess AGN fraction in close-pair samples compared to non-merger samples. This excess is found to be $1.26 \pm 0.06$ and $1.34 \pm 0.06$ for AGNs identified via the inferred BPT diagram and photometric SED selection, respectively., Comment: 17 Pages, 7 Figures, Submitted to MNRAS

Highly forbidden $\beta$ decays provide a sensitive test to nuclear models in a regime in which the decay goes through high spin-multipole states, similar to the neutrinoless double-$\beta$ decay process. There are only 3 nuclei ($^{50}$V, $^{113}$Cd, $^{115}$In) which undergo a $4^{\rm th}$ forbidden non-unique $\beta$ decay. In this work, we compare the experimental $^{113}$Cd spectrum to theoretical spectral shapes in the framework of the spectrum-shape method. We measured with high precision, with the lowest energy threshold and the best energy resolution ever, the $\beta$ spectrum of $^{113}$Cd embedded in a 0.43 kg CdWO$_4$ crystal, operated over 26 days as a bolometer at low temperature in the Canfranc underground laboratory (Spain). We performed a Bayesian fit of the experimental data to three nuclear models (IBFM-2, MQPM and NSM) allowing the reconstruction of the spectral shape as well as the half-life. The fit has two free parameters, one of which is the effective weak axial-vector coupling constant, $g_A^{\text{eff}}$, which resulted in $g_A^{\text{eff}}$ between 1.0 and 1.2, compatible with a possible quenching. Based on the fit, we measured the half-life of the $^{113}$Cd $\beta$ decay including systematic uncertainties as $7.73^{+0.60}_{-0.57} \times 10^{15}$ yr, in agreement with the previous experiments. These results represent a significant step towards a better understanding of low-energy nuclear processes., Comment: Accepted for publication by EPJC

We present a comprehensive analysis of the region containing the large smooth patch on comet Tempel 1, focusing on its spectral and morphological characteristics and those of its surroundings. Utilizing observational data from the Deep Impact and Stardust-NExT missions, an updated stereophotoclinometry-based shape model, and numerical simulations, we aim to investigate the origin and evolution of this feature. Our study characterizes the morphological changes between the two mission visits, determining that the smooth patch has a thickness of approximately 25 meters. This patch is embedded in a cliff with an average height of 50 meters and exhibits a lobate U-shape morphology. Our findings support the previously suggested idea that an ice flow phenomenon is compatible with the observations. Moreover, our simulations indicate that a single phenomenon could link both the large and secondary smooth patches and the mass wasting feature observed on the comet's opposite northern face. We propose that a cryovolcano-like event may be responsible for this smooth feature, although more evidence is needed to support this hypothesis.

Recent advances in AI-generated voices have intensified the challenge of detecting deepfake audio, posing risks for scams and the spread of disinformation. To tackle this issue, we establish the largest public voice dataset to date, named DeepFakeVox-HQ, comprising 1.3 million samples, including 270,000 high-quality deepfake samples from 14 diverse sources. Despite previously reported high accuracy, existing deepfake voice detectors struggle with our diversely collected dataset, and their detection success rates drop even further under realistic corruptions and adversarial attacks. We conduct a holistic investigation into factors that enhance model robustness and show that incorporating a diversified set of voice augmentations is beneficial. Moreover, we find that the best detection models often rely on high-frequency features, which are imperceptible to humans and can be easily manipulated by an attacker. To address this, we propose the F-SAT: Frequency-Selective Adversarial Training method focusing on high-frequency components. Empirical results demonstrate that using our training dataset boosts baseline model performance (without robust training) by 33%, and our robust training further improves accuracy by 7.7% on clean samples and by 29.3% on corrupted and attacked samples, over the state-of-the-art RawNet3 model.

This paper presents the multiplicity of neutral and charged hadrons produced in 90 GeV$/c$ proton-carbon interactions from a dataset taken by the NA61/SHINE experiment in 2017. Particle identification via dE/dx was performed for the charged hadrons $\pi^\pm$, $K^\pm$, and $p / \bar{p}$; the neutral hadrons $K^0_S$, $\Lambda$, and $\bar{\Lambda}$ were identified via an invariant mass analysis of their decays to charged hadrons. Double-differential multiplicity results as a function of laboratory momentum and polar angle are presented for each particle species; these results provide vital constraints on the predicted neutrino beam flux for current and future long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments.

Among many-body instabilities in correlated quantum systems, electronic nematicity, defined by the spontaneous breaking of rotational symmetry, has emerged as a critical phenomenon, particularly within high-temperature superconductors. Recently, this behavior has been identified in CsTi$_3$Bi$_5$, a member of the AV$_3$Sb$_5$ (A = K, Rb, Cs) kagome family, recognized for its intricate and unconventional quantum phases. Despite accumulating indirect evidence, the fundamental mechanisms driving nematicity in CsTi$_3$Bi$_5$ remain inadequately understood, sparking ongoing debates. In this study, we employ polarization-dependent angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to reveal definitive signatures of an orbital-selective nematic deformation in the electronic structure of CsTi$_3$Bi$_5$. This direct experimental evidence underscores the pivotal role of orbital degrees of freedom in symmetry breaking, providing new insights into the complex electronic environment. By applying the functional renormalization group technique to a fully interacting ab initio model, we demonstrate the emergence of a finite angular momentum ($d$-wave) Pomeranchuk instability in CsTi$_3$Bi$_5$, driven by the concomitant action of electronic correlations within specific orbital channels and chemical potential detuning away from Van Hove singularities. By elucidating the connection between orbital correlations and symmetry-breaking instabilities, this work lays a crucial foundation for future investigations into the broader role of orbital selectivity in quantum materials, with far-reaching implications for the design and manipulation of novel electronic phases.

We report on the discovery of a very prominent mid-infrared (18-25 {\mu}m) excess associated with the trans-Neptunian dwarf planet (136472) Makemake. The excess, detected by the MIRI instrument of the James Webb Space Telescope, along with previous measurements from the Spitzer and Herschel space telescopes, indicates the occurrence of temperatures of about 150 K, much higher than what solid surfaces at Makemake's heliocentric distance could reach by solar irradiation. We identify two potential explanations: a continuously visible, currently active region, powered by subsurface upwelling and possibly cryovolcanic activity, covering <1% of Makemake's surface, or an as yet undetected ring containing very small carbonaceous dust grains, which have not been seen before in trans-Neptunian or Centaur rings. Both scenarios point to unprecedented phenomena among trans-Neptunian objects and could greatly impact our understanding of these distant worlds., Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters

Optimizing the synthesis of zeolites and exploring novel frameworks offer pivotal opportunities and challenges in materials design. While inverse design proves highly effective for simpler crystals, its application to intricate structures like zeolites poses severe challenges. Here, we introduce an innovative inverse design workflow tailored to efficiently reproduce target zeolite frameworks in a binary coarse-grained model using enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations. This workflow integrates an evolutionary parameter optimization strategy with a variant of the seeding approach. Using this method, we successfully reproduce Z1 and SGT zeolites, and Type-I clathrates, find new optimal parameters for known phases, such as the SOD and CFI, and even discover novel frameworks, such as Z5. This is done within a simple coarse-grained model for a tetrahedra-forming component and a structure-directing agent. Our methodology not only enables the screening of synthesis protocols but also facilitates the discovery of hypothetical zeolites., Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures

In this paper, we propose a novel formalism called Probabilistic Obstruction Temporal Logic (POTL), which extends Obstruction Logic (OL) by incorporating probabilistic elements. POTL provides a robust framework for reasoning about the probabilistic behaviors and strategic interactions between attackers and defenders in environments where probabilistic events influence outcomes. We explore the model checking complexity of POTL and demonstrate that it is not higher than that of Probabilistic Computation Tree Logic (PCTL), making it both expressive and computationally feasible for cybersecurity and privacy applications., Comment: 8 Pages

The sequential execution of actions and their hierarchical structure consisting of different levels of abstraction, provide features that remain unexplored in the task of action recognition. In this study, we present a novel approach to improve action recognition by exploiting the hierarchical organization of actions and by incorporating contextualized textual information, including location and prior actions to reflect the sequential context. To achieve this goal, we introduce a novel transformer architecture tailored for action recognition that utilizes both visual and textual features. Visual features are obtained from RGB and optical flow data, while text embeddings represent contextual information. Furthermore, we define a joint loss function to simultaneously train the model for both coarse and fine-grained action recognition, thereby exploiting the hierarchical nature of actions. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, we extend the Toyota Smarthome Untrimmed (TSU) dataset to introduce action hierarchies, introducing the Hierarchical TSU dataset. We also conduct an ablation study to assess the impact of different methods for integrating contextual and hierarchical data on action recognition performance. Results show that the proposed approach outperforms pre-trained SOTA methods when trained with the same hyperparameters. Moreover, they also show a 17.12% improvement in top-1 accuracy over the equivalent fine-grained RGB version when using ground-truth contextual information, and a 5.33% improvement when contextual information is obtained from actual predictions.

Cognitive decline is a natural part of aging, often resulting in reduced cognitive abilities. In some cases, however, this decline is more pronounced, typically due to disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Early detection of anomalous cognitive decline is crucial, as it can facilitate timely professional intervention. While medical data can help in this detection, it often involves invasive procedures. An alternative approach is to employ non-intrusive techniques such as speech or handwriting analysis, which do not necessarily affect daily activities. This survey reviews the most relevant methodologies that use deep learning techniques to automate the cognitive decline estimation task, including audio, text, and visual processing. We discuss the key features and advantages of each modality and methodology, including state-of-the-art approaches like Transformer architecture and foundation models. In addition, we present works that integrate different modalities to develop multimodal models. We also highlight the most significant datasets and the quantitative results from studies using these resources. From this review, several conclusions emerge. In most cases, the textual modality achieves the best results and is the most relevant for detecting cognitive decline. Moreover, combining various approaches from individual modalities into a multimodal model consistently enhances performance across nearly all scenarios.

The magnetic textures generated by a perpendicularly applied magnetic field at the ferromagnetic layer of $Co/Al_{2}O_{3}/Nb$ thin film heterostructures are investigated using magneto-optical imaging and micromagnetic simulations. It is observed that the stray field caused by flux avalanches in the superconducting layer prints out a non-trivial in-plane texture in the cobalt layer, which remains stable up to temperatures much above the Nb critical temperature. These textures mimic quite closely the dendritic thermomagnetic flux avalanches that penetrate the Nb layer from its edges. For low cobalt thickness, the filamentary magnetic textures occur in pairs with opposite polarity. The previous in-plane magnetization determines the relative location of the magnetic filaments with respect to the avalanche position. Micromagnetic simulations solving the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation confirm the interpretation given for the experimental findings., Comment: 13 paginas, 5 figuras, supplementary material

Over the past two decades, tools from network science have been leveraged to characterize the organization of both structural and functional networks of the brain. One such measure of network organization is hub node identification. Hubs are specialized nodes within a network that link distinct brain units corresponding to specialized functional processes. Conventional methods for identifying hub nodes utilize different types of centrality measures and participation coefficient to profile various aspects of nodal importance. These methods solely rely on the functional connectivity networks constructed from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), ignoring the structure-function coupling in the brain. In this paper, we introduce a graph signal processing (GSP) based hub detection framework that utilizes both the structural connectivity and the functional activation to identify hub nodes. The proposed framework models functional activity as graph signals on the structural connectivity. Hub nodes are then detected based on the premise that hub nodes are sparse, have higher level of activity compared to their neighbors, and the non-hub nodes' activity can be modeled as the output of a graph-based filter. Based on these assumptions, an optimization framework, GraFHub, is formulated to learn the coefficients of the optimal polynomial graph filter and detect the hub nodes. The proposed framework is evaluated on both simulated data and resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI) data from Human Connectome Project (HCP)., Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures

Large pre-trained models exhibit impressive zero-shot performance across diverse tasks, but fine-tuning often leads to catastrophic forgetting, where improvements on a target domain degrade generalization on other tasks. To address this challenge, we introduce LiNeS, Layer-increasing Network Scaling, a post-training editing technique designed to preserve pre-trained generalization while enhancing fine-tuned task performance. LiNeS scales parameter updates linearly based on their layer depth within the network, maintaining shallow layers close to their pre-trained values to preserve general features while allowing deeper layers to retain task-specific representations. We further extend this approach to multi-task model merging scenarios, where layer-wise scaling of merged parameters reduces negative task interference. LiNeS demonstrates significant improvements in both single-task and multi-task settings across various benchmarks in vision and natural language processing. It mitigates forgetting, enhances out-of-distribution generalization, integrates seamlessly with existing multi-task model merging baselines improving their performance across benchmarks and model sizes, and can boost generalization when merging LLM policies aligned with different rewards via RLHF. Importantly, our method is simple to implement and complementary to many existing techniques., Comment: The first two authors contributed equally to this work; Project website: \url{https://lines-merging.github.io/}

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have positioned them as powerful tools for clinical decision-making, with rapidly expanding applications in healthcare. However, concerns about bias remain a significant challenge in the clinical implementation of LLMs, particularly regarding gender and ethnicity. This research investigates the evaluation and mitigation of bias in LLMs applied to complex clinical cases, focusing on gender and ethnicity biases. We introduce a novel Counterfactual Patient Variations (CPV) dataset derived from the JAMA Clinical Challenge. Using this dataset, we built a framework for bias evaluation, employing both Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) and corresponding explanations. We explore prompting with eight LLMs and fine-tuning as debiasing methods. Our findings reveal that addressing social biases in LLMs requires a multidimensional approach as mitigating gender bias can occur while introducing ethnicity biases, and that gender bias in LLM embeddings varies significantly across medical specialities. We demonstrate that evaluating both MCQ response and explanation processes is crucial, as correct responses can be based on biased \textit{reasoning}. We provide a framework for evaluating LLM bias in real-world clinical cases, offer insights into the complex nature of bias in these models, and present strategies for bias mitigation.

Modeling the strategic behavior of agents in a real-world multi-agent system using existing state-of-the-art computational game-theoretic tools can be a daunting task, especially when only the actions taken by the agents can be observed. Before attempting such a task, it would be useful to gain insight into whether or not agents are in fact acting strategically at all, from a game-theoretic perspective. In this paper, we present an initial step toward addressing this problem by proposing a general approach based on machine learning fundamentals for detecting potentially strategic behavior. We instantiate the approach by applying state-of-the-art machine learning tools for model selection and performance evaluation of prediction models in the context of detecting the strategic behavior of players for game mode selection in the multiplayer online video game Heroes of the Storm. Specifically, as a baseline, we first train neural networks to predict players' game mode selections using only information about the state of the player themselves. Then, we train a new set of neural networks using the same architectures, this time incorporating "historical co-play" features that encode players' past interactions with other players. We find that including these new features led to statistically significant improvements in game mode prediction accuracy, providing a sufficiently strong signal that players indeed make decisions strategically, which justifies the development of more complex computational game-theoretic tools in the hope of improving modeling and predictive power. We discuss remaining research work about potential approaches to validate the effectiveness of this initial step to detect strategic behavior., Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure, submitted to AAMAS2025

We present a study of two-body decay widths of heavy baryons into another heavy baryon and a light pseudoscalar meson in the framework of the non-relativistic quark model in combination with the elementary emission model for the strong couplings. The present study includes the decays of 1S- and 1P-wave baryons with one, two or three heavy quarks, either charm (c) or bottom (b). The relative partial widths are given by the appropriate flavor SU(3) isoscalar factors. The flavor, spin and orbital contributions are discussed explicitly as well as selection rules for forbidden decays. The total widths are compared with the available experimental data as well as with other theoretical studies. The calculated widths of singly-heavy baryons are found to be in reasonable agreement with the observed widths. The decay widths of doubly-heavy baryons are suppressed with respect to those of the singly-heavy baryons by the ratios of the quark masses appearing in the orbital contributions., Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures, 8 tables, submitted to Physical Review D

We construct a new family of mod $p$ weight shifting differential operators on the Siegel threefold. We coin the term theta linkage maps to refer to some operators between automorphic vector bundles with linked weights, which can be thought of as generalizations of the classical theta cycle. In particular there exist such maps within the $p$-restricted region, whose weight shifts are directly related to the conjectures of Herzig on the weight part of Serre's conjecture. As an application we produce a generic entailment of Serre weights, i.e. a Hecke eigenform with a generic Serre weight in the lowest alcove also has a Serre weight in one of the upper alcoves. We also prove a partial result towards finding a lowest alcove Serre weight for a particular non-ordinary Fontaine-Laffaille $\overline{\rho}$, in the spirit of Faltings-Jordan and Tilouine.

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the data preparation pipeline developed for the OpenGPT-X project, a large-scale initiative aimed at creating open and high-performance multilingual large language models (LLMs). The project goal is to deliver models that cover all major European languages, with a particular focus on real-world applications within the European Union. We explain all data processing steps, starting with the data selection and requirement definition to the preparation of the final datasets for model training. We distinguish between curated data and web data, as each of these categories is handled by distinct pipelines, with curated data undergoing minimal filtering and web data requiring extensive filtering and deduplication. This distinction guided the development of specialized algorithmic solutions for both pipelines. In addition to describing the processing methodologies, we provide an in-depth analysis of the datasets, increasing transparency and alignment with European data regulations. Finally, we share key insights and challenges faced during the project, offering recommendations for future endeavors in large-scale multilingual data preparation for LLMs.

We report a novel approach based on the non-equilibrium self-consistent generalized Langevin equation (NESCGLE) theory that allows for the first principles prediction of the zero-shear viscosity in glass- and- gel-forming materials. This new modulus of the NESCGLE theory facilitates the theoretical description and interpretation of experimental data concerning out-of-equilibrium rheological properties of viscous liquids during their amorphous solidification. The predictive capability of our approach is illustrated here by means of a quantitative comparison between theoretical and experimental results for the zero shear viscosity in suspensions of oligomer-tethered nanoparticles in a polymeric host, finding an almost perfect correspondence between experiments and theory. This comparison also highlights the crucial relevance of including a kinetic perspective, such as that provided by the NESCGLE theory, in the description of dynamic and viscoelastic properties of amorphous states of matter.

Climate change poses an existential threat, necessitating effective climate policies to enact impactful change. Decisions in this domain are incredibly complex, involving conflicting entities and evidence. In the last decades, policymakers increasingly use simulations and computational methods to guide some of their decisions. Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) are one of such methods, which combine social, economic, and environmental simulations to forecast potential policy effects. For example, the UN uses outputs of IAMs for their recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports. Traditionally these have been solved using recursive equation solvers, but have several shortcomings, e.g. struggling at decision making under uncertainty. Recent preliminary work using Reinforcement Learning (RL) to replace the traditional solvers shows promising results in decision making in uncertain and noisy scenarios. We extend on this work by introducing multiple interacting RL agents as a preliminary analysis on modelling the complex interplay of socio-interactions between various stakeholders or nations that drives much of the current climate crisis. Our findings show that cooperative agents in this framework can consistently chart pathways towards more desirable futures in terms of reduced carbon emissions and improved economy. However, upon introducing competition between agents, for instance by using opposing reward functions, desirable climate futures are rarely reached. Modelling competition is key to increased realism in these simulations, as such we employ policy interpretation by visualising what states lead to more uncertain behaviour, to understand algorithm failure. Finally, we highlight the current limitations and avenues for further work to ensure future technology uptake for policy derivation., Comment: 23 pages, 13 Figures

We propose Diffusion Model Predictive Control (D-MPC), a novel MPC approach that learns a multi-step action proposal and a multi-step dynamics model, both using diffusion models, and combines them for use in online MPC. On the popular D4RL benchmark, we show performance that is significantly better than existing model-based offline planning methods using MPC and competitive with state-of-the-art (SOTA) model-based and model-free reinforcement learning methods. We additionally illustrate D-MPC's ability to optimize novel reward functions at run time and adapt to novel dynamics, and highlight its advantages compared to existing diffusion-based planning baselines., Comment: Preprint

Direct numerical simulations of mechanical metamaterials are prohibitively expensive due to the separation of scales between the lattice and the macrostructural size. Hence, multiscale continuum analysis plays a pivotal role in the computational modeling of metastructures at macroscopic scales. In the present work, we assess the continuum limit of mechanical metamaterials via homogenized models derived rigorously from variational methods. It is shown through multiple examples that micropolar-type effective energies, derived naturally from analysis, properly capture the kinematics of discrete lattices in two and three dimensions. Moreover, the convergence of the discrete energy to the continuum limit is shown numerically. We provide open-source computational implementations for all examples, including both discrete and homogenized models., Comment: Accepted version

Morita equivalence classes of Lie groupoids serve as models for differentiable stacks, which are higher spaces in differential geometry, generalizing manifolds and orbifolds. Representations up to homotopy of Lie groupoids provide a higher analog of classical representations and play a significant role in Poisson geometry. In this paper, we prove that the cohomology with coefficients in a representation up to homotopy is a Morita invariant, and therefore an invariant of the underlying stack. This result was inspired by the 2-term case, previously developed by del Hoyo and Ortiz, and it relies on the simplicial approach to representations up to homotopy, recently introduced by del Hoyo and Trentinaglia. As a subsidiary result, we include a proof of the cohomological descent for higher Lie groupoids., Comment: 22 pages

HARMONI is the first light visible and near-IR integral field spectrograph for the ELT. It covers a large spectral range from 470nm to 2450nm with resolving powers from 3300 to 18000 and spatial sampling from 60mas to 4mas. It can operate in two Adaptive Optics modes - SCAO (including a High Contrast capability) and LTAO - or with NOAO. The project is preparing for Final Design Reviews. The integral field spectrograph is a key sub-system of HARMONI instrument, which forms the 2D spectral image and projects it onto the scientific detector. It has 40 operational modes with different platescales and gratings covering the band of 811-2450 nm with three resolution grades. In each of this configurations the as-built spectrograph wave-front error is strictly limited. We perform the sensitivity analysis for measurable and unknown errors and build the errors budget on this basis. Then we correct the values for the actual technological limits and perform a three-stage Monte-Carlo analysis combined with simulation of a few specific effect as the holographic grating wavefront error. Eventually, we show that it is possible to reach the target image quality in terms of the wavefront error and spectral resolution for the entire sub-system with practically feasible tolerances on design parameters., Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, 1 table

Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are considered to be among the most primitive objects in our Solar System. Knowledge of their primary physical properties is essential for understanding their origin and the evolution of the outer Solar System. We predicted a stellar occultation by this TNO for 2020 October 23 UT and ran a specific campaign to investigate this event. We derived the projected profile shape and size from the occultation observations by means of an elliptical fit to the occultation chords. We also performed photometric observations of (143707) 2003 UY117 to obtain the absolute magnitude and the rotational period from the observed rotational light curve. Finally, we combined these results to derive the three-dimensional shape, volume-equivalent diameter, and geometric albedo for this TNO. From the stellar occultation, we obtained a projected ellipse with axes of $(282 \pm 18) \times (184 \pm 32)$ km. The area-equivalent diameter for this ellipse is $D_\textrm{eq,A} = 228 \pm 21$ km. From our photometric $R$ band observations, we derived an absolute magnitude of $H_V = 5.97 \pm 0.07$ mag using $V-R = 0.46 \pm 0.07$ mag, which was derived from a $V$ band subset of these data. The rotational light curve has a peak-to-valley amplitude of $\Delta m = 0.36 \pm 0.13$ mag. We find the most likely rotation period to be $P = 12.376 \pm 0.0033$ hours. By combining the occultation with the rotational light curve results and assuming a triaxial ellipsoid, we derived axes of $a \times b \times c = (332 \pm 24)$ km $\times$ $(216 \pm 24)$ km $\times$ $(180\substack{+28\\-24})$ km for this ellipsoid, and therefore a volume-equivalent diameter of $D_\textrm{eq,V} = 235 \pm 25$ km. Finally, the values for the absolute magnitude and for the area-equivalent diameter yield a geometric albedo of $p_V = 0.139 \pm 0.027$., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics on Sept 13, 2024

We present two multilingual LLMs designed to embrace Europe's linguistic diversity by supporting all 24 official languages of the European Union. Trained on a dataset comprising around 60% non-English data and utilizing a custom multilingual tokenizer, our models address the limitations of existing LLMs that predominantly focus on English or a few high-resource languages. We detail the models' development principles, i.e., data composition, tokenizer optimization, and training methodologies. The models demonstrate competitive performance across multilingual benchmarks, as evidenced by their performance on European versions of ARC, HellaSwag, MMLU, and TruthfulQA.

Multiplex networks have emerged as a promising approach for modeling complex systems, where each layer represents a different mode of interaction among entities of the same type. A core task in analyzing these networks is to identify the community structure for a better understanding of the overall functioning of the network. While different methods have been proposed to detect the community structure of multiplex networks, the majority deal with extracting the consensus community structure across layers. In this paper, we address the community detection problem across two closely related multiplex networks. For example in neuroimaging studies, it is common to have multiple multiplex brain networks where each layer corresponds to an individual and each group to different experimental conditions. In this setting, one may be interested in both learning the community structure representing each experimental condition and the discriminative community structure between two groups. In this paper, we introduce two discriminative community detection algorithms based on spectral clustering. The first approach aims to identify the discriminative subgraph structure between the groups, while the second one learns the discriminative and the consensus community structures, simultaneously. The proposed approaches are evaluated on both simulated and real world multiplex networks.

Fabrication of semiconductor heterostructures is now so precise that metrology has become a key challenge for progress in science and applications. It is now relatively straightforward to characterize classic III-V and group IV heterostructures consisting of slabs of different semiconductor alloys with thicknesses of $\sim$5 nm and greater using sophisticated tools such as X-ray diffraction, high energy X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry. However, profiling thin layers with nm or sub-nm thickness, e.g. atomically thin dopant layers ($\delta$-layers), of impurities required for modulation doping and spin-based quantum and classical information technologies is more challenging. Here, we present theory and experiment showing how resonant-contrast X-ray reflectometry meets this challenge. The technique takes advantage of the change in the scattering factor of atoms as their core level resonances are scanned by varying the X-ray energy. We demonstrate the capability of the resulting element-selective, non-destructive profilometry for single arsenic $\delta$-layers within silicon, and show that the sub-nm electronic thickness of the $\delta$-layers corresponds to sub-nm chemical thickness. In combination with X-ray fluorescence imaging, this enables non-destructive three-dimensional characterization of nano-structured quantum devices. Due to the strong resonances at soft X-ray wavelengths, the technique is also ideally suited to characterize layered quantum materials, such as cuprates or the topical infinite-layer nickelates.

This paper addresses, for the first time in the literature, optimal control problems for dynamic systems governed by a novel class of sweeping processes with time delay. We establish well-posedness of such processes, in the sense of the existence and uniqueness of feasible trajectories corresponding to feasible controls under fairly unrestrictive assumptions. Then we construct a well-posed family of discrete approximations and find efficient conditions under the discretized time-delayed sweeping process exhibits stability with respect to strong convergence of feasible and optimal solutions. This creates a bridge between optimization of continuous-time and discrete-time sweeping control systems and justifies the effective use of discrete approximations in deriving optimality conditions and numerical techniques to solve the original time-delayed sweeping control problems via discrete approximations.

Learning from previously collected data via behavioral cloning or offline reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful recipe for scaling generalist agents by avoiding the need for expensive online learning. Despite strong generalization in some respects, agents are often remarkably brittle to minor visual variations in control-irrelevant factors such as the background or camera viewpoint. In this paper, we present theDeepMind Control Visual Benchmark (DMC-VB), a dataset collected in the DeepMind Control Suite to evaluate the robustness of offline RL agents for solving continuous control tasks from visual input in the presence of visual distractors. In contrast to prior works, our dataset (a) combines locomotion and navigation tasks of varying difficulties, (b) includes static and dynamic visual variations, (c) considers data generated by policies with different skill levels, (d) systematically returns pairs of state and pixel observation, (e) is an order of magnitude larger, and (f) includes tasks with hidden goals. Accompanying our dataset, we propose three benchmarks to evaluate representation learning methods for pretraining, and carry out experiments on several recently proposed methods. First, we find that pretrained representations do not help policy learning on DMC-VB, and we highlight a large representation gap between policies learned on pixel observations and on states. Second, we demonstrate when expert data is limited, policy learning can benefit from representations pretrained on (a) suboptimal data, and (b) tasks with stochastic hidden goals. Our dataset and benchmark code to train and evaluate agents are available at: https://github.com/google-deepmind/dmc_vision_benchmark., Comment: NeurIPS 2024 Datasets and Benchmarks Track. Dataset available at: https://github.com/google-deepmind/dmc_vision_benchmark

Early-type stars have convective cores due to a steep temperature gradient produced by the CNO cycle. These cores can host dynamos, and the generated magnetic fields can be relevant to explain the magnetism observed in Ap/Bp stars. Our main objective is to characterise the convective core dynamos and differential rotation, and to do the first quantitative analysis of the relation between magnetic activity cycle and rotation period. We use numerical 3D star-in-a-box simulations of a $2.2~M_\odot$ A-type star with a convective core of roughly $20\%$ of the stellar radius surrounded by a radiative envelope. Rotation rates from 8 to 20 days are explored. We use two models of the entire star, and an additional zoom set, where $50\%$ of the radius is retained. The simulations produce hemispheric core dynamos with cycles and typical magnetic field strengths around 60 kG. However, only a very small fraction of the magnetic energy is able to reach the surface. The cores have solar-like differential rotation, and a substantial part of the radiative envelope has quasi-rigid rotation. In the most rapidly rotating cases the magnetic energy in the core is roughly 40\% of the kinetic energy. Finally, we find that the magnetic cycle period $P_\mathrm{cyc}$ increases with decreasing the rotation period $P_\mathrm{rot}$ which is also observed in many simulations of solar-type stars. Our simulations indicate that a strong hemispherical core dynamo arises routinely, but that it is not enough the explain the surface magnetism of Ap/Bp stars. Nevertheless, as the core dynamo produces dynamically relevant magnetic fields it should not be neglected when other mechanisms are explored., Comment: Article accepted for publication in A&A

We investigate the cosmic evolution of the Universe across different cosmological epochs in exponential Weyl-type $f(Q, T)$ gravity model. The theoretical analysis involves a detailed dynamical system approach, where we define dimensionless variables and derive a system of linear differential equations to identify critical points corresponding to the radiation, matter and de Siter phase. The findings show the transition from deceleration to acceleration phase, with stable and unstable critical points characterizing different phases of the evolution. In the second approach, we validate the theoretical predictions by using observational data from Cosmic Chronometers ($CC$) and $Pantheon^+$ datasets. We constrain the Hubble parameter and subsequently analysed the other cosmological and geometrical parameters. In this approach also, the transition from deceleration to acceleration has been confirmed, with the equation of state (EoS) parameter approaching $\Lambda$CDM at late times. The further validate this, we present the behaviour of state finder pair. We obtain the age of the Universe $13.81$ Gyr according to $CC$ data and $13.96$ Gyr with the $Pantheon^+$ dataset. The model behaviour in both the approaches shows strong agreement in the late-time behavior of the Universe. The evolutionary behaviour of Hubble parameter and distance modulus, reinforcing the reliability of the Weyl-type $f(Q, T)$ gravity model in describing the expansion history of Universe., Comment: 17 pages, 18 figures

Objective: To propose a mathematical model for applying Ionization Detail (ID), the detailed spatial distribution of ionization along a particle track, to proton and ion beam radiotherapy treatment planning (RTP). Approach: Our model provides for selection of preferred ID parameters (I_p) for RTP, that associate closest to biological effects. Cluster dose is proposed to bridge the large gap between nanoscopic I_p and macroscopic RTP. Selection of I_p is demonstrated using published cell survival measurements for protons through argon, comparing results for nineteen Ip: N_k; k = 2,3,...,10, the number of ionizations in clusters of k or more per particle, and F_k; k = 1,2,...,10, the number of clusters of k or more per particle. We then describe application of the model to ID-based RTP and propose a path to clinical translation. Main results: The preferred I_p were N_4 and F_5 for aerobic cells, N_5 and F_7 for hypoxic cells. Signifcant differences were found in cell survival for beams having the same LET or the preferred N_k. Conversely, there was no signi?cant difference for F_5 for aerobic cells and F_7 for hypoxic cells, regardless of ion beam atomic number or energy. Further, cells irradiated with the same cluster dose for these I_p had the same cell survival. Based on these preliminary results and other compelling results in nanodosimetry, it is reasonable to assert that I_p exist that are more closely associated with biological effects than current LET-based approaches and microdosimetric RBE-based models used in particle RTP. However, more biological variables such as cell line and cycle phase, as well as ion beam pulse structure and rate still need investigation. Signifcance: Our model provides a practical means to select preferred I_p from radiobiological data, and to convert I_p to the macroscopic cluster dose for particle RTP., Comment: 31 pages, 12 figures

As more types of transactions move online, there is an increasing need to verify someone's identity remotely. Remote identity verification (RIdV) technologies have emerged to fill this need. RIdV solutions typically use a smart device to validate an identity document like a driver's license by comparing a face selfie to the face photo on the document. Recent research has been focused on ensuring that biometric systems work fairly across demographic groups. This study assesses five commercial RIdV solutions for equity across age, gender, race/ethnicity, and skin tone across 3,991 test subjects. This paper employs statistical methods to discern whether the RIdV result across demographic groups is statistically distinguishable. Two of the RIdV solutions were equitable across all demographics, while two RIdV solutions had at least one demographic that was inequitable. For example, the results for one technology had a false negative rate of 10.5% +/- 4.5% and its performance for each demographic category was within the error bounds, and, hence, were equitable. The other technologies saw either poor overall performance or inequitable performance. For one of these, participants of the race Black/African American (B/AA) as well as those with darker skin tones (Monk scale 7/8/9/10) experienced higher false rejections. Finally, one technology demonstrated more favorable but inequitable performance for the Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) demographic. This study confirms that it is necessary to evaluate products across demographic groups to fully understand the performance of remote identity verification technologies.

We introduce and study the class of primitive Enriques varieties, whose smooth members are Enriques manifolds. We provide several examples and we demonstrate that this class is stable under the operations of the Minimal Model Program (MMP). In particular, given an Enriques manifold $Y$ and an effective $\mathbb{R}$-divisor $B_Y$ on $Y$ such that the pair $(Y,B_Y)$ is log canonical, we prove that any $(K_Y+B_Y)$-MMP terminates with a minimal model $(Y',B_{Y'})$ of $(Y,B_Y)$, where $Y'$ is a $\mathbb{Q}$-factorial primitive Enriques variety with canonical singularities. Finally, we investigate the asymptotic theory of Enriques manifolds., Comment: v2: minor changes

A recently proposed node-based uniform strain virtual element method (NVEM) is here extended to small strain elastoplastic solids. In the proposed method, the strain is averaged at the nodes from the strain of surrounding linearly-precise virtual elements using a generalization to virtual elements of the node-based uniform strain approach for finite elements. The averaged strain is then used to sample the weak form at the nodes of the mesh leading to a method in which all the field variables, including state and history-dependent variables, are related to the nodes and thus they are tracked only at these locations during the nonlinear computations. Through various elastoplastic benchmark problems, we demonstrate that the NVEM is locking-free while enabling linearly-precise virtual elements to solve elastoplastic solids with accuracy.

Aviation's non-CO$_2$ effects, especially the impact of aviation-induced contrails, drive atmospheric changes and can influence climate dynamics. Although contrails are believed to contribute to global warming through their net warming effect, uncertainties persist due to the challenges in accurately measuring their radiative impacts. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by investigating the relationship between aviation-induced contrails, as observed in Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite imagery, and their impact on radiative forcing (RF) over a two-week study. Results show that while daytime contrails generally have a cooling effect, the higher number of nighttime contrails results in a net warming effect over the entire day. Net RF values for detected contrails range approximately from -8 TW to 2.5 TW during the day and from 0 to 6 TW at night. Our findings also show a 41.03% increase in contrail coverage from January 24-30, 2023, to the same week in 2024, accompanied by a 128.7% rise in contrail radiative forcing (CRF), indicating greater warming from the added contrails. These findings highlight the necessity of considering temporal factors, such as the timing and duration of contrail formation, when assessing their overall warming impact. They also indicate a potential increase in contrail-induced warming from 2023 to 2024, attributable to the rise in contrail coverage. Further investigation into these trends is crucial for the development of effective mitigation strategies., Comment: SESAR Innovation Days 2024

This paper presents the Dynamic Simultaneous Multi-threaded Architecture (DSMT). DSMT efficiently exe-cutes multiple threads from a single program on a SMT processor core. To accomplish this, threads are generated dynamically from a predictable flow of control and then executed speculatively. Data obtained during the single context non-speculative execution phase of DSMT is used as a hint to speculate the posterior behavior of multiple threads. DSMT employs simple mechanisms based on state bits that keep track of inter-thread dependencies in registers and memory, synchronize thread execution, and control recovery from misspeculation. Moreover, DSMT utilizes a novel greedy policy for choosing those sections of code which provide the highest performance based on their past execution history. The DSMT architecture was simulated with a new cycle-accurate, execution-driven simulator. Our simulation results show that DSMT has very good potential to improve SMT performance, even when only a single program is available. However, we found that dynamic thread behavior together with fre-quent misspeculation may also produce diminishing re-turns in performance. Therefore, the challenge is to max-imize the amount of thread-level parallelism that DSMT is capable of exploiting and at the same time reduce the fre-quency of misspeculations.

The effect of curvature and how it induces and enhances the transport of colloidal particles driven through narrow channels represent an unexplored research avenue. Here we combine experiments and simulations to investigate the dynamics of magnetically driven colloidal particles confined through a narrow, circular channel. We use an external precessing magnetic field to induce a net torque and spin the particles at a defined angular velocity. Due to the spinning, the particle propulsion emerges from the different hydrodynamic coupling with the inner and outer walls and strongly depends on the curvature. The experimental findings are combined with finite element numerical simulations that predict a positive rotation translation coupling in the mobility matrix. Further, we explore the collective transport of many particles across the curved geometry, making an experimental realization of a driven single file system. With our finding, we elucidate the effect of curvature on the transport of microscopic particles which could be important to understand the complex, yet rich, dynamics of particle systems driven through curved microfluidic channels.