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Objective: This study aims to investigate the interrelationship of risk factors for suicidal behaviour and their influence on attempt severity in a sample of adolescents who have recently attempted suicide. For it a network analyse was performed., Method: Data from a sample of adolescents from 12 to 17 years of age with documented suicide attempts were collected and analysed in the context of a larger study conducted in Spain called SURVIVE. Several factors were examined including age, sex, depression, trauma, impulsivity, and substance abuse. Graph analysis was performed to identify relationships and centrality measures among these factors., Results: A total of 267 participants were enrolled: 233 females and 34 males with a mean age of 15.00 years (SD = 1.52). The results indicate that age and sex do not have a notable relationship with attempt severity in adolescents. Emotional and behavioural difficulties, measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), have the greatest influence on other variables. Depression and childhood trauma show varying degrees of association with suicidal behaviour, as does motor impulsivity. Substance use does not appear to be strongly related to suicide attempt severity. The number of suicide attempts is strongly correlated with emotional and behavioural difficulties, depression, and childhood trauma. Lethality of suicide attempts and intensity of suicidal ideation do not show significant associations with the other variables., Conclusion: This study identifies significant risk factors for adolescent suicide. Emotional and behavioural symptoms, depression, and childhood trauma are strongly linked to suicidal behaviour. However, age, sex, and substance abuse show minimal correlation. Assessing emotional difficulties and depressive symptoms using specific questionnaires could be crucial in evaluating suicidal behaviour in adolescents., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: Pilar A. Saiz has been a consultant to and/or has received honoraria or grants from Adamed, Alter Medica, Angelini Pharma, CIBERSAM, Ethypharm Digital Therapy, European Commission, Government of the Principality of Asturias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Johnson & Johnson, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Pfizer, Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas, Rovi, Servier and Viatris España. Luis Jiménez Treviño has been a consultant to and/or has received honoraria or grants from Adamed, Alter Medica, Angelini Pharma, Cassen-Recordati, CIBERSAM, Eli Lilly, European Commission, Government of the Principality of Asturias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Johnson & Johnson, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Pfizer, and Servier outside the submitted work. Jennifer Fernandez-Fernandez has been a consultant to and/or has received honoraria or grants from Otsuka. Iria Grande has received grants and served as a consultant, advisor, or CME speaker for the following identities: Adamed, Angelini, Casen Recordati, Esteve, Ferrer, Gedeon Richter, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Lundbeck-Otsuka, Luye, SEI Healthcare, and Viatris outside the submitted work. She also receives royalties from Oxford University Press, Elsevier, and Editorial Médica Panamericana. Ethical approval: The current proposal complies with the national (code of ethics of the national board of medicine) and international (Declaration of Helsinki, Fortaleza, Brasil, Octubre 2013) guidelines, and with the national regulations: Ley 14/2007, 3rd of July of Investigación Biomédica, and Ley Orgánica 3/2018, 5th of December, regarding Protección de Datos Personales y Garantía de Derechos Digitales. Data protection will be assured following EU regulations (General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 and the Council of 27 April 2016). Individuals who attempted suicide will be screed by a psychiatrist at the emergency ward. After discharge, the participant will be asked verbally, whether he/she consents to be called by a study team member to inform he/she about the study. If the patient consents, a study team member will contact the patient within the first 24 h to explain the study aims, and to arrange an appointment. Participants who agreed will be given the Patient Information Sheet and Informed Consent. Participation will be voluntarily, and participants will be allowed to abandon the study at any time. The same procedure will be conducted to recruit the youth sample. The adolescent’s consent will also be obtained through the provision of age-appropriate information. Adolescents will be included in the study only if consent from both (the adolescent and his/her legal representative) is obtained. The project was evaluated at the Ethical Committees of each one of the participating sites., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Parsers are used in different software development scenarios such as compiler construction, data format processing, machine-level translation, and natural language processing. Due to the widespread usage of parsers, there exist different tools aimed at automizing their generation. Two of the most common parser generation tools are the classic Lex/Yacc and ANTLR. Even though ANTLR provides more advanced features, Lex/Yacc is still the preferred choice in many university courses. There exist different qualitative comparisons of the features provided by both approaches, but no study evaluates empirical features such as language implementor productivity and tool simplicity, intuitiveness, and maintainability. In this article, we present such an empirical study by conducting an experiment with undergraduate students of a Software Engineering degree. Two random groups of students implement the same language using a different parser generator, and we statistically compare their performance with different measures. Under the context of the academic study conducted, ANTLR has shown significant differences for most of the empirical features measured., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

We investigated the contribution of reactive oxygen species to the development of sebaceous gland hyperplasia and the characteristics of the glutathione S-transferase/glutathione system in male pattern baldness. Glutathione S-transferase, glutathione, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were determined in sebaceous gland-enriched scalp skin of men affected by male pattern baldness and were subjected to hair autotransplantation. In comparison with the hairy occipital-donor areas, the following results were obtained in alopecic frontoparietal samples: glutathione S-transferase-specific activity increased 7-fold (p < 0.001); enzyme affinity towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene decreased 2-fold (p = 0.009); glutathione content decreased 2.5-fold (p = 0.017); and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances increased 2-fold (p = 0.006). Chromatofocusing analysis, bromosulfophthalein IC50 values, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry with polyclonal antibodies raised against glutathione S-transferases alpha, mu, and pi demonstrated the presence of alpha, pi, and probably the 5.8 alpha isoenzymes in the sebaceous gland. These results support the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species are involved in the pathogenesis of sebaceous gland hyperplasia in male pattern baldness.