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Graffiti sind eine kurzlebige und polarisierende Form unseres kulturellen Erbes. Graffiti verärgern, erfreuen, provozieren und regen zum Nachdenken an. Der Wiener Donaukanal zählt zur längsten ununterbrochenen Graffiti-Landschaften weltweit und ist damit einer der wichtigsten Graffiti-Hotspot. Heutzutage bedeutet das Sprayen eines neuen Graffito am Donaukanal meist die teilweise oder vollständige Zerstörung eines darunterliegenden Graffito. Daher verändert sich auch die Graffiti Landschaft entlang des Donaukanals täglich. Das Projekt INDIGO hat es sich zum Ziel gesetzt, die 13 km Graffiti-bedeckten Oberflächen des Donaukanals systematisch zu dokumentieren und in Form einer interaktiven und aktuellen online 3D-Plattform der Wissenschaft und einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit zugänglich und auch für kommende Generationen erlebbar zu machen. Am Ende des Projekts INDIGO soll es unter anderem möglich sein, einen virtuellen Spaziergang entlang des Donaukanals zu machen und längst übersprühte Graffiti im Detail zu analysieren. Die 3D Geometrie des Donaukanals wird durch Structure from Motion (SfM) und mittels eines Multi-View Stereo (MVS) Ansatzes aus ca. 27000 Fotos abgeleitet, die im Herbst 2021 aufgenommen wurden. Zusätzlich zu den Fotos wurden mehr als 500 Passpunkte entlang des Donaukanals terrestrisch vermessen, um die Georeferenzierung des 3D Modells zu gewährleisten und akkumulierte Drifteffekte der berechneten Kameraorientierungen zu minimieren. Eine der größten Herausforderungen von INDIGO ist es, alle neuen Graffito-Fotos in ein (ortho-)rektifiziertes, georeferenziertes und farbtreues Bild zu verwandeln. Um dies zu ermöglichen, entwickelt INDIGO maßgeschneiderte und hochautomatisierte Workflows, die der Öffentlichkeit als open-source Software für andere Dokumentationsprojekte kostenlos zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Die Orthorektifizierung erfolgt mittels eines sogenannten inkrementellen SfM Ansatzes, in dem die neuen Bilder nach und nach in den bestehenden Bündelblock hinzugefügt und orientiert werden. Um dieses Verfahren zu beschleunigen nutzt INDIGO Messdaten von GNSS und IMU Sensoren, die auf der Kamera montiert sind. In diesem Vortrag werden die Ziele des INDIGO Projekts vorgestellt und diverse photogrammetrischen Lösungsansätze präsentiert, die das digitale Fortbestehen der Graffiti Landschaft am Donaukanal sicherstellen.

The article discusses the methodological issues of remote mapping objects of archaeological heritage using unmanned aerial vehicles. A section of the Yustyd river valley on the territory of the Kosh-Agach district of the Altai Republic was chosen as a polygon. The survey area in 2021 covered the territory of the right bank with the maximum concentration of large objects, first of all, khirgisuurs, which are distinguished by a variety of shapes and internal structures. For multispectral shooting of archaeological sites, an unmanned aerial vehicle DJI Inspire 1 (ver. 2.0) was used, a design feature of which was an additional mini-platform located in the rear of the hull. The platform was mounted for the installation of a Parrot Sequoia camera and an additional battery — a source of autonomous power supply for the camera. The process of photogrammetric processing of images was a computer automated digital processing of photographic materials with the subsequent creation of a mosaic orthomosaic. Agisoft Metashape software was chosen for photogrammetric processing of materials. The results obtained were subjected to index (thematic) processing of multispectral images based on a combination of green, red and near infrared channels. In the course of a comparative analysis of the constructed images, the following regularities were found. The MCARI index makes it possible to detect burial mounds and structural elements expressed in geometry (plan). Detection of various “anomalies” characterizing the presence of small elements in the turf layers is possible with additional filter processing. Thus, it has been established that multispectral imaging is a new high-tech tool for performing work: archaeological exploration, searching for new objects and clarifying the configuration of previously studied objects, when mapping stand-alone sites and archaeological complexes in general., В статье рассматриваются методические вопросы картографирования объектов археологического наследия дистанционным образом с помощью беспилотных аппаратов. В качестве полигона был выбран участок долины р. Юстыд на территории Кош-Агачского района Республики Алтай. Участок съемки 2021 г. охватывал территорию правого берега с максимальной концентрацией объектов больших размеров, прежде всего херексуров, отличающихся разнообразием формы и внутреннего строения. Для мультиспектральной съемки археологических памятников использовали беспилотный летательный аппарат DJI Inspire 1 (ver. 2.0), конструктивной особенностью которого являлась дополнительная мини-платформа, расположенная в задней части корпуса. Платформа была смонтирована для установки камеры Parrot Sequoia и дополнительной батареи — источника автономного питания камеры. Процесс фотограмметрической обработки снимков представлял собой компьютерную автоматизированную цифровую обработку фотоматериалов с последующим созданием мозаичного ортофотоплана. Для фотограмметрической обработки материалов была выбрана программа Agisoft Metashape. Полученные результаты были подвергнуты индексной (тематической) обработке мультиспектральных снимков на основе комбинации зеленого, красного и ближнего инфракрасного каналов. В ходе сравнительного анализа построенных изображений обнаружены следующие закономерности. Индекс MCARI позволяет обнаруживать курганные могильники и элементы конструкции, выраженные в геометрии (плане). Детектирование различных «аномалий», характеризующих наличие мелких элементов в задернованных слоях, возможно при дополнительной обработке фильтрами. Таким образом, установлено, что мультиспектральная съемка является новым высокотехнологичным инструментом при выполнении археологической разведки, поиске новых объектов и уточнении конфигурации ранее исследованных объектов, при картографировании отдельно стоящих памятников и археологических комплексов в целом.

Purposeor research is to develop an algorithm for detecting obstacles on the orthophotomap based on the analysis of the spectral landscape indices in the tasks of mobile robotic equipment navigation in agricultural areas.Methods.The following landscape indices characterizing objects of various types on a map obtained by spectral aerial photography have been considered in the paper: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized building difference index (NDBI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), and soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). These indices provide an assessment of the four main classes of objects on the map: vegetation, buildings, water bodies, and soil cover. An algorithm that provides the segmentation of zones on the map which are impassable for ground robotic means using multispectral images and the considered indices was proposed.Results. Each image is presented in the form of a colour map based on the pixel-by-pixel calculation of the indicated indices. In this case, three indices, i.e. SAVI, NDWI, NDBI, are combined (superimposed on each other), and then the NDVI layer is subtracted from the resulting image to highlight the passable zones. Thus, a formula to obtain a mask of obstacles in the image was obtained. Hence, this algorithm allows generalizing the results of calculations for all selected indices and constructing a mask of obstacles in the image. For quantitative assessment the of the algorithm execution, the area of obstacles was calculated using the indices on a sample of manually marked images. The experiments conducted show that the developed algorithm provides, on average, detection of 85.47 % of the area of all impassable zones in the images in the above classes of land cover.Conclusion.An algorithm for the automated detection of obstacles on a map obtained from a spectral orthophotomap of the area for use in the tasks of mobile robotic equipment navigation in agricultural areas has been developed and tested. In the further research, to determine flat soil areas, it is planned to modify the developed solution using the improved modified soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI).

The article reflects the method of orthophotomap decivetion. The flow diagram of UAV data processing in Photomod is presented. The final processing results are presented in the form of an orthophotomap. The technology for constructing point objects for further error analysis is presented. The calculation of the plotted points in Excel for further error analysis was performed. Errors based on the tolerances that are proposed in the instructions for topographic survey are analyzed.

The main goal of the work was an attempt to compare the free and commercial photogrammetry software for processing pictures taken with a camera drone, a traditional digital camera and a smartphone. Due to a wide range of programs on the market, four were selected for comparison (Agisoft Metashape, DroneDeploy, VisualSfM, COLMAP). Their brief description was presented, and then the photos were processed in each of them. Three sets of photographs were used for the processing (part of a residential area, photos of a building, and photos of a tree trunk). As a result, the capabilities of selected applications were presented on the basis of various input data. Not every program was able to deliver all the desired products. Moreover, they differ depending on the software. Commercial applications have more functionalities. On the other hand, open-source solutions allow for the development of algorithms. Working in any environment had its own characteristics. The selected applications were compared on the basis of the processing and the results obtained. Due to many aspects of their evaluation, it turned out that the research topic was very extensive. Moreover, it was found that it is very difficult to make an objective statement of the tested programs, because the same program, depending on the user's needs, capabilities and knowledge, can be scored differently.

This article discusses changes in land use in two areas located on the southern outskirts of Łódź. It was based on an analysis of land use data obtained from aerial photographs taken in 1973 and an orthophotomap from 2017. After 44 years, significant changes had taken place in the city and they were reflected in land use. The study areas covered 190 ha and, in the period analysed, land use had changed over an area of 115 ha, more than 60% of its total surface. They mainly occurred on pasture and arable land which was developed into built-up areas. Celem artykułu jest omówienie zmian pokrycia terenu dwóch obszarów położonych na południowych obrzeżach Łodzi. Badanie przeprowadzono na podstawie analizy danych o pokryciu terenu, uzyskanych ze zdjęć lotniczych wykonanych w 1973 r. i ortofotomapy z 2017 r. Przez 44 lata w mieście zachodziły znaczące zmiany, które znalazły odzwierciedlenie w zmianach pokrycia terenu. Powierzchnia obszarów poddanych badaniu wynosiła łącznie 190 ha, a w analizowanym okresie zmiany pokrycia terenu objęły 115 ha, co stanowi ponad 60% powierzchni badanych obszarów. Zmiany nastąpiły głównie na terenach trawiastych i rolniczych, które były przekształcane w grunty przeznaczone pod zabudowę.

Monitoring of the state of agricultural crops and forecasting the crops development begin with aerial photography using a unmanned aerial vehicles and a multispectral camera. Vegetation indexes are selected empirically and calculated as a result of operations with values of diff erent spectral wavelengths. When assessing the state of crops, especially in breeding, it is necessary to determine the limiting factors for the use of vegetation indexes.(Research purpose) To analyze, evaluate and select vegetation indexes for conducting operational, high-quality and comprehensive monitoring of the state of crops and the formation of optimal management decisions.(Materials and Methods) The authors studied the results of scientifi c research in the fi eld of remote sensing technology using unmanned aerial vehicles and multispectral cameras, as well as the experience of using vegetation indexes to assess the condition of crops in the precision farming system. The limiting factors for the vegetation indexes research were determined: a limited number of monochrome cameras in popular multispectral cameras; key indicators for monitoring crops required by agronomists. After processing aerial photographs from an unmanned aerial vehicle, a high-precision orthophotomap, a digital fi eld model, and maps of vegetation indexes were created.(Results and discussion) More than 150 vegetation indexes were found. Not all of them were created through observation and experimentation. The authors considered broadband vegetation indexes to assess the status of crops in the fi elds. They analyzed the vegetation indexes of soybean and winter wheat crops in the main phases of vegetation.(Conclusions) The authors found that each vegetative index had its own specifi c scope, limiting factors and was used both separately and in combination with other indexes. When calculating the vegetation indexes for practical use, it was recommended to be guided by the technical characteristics of multispectral cameras and took into account the index use eff ectiveness at various vegetation stages.

The paper presents the applicability of LiDAR data in limnological research with respect to the identification of the shoreline of lakes, and consequently the scale of overgrowing of lakes. Data obtained from the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography from the period 2011 2016 provided the basis for the identification of shorelines for 14 lakes of the Pomeranian Lakeland. The paper employs the orthophotomap for the determination of the range of lake vegetation. Using the line determined based on the orthophotomap and that determined based on LiDAR points, the zone of overgrowing of the analysed lakes was delineated. In all the analysed cases combined, the water surface area was found to be reduced in comparison to the shoreline identified through LiDAR scanning by 161.5 ha, suggesting a 21.2% share of vegetation in the surface area of lakes.

Helicopters are often used in mountain rescue both for rescuers moving in the area of accidents and for evacuating victims, but in steep or forested terrain finding a landing place can be problematic. The main aim of this research is to use Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and cartographic database analysis to select locations that can be used as landing site for the rescue helicopters. Methods were based on GIS analysis; both raster and vector data were used for identifying touchdown points for rescue helicopters. Based on DEM data, locations with a low slope gradient were identified; topographic vector data were used for identifying unforested sites. Then buffer zones for buildings and power lines were excluded, and it was checked whether the areas had any topographic features that prevented helicopter landings. The findings were verified on an orthophotomap. In result, GIS analyses have selected 1232 polygons that fulfilled initial criteria. Their verification on orthophotomap has shown that only 55% of them could be potentially used as landing site. Landing sites can be found mainly on side ridges of mountain ranges and in valley beds, when those on ridges are most important in this research. The greatest difficulties and methodological challenges are posed by: identification of sites having a shape which prevents landing, the obsolescence of data due to environment dynamics, the presence of features that are not shown on maps but prevent helicopter landings. A map of landing sites is a very useful tool to conduct rescue operations, but each use of a given landing site requires both in-field and numerical verification. The analysis demonstrated that GIS tools are useful in pre-planning of rescue missions, and also showed that such data must be kept up-to-date and in-field verification is needed continuously, the more so as it plays an important role in ensuring the safety of rescuers and victims.

Согласно действующим нормативно-правовым актам Российской Федерации эксплуатирующим организациямнеобходимо регулярно осуществлять мониторинг и анализ технического и экологического состояния мелиорируемыхземель. Мониторинг может быть осуществлен с помощью беспилотных летательных аппаратов. Дистанционнымиметодами оценивают техническое и экологическое состояния мелиоративных объектов, например, при описаниисостояния почв, лесополос, сельскохозяйственных культур, загрязнения почв и поверхностных вод, при построениицифровой модели местности, включая расположенные на ней мелиоративные сооружения и в других случаях. В статьерассматриваются некоторые типичные визуальные артефакты, вызывающие затруднения при дешефрировании иобработке снимков, полученных с помощью беспилотных летательных аппаратов. Приведены примерыортофотопланов мелиоративных объектов. Отмечается, что чаще всего артефакты связаны с условиями проведениясъмки и полетом (погодные условия, особенности съемочной аппаратуры и др.), методами и техническими условияобработки изображений и создания ортофотоплана, избыточным или недостаточным количеством снимков длясоздания ортофотопланов («мозаичность» изображения или пустоты и др.)., According to the current regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, operating organizations need to regularly monitorand analyze the technical and environmental condition of reclaimed lands. Monitoring can be carried out with the help ofunmanned aerial vehicles. Remote methods are used to assess the technical and environmental conditions of reclamationfacilities, for example, when describing the condition, forest belts, agricultural crops, soil and surface water pollution, forplotting of digital terrain model, including reclamation facilities located on it, and in other cases. Some typical visual artifactsthat cause difficulties in decryption and image-processing obtained with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles are considered inthe article. Examples of orthophotomaps of reclamation systems and facilities are given. It is noted that artifacts are associatedwith the conditions of shooting and flight (weather conditions, features of shooting equipment, etc.), methods and technicalconditions of image-processing and creating of orthophotomaps, excessive or insufficient number for creating oforthophotomaps («mosaic» images or areas without an image, etc.) most often., Journal of Agriculture and Environment, Выпуск 2 (22) 2022, Page 9

When developing navigation systems for ground-based robotic vehicles, particular attention is paid to path planning algorithms. The performance quality of these algorithms directly depends on the accuracy of the terrain maps. This paper proposes an algorithm for reconstructing a 3D terrain map model from images obtained using an unmanned aerial vehicle. The algorithm using reference points proposed here enables to associate the orthophotomap and 3D terrain model to GPS coordinates as per the WGS 84 standard. By optimizing the model tuning for the characteristics of robotic vehicles, it was possible to delete redundant information on the terrain maps. Testing of the algorithm showed that as a result of post-processing of the 3D model, the number of vertices decreased by an average of 9.45%. The presented 3D model is a graph, the edges of which form polygons. Reducing the number of vertices in the graph will reduce the size of the 3D model, and as a result, positively influence the running time of the path planning algorithms. The presented algorithm does not depend on the type of camera in use, the type of unmanned aerial vehicle in use, and the size of the considered area.

Digital agriculture predetermines the development of robotic agricultural technologies for the application of pesticides and fertilizers using unmanned aerial systems, which are based on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with a certain working load for monitoring agricultural land and applying agrochemicals. ( Research purpose ) To develop a technology for variable-rate application of pesticides and fertilizers using unmanned aerial vehicles in digital agriculture. ( Materials and methods ) In the process of study, the authors used the methodological recommendations on the application of chemicals in the precision farming system (offered by VIM), as well as the normative and technical documentation for unmanned aircraft systems. ( Results and discussion ) It was shown that the developed technology includes the sequential execution of information and technological operations in off-line and on-line modes. It was found that the application rate of the liquid pesticides of 10-20 liters per hectare reduces losses due to drift from the treatment area and ensures the highest productivity of pesticide application using unmanned aerial vehicles. It was determined that the field processing performance increases as the run length increases, and decreases with the increasing flow rate of the liquid chemical. The rational run length was established to equal 0.8-3.2 kilometers. The authors established requirements for the spraying quality of unmanned aerial vehicles. It was proved that to increase the productivity of unmanned aerial vehicles during plant top-dressing, it is necessary to use unmanned aerial vehicles with a larger working load of 300-400 kilograms. ( Conclusions ) The authors have developed a technology for variable-rate application of pesticides and fertilizers using unmanned aerial vehicles, algorithms for preparing them for flight, monitoring agricultural lands, making a field orthophotomap, electronic maps of vegetation indices, the phytosanitary status of crops, and variable-rate application of pesticides and fertilizers.

Mining belongs to the types of human activity that have a significant impact on the environment, and especially on the landscape. The main objective of this study is a quantitative diagnosis of the dynamics of land use changes and landscape pattern modification in areas shaped under the influence of processes related to the open pit exploitation of lignite. The study was carried out in the Adamów-Koźmin Lignite Basin, which is a model example of an area affected by strong anthropogenic pressure. An assessment of changes was carried out using a set of maps depicting land use in the period preceding the exploitation of lignite (the year 1940) and after over 60 years of the mining activity in this area (as of 2011). The source materials for mapping for the first period were archival maps and for the second period, an orthophotomap. The heads-up digitising method was used to determine 7 types of land-cover classes according to the definitions of Corine Land Cover. Ten landscape metrics for five categories of landscape features (surface, shape, neighbourhood, edge, spatial distribution and diversity) were used in the landscape pattern analysis. The results do not confirm the hypothesis of a significant landscape simplification after reclamation. The shape of patches in the landscape was more complex and the number of land-use types was higher, which combined with their spatial arrangement, caused the landscape pattern to be more diversified in the year 2011.

The article presents the technological process of generating an orthophotomap based on photos obtained from the aviation ceiling. To achieve the intended goal, it was necessary to design and measure a field photogrammetric matrix. A method of GNSS technique measurement was chosen for the measurement of the photopoints. The aim of the research was to generate an orthophotomap and to evaluate the impact of parameter selection on the orthophotomap accuracy. The obtained ortho-images were compared with the orthophotomap obtained from the resources of the Central Geodesic and Cartographic Documentation Center. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the change of parameters during the generation of intermediate products does not significantly affect the accuracy of the resulting orthophotomap.

The absolute and comprehensive research fixation is the main task of archaeology. One of the new methods is photogrammetry, which is rapidly gaining popularity in the world, because it does not require much time and labor involvement. Scaled 3D-models and orthophotomaps of monuments, buildings, objects and artifacts can be created by using photogrammetry technology.Any kinds of metrological measurements and researches in field and cameral archaeology are carried out with the help of computer programs. To be listed: post-expeditionary fixation and correction of plans and stratigraphies, color correction and orthophotomaps filtering, work with drawings during an expedition, measurements of necessary parameters and volumes of objects and artifacts, creating models for visualization, creating an interactive database, etc. Photogrammetry and 3D-modeling should become an integral methodological part of any archaeological research in the near future

The following article compares the methods and the results of sealing surface degree assessment. In the described experiment/research, orthophotomap and point cloud obtained from airborne laser scanning were used as input for the analysis. In this paper, apart from the statement and comparing the results, the problems and limitations of using different research methods are also listed.

Creating topographic plans of terrain sections in the classical way takes a lot of time. It is proposed to use modern equipment and software products to solve the task, which should lead to a reduction in time during the production of work, as well as reduce the cost of the final product. This paper describes the process of drawing up a topographic plan of the chalk pit area for the purposes of landscaping with the use of an unmanned aerial vehicle, followed by processing the data obtained in a specialized software product. The basic preparations for the shooting of unmanned aircraft, also the process of shooting and processing photos in a specialized software product “Agisoft Metashape” for receiving and decoding of the orthophotomap were analyzed.

В статье рассматривается использование БПЛА DJI M200 для проведения аэрофотосъемки с целью построения кадастрового плана. Представлены результаты исследования и проведения, обработки полу­ченной информации, определения точности фотограмметрического метода составления ортофотоплана и кадастрового плана на территории Чеченской Республики. Перед началом аэрофотосъемки определяющим фактором является выбор необходимого режима аэ­рофотосъемки и грамотная подготовка летной миссии. Существует много типов аэрофотосъемки, которые могут быть использованы в зависимости от поставленной цели и от выбора программного обеспечения, в котором позже будет обрабатываться накопленный материал., This paper discusses the use of UAVs DJI M200 for aerial photography in order to build a cadastral plan. We investigated the technical moment of carrying out, processing the received information, and determining the accuracy of the photogrammetric method of drawing up an orthophotomap and the cadastral plan on the territory of the Chechen Republic. Before starting aerial photography, the determining factor is the choice of the necessary aerial photography mode and competent preparation of the flight mission. There are many types of aerial photography that are ultimately used depending on the goal set and on the choice of software in which we will process the accumulated material later., Мониторинг. Наука и технологии, Выпуск 1 (47) 2021

Monitoring and inspection of buildings and structures using the classical method is the most labor-intensive. It is proposed to use modern and effective methods for measuring the work performed on an object under construction, which has a non-standard complex geometric shape. The topic of relevance of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in construction has been developed. To solve this problem, we used modern technologies for building an orthophotomap, a 3D model of the object, and an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The unmanned aerial vehicle made it possible to fulfill the production tasks set by the construction industry enterprise with a minimum number of labor resources. The need to perform this task arose in a dispute between the customer and the contractor about the volume of construction and installation work performed and the amount of their payment. The results of photo processing in the Agisoft Metashape software product are presented: an orthophotomap and a 3D model of the object are obtained. The resulting model was used to calculate the roof area of the water park to resolve a construction dispute between the customer and the contractor. The results obtained made it possible to assert that the considered option is a promising technology for survey and monitoring, including for resolving disputes in the construction industry and, in particular, conducting expert examinations.