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Le dinamiche del fenomeno migratorio in Italia e in Europa stanno subendo nuove trasformazioni. In questo Ventitreesimo Rapporto Fondazione ISMU stima che la popolazione straniera in Italia abbia raggiunto, al 1° gennaio 2017, 5 milioni e 958mila unità di presenze e analizza i nuovi scenari migratori che vanno configurandosi nel nostro Paese e nel resto d'Europa. Il volume infatti mette in evidenza come ancora una volta, nel 2017, l'emergenza sbarchi abbia costituito uno dei temi più rilevanti nell'agenda politica e nel dibattito pubblico in Italia. Se nel 2016 gli arrivi via mare sono diminuiti drasticamente in seguito all'accordo UE-Turchia, che ha di fatto interrotto il flusso sulla cosiddetta rotta balcanica, l'emergenza migranti non è certo risolta. Le gravi crisi che hanno colpito numerosi Stati del continente africano e di ampie aree del Medio Oriente hanno continuato a determinare un notevole afflusso di migranti in Italia, che è ritornata a essere la principale porta per l'Europa nel Mediterraneo, anche se a partire dall'estate 2017, in controtendenza rispetto al passato, si è registrato un deciso decremento degli arrivi. Oltre alle consuete aree di interesse (demografia, normativa, lavoro, scuola, salute), il volume approfondisce alcune tematiche di grande attualità, quali il radicalismo islamico, il rapporto tra Europa e migrazioni, il fenomeno dei minori non accompagnati. Queste tre ultime tematiche sono state assunte da ISMU quali sue linee strategiche. Il volume dedica inoltre una particolare attenzione allo scenario internazionale, alle recenti elezioni che si sono svolte in Europa, alle politiche di integrazione italiane ed europee, al diritto di asilo. Completa il testo un'analisi sulle migrazioni negli Stati Uniti, in Cina e Australia, nonché sulla situazione politica in Medio Oriente.

Female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C), as a topic, has evolved over the last eighty years, from being almost unheard of outside practicing countries [1], to a subject about which, there is now greater awareness. However, many misconceptions prevail. We support the idea that everyone needs to know basic facts about FGM/C, that all health care providers should be involved in avoiding new cases and trained to provide care for existing ones, and that beyond these consensual aspects, there are areas of doubt and lack of evidence which scientists and policy makers need to identify, understand and address. In this area of “expertise”, the present issue of RH contains abstracts from presentations and e-posters from a conference which took place in Geneva in March 2017 titled “Management and prevention of female genital mutilation/cutting: sharing data and experiences, improving collaboration”.

Il presente contributo indaga il ruolo delle reti sociali amicali, familiari e lavorative degli immigrati sul sentimento di appartenenza all’Italia. L’analisi si basa sull’indagine 2013 effettuata in Lombardia dall’Osservatorio Regionale per l’Integrazione e la Multietnicità della regione Lombardia (Orim) su un campione di 4.000 stranieri o immigrati provenienti da paesi a forte pressione migratoria. I risultati mostrano con evidenza il ruolo cruciale delle reti sociali, in particolare quello della componente bridging, nel creare senso di appartenenza tra gli stranieri che vivono in Lombardia. Gli stranieri che provano il maggior senso di appartenenza all’Italia sono persone che hanno nella propria rete amicale una buona presenza di italiani se non addirittura una prevalenza di questi rispetto agli stranieri e che dichiarano di condividere appieno le norme sociali e i valori che caratterizzano la società italiana e ne regolano la vita quotidiana

Focus sui richiedenti protezione umanitaria in Lombardia

Muovendo da differenti prospettive disciplinari (demografia, sociologia ed economia), i contributi raccolti in questo volume documentano come la famiglia sia centrale in ogni fase del processo migratorio, dalla scelta di emigrare, ai suoi sviluppi e alle sue problematicità, con una particolare attenzione al complesso delle relazioni tra famiglia e migrazione nel contesto della società italiana del nostro tempo. I temi affrontati spaziano dall’inquadramento demografico delle famiglie straniere in Italia (Livia Ortensi), alla questione sociologica delle seconde generazioni (Stefania G. Meda), alla valutazione di matrice economica dell’impatto del cambiamento nel modello migratorio femminile sulle rimesse bilaterali internazionali (Sara Salomone). Conclude il volume uno studio socio-demografico sulle famiglie immigrate in Abruzzo, Molise e Puglia e su esperienze virtuose di accoglienza delle famiglie migranti nel Sud Italia (Isabella Cordisco)

This paper aims to explore SRB of migrants in Italy in order to shed light on the phenomenon of sex selection at birth. Our objective is to analyze births from mothers with a foreign background from countries where sex selection at birth is widespread and that are among the largest immigrant communities in Italy. In addition our paper aims at assessing what are the possible factors affecting skewed SRB in migratory context. Data stems from the Survey on births from the Resident Population Registers, from Birth Assistance Certificate (CEDAP) dataset for the year 2008-9 collected by the Italian Ministry of Health in Lombardy, and from the First Regional Survey on Sexual and Reproductive Health of Migrant Women held in Lombardy in 2010. We perform both descriptive and multivariate analysis. For multivariate analysis we chose Lombardy as a case study, as it is the first Italian region by number of migrants. Results both at the national and at the regional level show skewed sex ratio at birth for migrants originating from India, China and Albania. The phenomenon is more evident for higher-order births in a context of declining fertility associated with new techniques to assess the sex of the foetus

The aim of article is to assess the determinants of mothers to daughters transmission of female genital cutting (FGC) in Senegal, Burkina Faso and Egypt. Using the most recent DHS surveys the study confirms that the main dimension related to daughters’ circumcision is mother’s personal experience as circumcised mothers more likely to perpetrate the practice on daughters. Policies aim at changing this social norm could therefore generate a virtuous circle: for each child who is not circumcised, a risk-free third-generation is projected. Factors related to women’s empowerment as better education, higher autonomy and wealth of the family as well social environment against FGC also discourage the continuation of the practice and protect daughters from the risk to be circumcised in each country analyzed

Il rapporto ricostruisce e analizza i flussi migratori che negli ultimi due decenni hanno visto crescere la popolazione straniera da 750mila a 5 milioni, segnando definitivamente la trasformazione dell’Italia da paese di emigrazione a paese di immigrazione. Il volume esamina le consuete aree di interesse (demografia, normativa, economia e lavoro, scuola ed educazione, salute e welfare, famiglie e minori, condizioni abitative) e svolge approfondimenti anche a livello internazionale.

The feminization of African international migration flows has led to an increased presence of women in immigration contexts who have undergone Female Genital Cutting (FGC). In Italy, as well as in other countries, there is an increasing need to have detailed information about this practice among immigrants. This has led researchers to gather primary data in order to investigate topics such as its prevalence and parents’ attitudes on circumcising their daughters. The theoretical background used in practicing countries to analyse the persistence of the practice also needs to be adapted to the immigrants’ new life context. According to this approach, the FGC occurrence among the daughters of women born in practicing countries was modelled using data from the First Italian Survey of the Sexual and Reproductive Health of Migrant Women (2010). Multilevel random intercept logistic regressions were performed to examine which characteristics of the daughters, mothers and community are associated with the daughters’ FGC experience. The results showed a lower prevalence of FGC among immigrant communities than that estimated in the countries of origin. The multilevel analysis indicated that younger children born in emigration have a lower risk of FGC, with selected characteristics of the mothers and community also being relevant in reducing the continuation of the practice.

In this paper we analyse re-emigration intentions using a pooled dataset on a sample of more than 22,000 migrants. The results show that while onward migration appears to be a quest for better conditions on the part of migrants with the best potential, going home seems to be related to giving up on the part of individuals with lower capabilities. Family network, gender, ethnic niche, legal status and the economic crisis also emerged as having a significant role in the decision process.

La fecondità delle straniere in Lombardia

Sintesi dei principali trend relativi all'immigrazione in Europa nell'anno esaminato

We live in a world that is politically and economically influenced by demographic issues. Structural and economical characteristics and health issues play a significant role in the international political debate with often no real perception of their importance. The process of economical and demographical convergence in Developing World doesn’t follow the same path for all countries. The analysis of indicators related to the last 15-years period shows that a widespread improvement in demographic and development indicators doesn’t come along with a similar economic development. As a matter of fact on this second dimension countries that were at a more advanced economical stage in 1996 had the best improvements, while least developed remain still deepening pre-existing inequalities. Population structure follows a similar differentiation among countries that show first signs of ageing and others that remains with a pre-transitional structure. In this context family planning can significantly drive demographic transition even in absence of a substantial economic development.

Resoconto relativo alle migrazioni in Europa nell'anno considerato

Foreign-born women frequently find their first job in the domestic sector. This is usually considered a stepping-stone, but it is rather a definitive condition. We analyse the working trajectory of foreign-born women with a first job in domestic work using sequence analysis and studying their association with job satisfaction by means of logistic regression models. The data were collected as part of the Foreigners’ Job Trajectories project conducted by the ISMU Foundation in Italy in 2009. We found that, after all, domestic and care workers can be satisfied with their job if basic decent working conditions are guaranteed. Particular attention is paid to the high rate of job satisfaction for women with a trajectory from live-out to live-in jobs. Possible explications for job satisfaction are extensively discussed focusing on economic drivers, the agency of domestic workers, and the emotive dimension of domestic and care works.

Le dinamiche del fenomeno migratorio in Italia e in Europa stanno subendo nuove trasformazioni. In questo Ventitreesimo Rapporto Fondazione ISMU stima che la popolazione straniera in Italia abbia raggiunto, al 1° gennaio 2017, 5 milioni e 958mila unità di presenze e analizza i nuovi scenari migratori che vanno configurandosi nel nostro Paese e nel resto d'Europa. Il volume infatti mette in evidenza come ancora una volta, nel 2017, l'emergenza sbarchi abbia costituito uno dei temi più rilevanti nell'agenda politica e nel dibattito pubblico in Italia. Se nel 2016 gli arrivi via mare sono diminuiti drasticamente in seguito all'accordo UE-Turchia, che ha di fatto interrotto il flusso sulla cosiddetta rotta balcanica, l'emergenza migranti non è certo risolta. Le gravi crisi che hanno colpito numerosi Stati del continente africano e di ampie aree del Medio Oriente hanno continuato a determinare un notevole afflusso di migranti in Italia, che è ritornata a essere la principale porta per l'Europa nel Mediterraneo, anche se a partire dall'estate 2017, in controtendenza rispetto al passato, si è registrato un deciso decremento degli arrivi. Oltre alle consuete aree di interesse (demografia, normativa, lavoro, scuola, salute), il volume approfondisce alcune tematiche di grande attualità, quali il radicalismo islamico, il rapporto tra Europa e migrazioni, il fenomeno dei minori non accompagnati. Queste tre ultime tematiche sono state assunte da ISMU quali sue linee strategiche. Il volume dedica inoltre una particolare attenzione allo scenario internazionale, alle recenti elezioni che si sono svolte in Europa, alle politiche di integrazione italiane ed europee, al diritto di asilo. Completa il testo un'analisi sulle migrazioni negli Stati Uniti, in Cina e Australia, nonché sulla situazione politica in Medio Oriente.

Background Migration flows of women from Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting practicing countries have generated a need for data on women potentially affected by Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting. This paper presents enhanced estimates for foreign-born women and asylum seekers in Italy in 2016, with the aim of supporting resource planning and policy making, and advancing the methodological debate on estimation methods. Methods The estimates build on the most recent methodological development in Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting direct and indirect estimation for Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting non-practicing countries. Direct estimation of prevalence was performed for 9 communities using the results of the survey FGM-Prev, held in Italy in 2016. Prevalence for communities not involved in the FGM-Prev survey was estimated using to the ‘extrapolation-of-FGM/C countries prevalence data method’ with corrections according to the selection hypothesis. Results It is estimated that 60 to 80 thousand foreign-born women aged 15 and over with Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting are present in Italy in 2016. We also estimated the presence of around 11 to 13 thousand cut women aged 15 and over among asylum seekers to Italy in 2014–2016. Due to the long established presence of female migrants from some practicing communities Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting is emerging as an issue also among women aged 60 and over from selected communities. Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting is an additional source of concern for slightly more than 60% of women seeking asylum. Conclusions Reliable estimates on Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting at country level are important for evidence-based policy making and service planning. This study suggests that indirect estimations cannot fully replace direct estimations, even if corrections for migrant socioeconomic selection can be implemented to reduce the bias.

Onward migration is a rising issue in migration studies as a consequence of the growing complexity in migration patterns worldwide. This paper analyses historic and economic reasons behind the recent surge of onward migration from Southern European countries and, more specifically, Italy. Using 2014 ORIM data about short-term onward migration intentions and a logistic regression model, the paper explores factors that select aspirant onward migrants from Italy. The model tests the effects of socio-demographic and economic factors. The results of the study question the idea of citizenship as the highest level of integration in the host country and suggest that the recent wave of onward migration from Italy is mainly a reactive phenomenon triggered by the economic crisis. Most of all, this study explicitly underlines the role of gender in shaping intentions of short-term onward migration in Italy. The gender-sensible approach adopted in the present study shows the important role of women in the decision-making process of couples: female unemployment significantly increases intentions of onward migration, and the migration is also considered as an opportunity for the spouse and a gain in the economic prospects of the entire family. Conversely, female employment has a significant role in preventing onward migration.

Background: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is an emerging topic in immigrant countries as a consequence of the increasing proportion of African women in overseas communities. Objective: While the prevalence of FGM/C is routinely measured in practicing countries, the prevalence of the phenomenon in western countries is substantially unknown, as no standardized methods exist yet for immigrant countries. The aim of this paper is to present an improved method of indirect estimation of the prevalence of FGM/C among first generation migrants based on a migrant selection hypothesis. A criterion to assess reliability of indirect estimates is also provided. Methods: The method is based on data from Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). Migrants' Selection Hypothesis is used to correct national prevalence estimates and obtain an improved estimation of prevalence among overseas communities. Results: The application of the selection hypothesis modifies national estimates, usually predicting a lower occurrence of FGM/C among immigrants than in their respective practicing countries. A comparison of direct and indirect estimations confirms that the method correctly predicts the direction of the variation in the expected prevalence and satisfactorily approximates direct estimates. Conclusions: Given its wide applicability, this method would be a useful instrument to estimate FGM/C occurrence among first generation immigrants and provide corresponding support for policies in countries where information from ad hoc surveys is unavailable.

Si propone un’analisi aggiornata delle caratteristiche strutturali della popolazione immigrata presente in Lombardia, con l’obiettivo di coglierne gli aspetti più significativi assumendo, come chiave di lettura e di interpretazione dei cambiamenti intervenuti nel corso dell’ultimo anno (anche in relazione alle mutate condizioni di vita dei soggetti di interesse), le specificità e le differenze di genere.

Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a rising issue in western societies as a consequence of international migration. Our paper presents demography-driven projections of female flows with FGM/C from each practicing country to each EU28 member state for the 3 sub-periods 2016–2020, 2021–2025, and 2026–2030, with the aim of supporting resource planning and policy making. According to our projections, the EU28 countries will receive a flow of around 400,000 female migrants between 2016 and 2020, and around 1.3 million female migrants between 2016 and 2030 from FGM/C practicing countries. About one-third of them, corresponding to an estimated 127,000 between 2016 and 2020, and more than 400,000 between 2016 and 2030 will have undergone FGM/C before migration. Among these female flows, slightly more than 20% is expected to be made up of girls aged 0–14. According to the expected age at arrival, 20% of these girls are expected to have already undergone FGM/C, while slightly less than 10% are to be considered potentially at risk of undergoing FGM/C after migration. As the number of women with FGM/C in Europe is expected to rise at quite a fast rate, it is important to act timely by designing targeted interventions and policies at the national and at the European level to assist cut women and protect children. Such measures are particularly compelling in France, Italy, Spain, UK, and Sweden that are expected to be the most affected countries by migration from FGM/C practicing countries. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10680-017-9426-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.